The effect of moisture on the properties of cement-bonded particleboards made with non-traditional raw materials

Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s10086-021-02008-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE The e ec o mois u e on hep ope ies o cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds made wi hnon- adi ional aw ma e ials Tomas Melicha * , Lenka Mesza oso a, Ji i Bydzo sky, Ma ej Ledl and Sil es Vasas Abs ac The pape p esen s esea ch in o he changes o p ope ies in cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds caused by mois u e sa u a ion o e he cou se o 504 h. Th ee pa icleboa d a ian s we e es ed, all a he age o 18 mon hs. The i s is a s anda d p oduc ion-line boa d manu ac u ed by CIDEM H anice, a.s. (iden i ied as CP-R). The o he wo a ian s we e modi ied by by-p oduc s o he pa icleboa d manu ac u ing p ocess—dus (CP-D) and a pa icula e mix u e (CP-P). The expe imen obse ed changes in he boa ds’ dimensions, olume, and mass. The e ec o mois u e on hei basic ma e ial p ope ies was also in es iga ed. While he boa ds we e being sa u a ed by wa e , changes in hei s uc u e we e examined using an op ical mic oscope. I was ound ha he boa ds beha e di e en ly depending on hei composi ion. Also he e we e di e ences in he dynamics o he p ope y changes. The modi ied pa icleboa ds a e mo e suscep ible o dimensional and olume changes. Bo h, olume and mass unde go he mos signi ican changes du ing he i s 24 h. C acks and ai oids inside he wood chips begin o close upon con ac wi h wa e as a esul o swelling. I was obse ed by op ical mic oscopy ha his p ocess occu s wi hin 3 o 5 min since imme sion in he wa e ba h. Be ween 24 and 96 h he a e a which he ai oids and po es a e closing begins o dec ease and he e is a di e ence in he dynamics o mass and olume changes as well. We –d y cycling o he boa ds was analysed as well. Tempe a u e and mois u e luc ua ions nega i ely a ec ed pa icleboa d beha iou and p ope ies. S eng h d opped up o 50%. Wide c acks in s uc u e o he pa icleboa ds we e de ec ed by op ical mic oscopy, namely in ITZ (in e - nal ansi ion zone) o cemen ma ix and sp uce chips. Keywo ds: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa d, Modi ica ion, Composi ion, Wa e sa u a ion, We –d y cycle, Dynamics, Volume, Mass, S eng h, Suga con en , Mic os uc u e © The Au ho (s) 2021. Open Access This a icle is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, which pe mi s use, sha ing, adap a ion, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium o o ma , as long as you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons licence, and indica e i changes we e made. The images o o he hi d pa y ma e ial in his a icle a e included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence, unless indica ed o he wise in a c edi line o he ma e ial. I ma e ial is no included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence and you in ended use is no pe mi ed by s a u o y egula ion o exceeds he pe mi ed use, you will need o ob ain pe mission di ec ly om he copy igh holde . To iew a copy o his licence, isi h p:// c ea i eco mmons. o g/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. In oduc ion Pa icleboa ds a e composi e ma e ials consis ing o small wood pa icles bonded by a ma ix [1]. The e a e many binde s being used, including cemen -based ones. Wang e al. [2] in es iga ed a mix u e ha consis ed o was e wood bonded by magnesium phospha e cemen . Mi anda de Lima e al. [3] p esen ed esea ch in o he modi ica ion o binde s by me akaolin and calcined ce amics. Cap ai e al. [4] deal wi h he subs i u ion o cemen by MSWI (municipal solid was e incine a ion) bo om ash. The wood pa icles may come om many di e en kinds o wood, as documen ed by he indings o Odeyemi e al. [1] (A ican balsam ee), Nadha i [5] (banana unk), A.N. Papadopoulos [6] (Ca pinus be ulis L.), So annde e al. [7] (A zelia a icana wood esidues), Fuwape e al. [8] ( opical wood), Bo ysiuk e al. [9] (suga bee pulp), Taha e al. [10] ( oma o s alk), Amiandamhen and Izeko [11] (Gmelina a bo ea wood), Hossain e al. [12] a Wang [13, 14] (cons uc ion wood was e), Cab al e al. [15] (s alk pa icles o Je usalem A ichoke), Ka ade e  al. [16] (lignocellulosic was es), Sassoni e  al. [17] (hemp) and Schwa zo a e al. [18, 19] (hemp ib es). Open Access Jou nal o Wood Scienc e *Co espondence: melicha [email p o ec ed].cz Ins i u e o Technology o Building Ma e ials and Componen s, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic Page 2 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 The p ope ies o wood and he cemen ma ix a e ma kedly di e en . Wood is a he e ogeneous ma e- ial consis ing mos ly o s uc u al componen s (cel- lulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and non-s uc u al componen s (polysaccha ides o s a ch, ex ac i es, p o eins, some wa e -soluble o ganic compounds, and ino ganic compounds). Wood is suscep ible o olume changes due o mois u e. Wood can hold wa e in he cell walls as bound wa e o in he cell ca i ies as ee wa e [20]. In heo y, mos , i no all, o he hyd oxyl g oups in hemicelluloses a e accessible o mois u e [21]. Ch is- ensen and Kelsey [22] es ima ed ha cellulose, hemicel- luloses and lignin in Eucalyp us egnans a e esponsible o app oxima ely 47%, 37% and 16% o he o al wa e so p ion o his wood species. The use o wood in cemen composi es is also s ongly in luenced by he leaching o hemicellulose, which slows he hyd a ion a e o he cemen ma ix; c . Janusa e al. [23]. Howe e , wi h he p ope ea men , he p ope ies o wood can be a leas somewha s abilized agains he e ec o mois u e o he unwan ed ex ac ion o hemi- cellulose. The modi ica ion o wood in cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds has al eady been he subjec o esea ch by So annde e al. [7] (modi ica ion by CaCl2, MgCl2, and AlCl3), Maka ona e al. [24] (nanos uc u ed ZnO coa - ing), Ahmed e al. [25] (oil imp egna ion, he mal modi- ica ion), and Pelaez-Samaniego e  al. [20] ( he mally modi ied acacia and sesendok). Lee e al. [26] conclude ha a pa icleboa d made wi h highe p opo ion o oil palm unk pa icles has be e dimensional s abili y han ha wi h highe p opo ion o ubbe wood pa icles. Nasse e al. [27] analysed he p e- ea men o he pa - icles wi h ei he cold o ho wa e and he addi ion 3% o CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3, o MgCl2 (by cemen weigh ) in e ms o i s in luence on he p ope ies o he pa icleboa ds, speci ically boa ds made wi h he p uning was es om six wood species. In e ac ions be ween wood species and he W/C (wa e /cemen ) a io we e highly signi ican o all o mechanical p ope ies and dimensional s abil- i y cha ac e is ics. T ea men by ho wa e and CaCl2 was in es iga ed by Amiandamhen and Izeko [11]. Thei esea ch also aimed o de e mine how he ea men o he wood ( lakes and sawdus o Gamelina a bo ea) in lu- ences he s eng h, modulus o elas ici y, wa e abso p- ion, and swelling in hickness o he pa icleboa ds a e 24h in a wa e ba h [11]. Li e al. [28] eached he conclusion ha he apou di usi i y o wood–cemen composi es dec eases when he wa e con en inc eases as a esul o capilla y condensa ion. Liquid di usi - i y d ama ically inc eases because o he high ela i e humidi y a which he liquid wa e ends o sa u a e he po es, which allows he wa e o be ee and hus o di - use mo e easily [28]. Lee [26], d awing on Sulaiman [29], ound ha ubbe wood is mo e hyg oscopic han oil palm unk. Pelaez-Samaniego [20] con i med ha he main ac o con ibu ing o he imp o emen o dimen- sional s abili y o pa icleboa ds o wood composi es is he emo al o hemicelluloses om he wood. Cu en ly he e a e se e al by-p oduc s ( om cemen - bonded pa icleboa d p oduc ion) ha lack any u he u iliza ion and a e he e o e disca ded as was e. The mos p omising o hese ma e ials is dus p oduced by he cu - ing and g inding o he boa ds (6500 /yea ) and a le o- e pa icula e mix u e consis ing o cemen , wood chips, admix u es, e c. (1000 /yea ). Bo h he dus (D) and he pa icula e (P) con ain cemen and sp uce chips. These ma e ials could po en ially be e-used in he p oduc ion o new cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds. A su ey o a ail- able li e a y sou ces and pa icleboa d manu ac u e s has e ealed ha he e-use o he abo e-men ioned ma e- ials is s ill a la gely unexplo ed a ea. Simila ly, au ho s who ha e in es iga ed he wa e abso p ion o pa i- cleboa ds ha e ailed o p oduce a mo e complex and de ailed analysis. S udies usually limi hemsel es o es - ing he compliance o ma e ials wi h he equi emen s o echnical s anda ds [30–39]. Ma e ials Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds we e manu ac u ed by CIDEM H anice, a.s. The ba ch pe e e y es mix u e was 11 m3. The e e ence mix u e ep esen s a s and- a d ma ke -a ailable pa icleboa d. Two mo e mix u es we e designed, bo h modi ied by al e na i e compo- nen s p oduced as by-p oduc s du ing he pa icle- boa d manu ac u ing p ocess. The modi ica ion ook in o accoun p io esea ch conduc ed in collabo a ion wi h CIDEM H anice, a.s.; see [40, 41]. Componen s D and P we e no ea ed (milling, c ushing, si ing, e c.). Composi ion o designed mix u es is shown in he Table 1 (CP-R— e e ence pa icleboa ds; CP-D—pa - icleboa ds modi ied by dus D; CP-P—pa icleboa ds modi ied by pa icula e mix u e P). Table 1 Volume composi ion (%) o designed mix u es— e e ence and modi ied by dus and pa icula e mix u e Componen Mix u e CP-R Mix u e CP-D Mix u e CP-P Cemen 25.00 24.75 24.00 Sp uce chips 63.00 59.22 60.48 Dus —D 0.00 4.03 0.00 Pa icula e mix u e—P 0.00 0.00 3.52 Wa e 10.00 10.00 10.00 Admix u es 2.00 2.00 2.00 Page 3 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 The mix u es a e based on blended cemen CEM II/A- S 42,5 R (Českomo a ský cemen , a.s., Mok á, Czech Republic; speci ic su ace a ea o 458 m2/kg; densi y 3124 kg/m3; ini ial se 215–250 min; 28-day s eng h 59MPa). The s uc u e and mic os uc u e o he wood chips a e shown in Figs.1 and 2. Thei pa icle size dis- ibu ion cu e is in he cha below along wi h he o he ma e ials (Fig.3). Besides hese componen s, he mix u es also con ained wa e and hyd a ion-con ol admix u es. The dus D is o med du ing cu ing by a o ma saw, om whe e i is suc ioned away ia a cyclone ha sep- a a es i om coa se pa icles. The pa icula e mix- u e P is c ea ed, o ins ance, by changes made o he manu ac u ing p ocess, such as when he mix u e is adjus ed in esponse o wea he condi ions, e c. Anal- ysis o D and P mic os uc u e (Fig.2) has e ealed a e y ho ough mine aliza ion o a la ge numbe o sp uce chips. Cemen ma ix esidues (hyd a ion p od- uc s) a e p esen on wood chips su ace. I is he e o e e iden ha he wood chips a e o a la ge ex en sealed agains he ing ess o mois u e. The p ope ies o he al e na i e componen s D and P ha e al eady been ana- lysed by Melicha e al. [40–42]. Pa icle size dis ibu- ion o P and D is shown in Fig.3. The chemical and mine alogical composi ion o D and P co esponds o he composi ion o a p oduc ion- line pa icleboa d. The dus D has a la ge wood con- en (de e mined by TOC analysis; Table2). Fig. 1 S uc u e o : a he aw sp uce chips; b dus D; c pa icula e mix u e P Fig. 2 Mic os uc u e o wood chips: a he aw sp uce chips mag. 500 × ; b wood pa icle in dus D mag. 5000 × ; c wood pa icle in pa icula e mix u e P mag. 2000 × ; pic u es aken by a Tescan MIRA3 XMU scanning elec on mic oscope Page 4 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 Expe imen al me hods The pa icleboa ds wi h densi y 1300–1400kg/m3 and 12mm in hickness we e made and cu in o specimens a he p oduc ion line a CIDEM H anice, a.s. 28days la e he boa ds we e anspo ed o he labo a o ies o he Ins i u e o Building Ma e ials and Componen s, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, BUT. Specimens ma u ed o oughly 17mon hs in he labo a o ies. All he es s and analyses we e planned so ha hei end would coincide wi h he specimens eaching 18mon hs o age. Specimen p epa a ion anddimensions Specimens wi h he dimensions o 50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm (wa e sa u a ion dynam- ics up o 30 min), 290 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm ( es ing o mechanical p ope ies), and 300 mm × 100 mm × 12 mm (dimensional and mass changes) we e made. All he specimens we e s o ed in a clima e chambe un il hey eached a s able mass. A e wa ds he specimens we e placed in an exica- o o empe a u e s abiliza ion. Nex , all he dimen- sions (leng h, wid h, and hickness) as well as mass we e measu ed. Also de ailed images o he specimen s uc u e we e aken using an op ical mic oscope. Each indi idual pa ame e was de e mined using a se o 6 specimens whe e 3 specimens we e cu om he boa ds in he longi udinal and 3 in he ans e se di ec ion. Analysis o s uc u e—compu ed omog aphy Be o e he wa e sa u a ion, h ee-dimensional s uc u e o CP-R pa icleboa d was analysed. This non-des uc- i e analysis was ocused on iden i ica ion o p e ailing di ec ion and o ien a ion o sp uce chips in he boa ds. O ien a ion o wood chips is impo an due o di e en beha iou du ing dimensional changes ela ed o wa e sa u a ion. XRD omog aphy de ice phoenix | ome|x m 300 was used o his pu pose. Wa e sa u a ion, swelling S anda d EN 317 [34] de e mines swelling in he hick- ness o a specimen a e being comple ely subme ged unde wa e a (20 ± 1)°C. In p inciple, he expe imen ollowed EN 317. The s anda d only obse es changes in hickness. The p esen ed esea ch examined ol- ume changes in g ea e de ail, including changes in leng h and wid h. The specimens had dimensions o 300mm × 100 mm × 12mm (see Fig.4), which is simi- la o hose o pa icleboa ds used in eal-li e applica- ions. Besides dimensional changes, mass inc eases we e obse ed as well. The s anda d EN 634-2 [32] only examines he alue o swelling in hickness 24h a e 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0111.010.0 Cumula i e passing [%] Pa icle size [mm] Cemen S p uce Chi p s D P Fig. 3 Pa icle size dis ibu ion o he al e na i e componen s wi h he p ima y aw ma e ials Table 2 Chemical composi ion, wood con en and wa e abso p ion o D and P Al e na i e ma e ial SiO2 [%] CaO [%] Al2O3 [%] Fe2O3 [%] Na2O, K2O [%] Wood con en [%] WA [%] D 10.5 46.1 14.8 3.8 0.4 26.1 49.9 P 14.9 41.9 13.9 4.4 1.2 19.8 40.1 Page 5 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 ull imme sion in wa e . The abo e-men ioned p ope - ies (dimensions and mass) we e measu ed a 0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 336, and 504h o a mo e de ailed de e mina ion o he wa e sa u a ion dynamics. The specimens we e main ained in labo a o y en i on- men a e hei emo al om he wa e . G adual d ying o he es ed pa icleboa ds occu ed ill he s able weigh was eached. Subsequen ly, i e e sible changes o moni- o ed pa ame e s we e de e mined. We –d y cycling Condi ions cha ac e ized by cyclic we ing and d ying we e simula ed in wa e ba h and d ying o en. One cycle ( o al 48h) consis ed o wo ollow-up phases—imme - sion in wa e a 20°C o 24h; d ying in o en a 103°C o 24h. A o al o 7 such cycles we e pe o med. Mass and dimensions we e de e mined a e each cycle. E alu- a ion o e e sible, i e e sible changes and mac oscopic ailu es was possible. Leachabili y o suga s Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds con ain suga s, mainly hemicellulose, which has nega i e e ec on cemen ma ix ha dening. Hemicellulose is dissoluble in p esence o wa e . Thus, he wa e om he ba h (whe e he speci- mens we e s o ed) was sampled a e 168 and 504h and es ed o suga con en . The suga con en de e mina- ion (Fig. 5) ollowed he p inciple o educing suga wi h po assium pe mangana e (KMnO4) in an alkaline en i onmen . The educ ion o MnVI o MnIV changes he colou o he solu ion o yellow o yellow–b own. B own MnO2 p ecipi a e may o m a high pe mangana e concen a ions. Densi y, bending and ensile p ope ies Th ee se s o specimens we e es ed. One e e ence se was es ed. The second se con ained pa icleboa ds ha we e sa u a ed by mois u e (up o 504h) and sub- sequen ly d ied in labo a o y condi ions. The las se consis ed o pa icleboa ds ha we e exposed o we –d y cycles. Thei dimensions we e 50mm × 50mm × 12mm (densi y, ensile) and 290mm × 50mm × 12 mm (bend- ing). Be o e he es s o physical and mechanical p ope - ies we e conduc ed, he pa icleboa d specimens we e s o ed a ela i e humidi y o (65 ± 5)% and empe a u e (20 ± 2)°C o allow hem o each s able mass. The me hod o de e mining he densi y o pa icle- boa ds is desc ibed in EN 323 [37]. Bending s eng h and modulus o elas ici y in bending we e de e mined acco ding o EN 310 [33] ( he h ee-poin bend es ). The s eng h o he specimen is calcula ed as he a io be ween he bending momen M a maximum load Fmax and he momen o he whole c oss-sec ion. The dis- ance be ween he cen es o he wo suppo olle s is se a 20 × he hickness o he boa d. The maximum load (specimen ailu e) mus occu no la e han (60 ± 30)s a a cons an loading a e. Tensile s eng h pe pendicula o he plane o he boa d was de e mined om he maxi- mum o ce ac ing upon he specimen su ace acco ding o EN 319 [36]. The loading a e was se so ha he speci- mens would su e ailu e wi hin (60 ± 30)s; 3mm/min. Fig. 4 Cemen -bonded pa icleboa d specimens abou 1 h a e imme sion in wa e a app oxima ely 20 °C. The specimens we e used o assess he dynamics o mois u e sa u a ion Fig. 5 Analysis o suga concen a ion in he wa e solu ion in which he specimens we e imme sed o 504 h Page 6 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 Mic os uc u al analysis—op ical mic oscope The s uc u al changes we e analysed wi h a Keyence VHX-950F op ical mic oscope (up o 200 × magni ica- ion). Special a en ion was paid mainly o a eas whe e c acks had o med, as hese pa s make i possible o see how mois u e sa u a ion in luences he dimen- sional o olume ic changes o he boa ds. The analy- sis ocused mainly on he mois u e sa u a ion dynamics o he cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds and i s ole in he closing and subsequen e-occu ence o mic oc- acks. The mois u e sa u a es he cell walls o he wood chips, which causes i o swell and cause mic oc acks o o m in he cemen ma ix. A o al o 3 se s o speci- mens we e subjec ed o a de ailed analysis. The i s se was examined om 0 h ough 30min a e imme - sion and consis ed o specimens wi h he dimensions o 50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm. The mic os uc u al analy- sis o hese specimens ook place while hey emained imme sed in wa e (see Fig.6). The second se comp ised specimens o 300mm × 100mm × 12mm, which we e examined a a se ime in e al oge he wi h weigh- ing and dimension measu emen ; i.e. be o e wa e sa u- a ion and a e 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168h unde wa e . The hi d se comp ised specimens o 300mm × 100mm × 12mm which we e analysed du ing we –d y cycles, i.e. each 24h (a e wa e sa u a ion and also a e d ying). Resul s anddiscussion 3D s uc u e o  hepa icleboa ds Following igu es (Figs.7 and 8) show CP-R boa d wi h emphasis on o ien a ion o sp uce chips. O ien a ion o chips in he pa icleboa ds is impo an in e ms o dimensional changes because wood is an aniso opic ma e ial. Signi ican dimensional and olume changes occu in adial and angen ial di ec ion o wood [24, 43]. CT analysis p o ed ha axial di ec ion o he chips is mos ly pa allel wi h plane o he pa icleboa d. Radial and angen ial di ec ion o he wood chips is o ien ed pe pendicula o he leng h (linea di ec ion) o he pa i- cleboa ds. Thus, he mos appa en dimensional changes could occu in hickness di ec ion. Dynamics o wa e sa u a ion The cha s (Fig.9) show a de ailed e alua ion and com- pa ison o he dimensions, mass, and olume o he pa icleboa d specimens (de elopmen up o 504h). I e- e sible changes o es ed pa ame e s a e g adual d ying in labo a o y en i onmen a e shown in Table3. Resul s con i med di e se beha iou o boa ds in dependence on hei composi ion du ing soaking. This ela es o di e - en a io o cemen and chips in CP-R, CP-D and CP-P. Ra io o cemen , chips and al e na i e aw ma e ials also has e ec on s uc u e o ITZ o ma ix and sp uce chips. The so p ion o he boa ds no only occu s sepa a ely in sp uce chips and cemen ma ix, bu i is also compli- ca ed by he in e acial egion [44]. So p ion dynamics, cha ac e ized by apid changing dimensions and mass, is appa en up o 96h o soaking. The mos apid change was de e mined a e he i s hou o he imme sing boa ds. This indica es ela i ely open po ous s uc u e o he boa ds when he i s wa e pene a es h ough cemen ma ix capilla y sys em in o he cell s uc u e o sp uce chips. Pene a ion o wa e is mo e di icul wi h inc easing wa e amoun wi hin he boa ds, because po ous s uc u e is g adually illed by he wa e and less Fig. 6 Obse a ion and e alua ion o olume changes in a specimen being sa u a ed by liquid mois u e using an op ical mic oscope: a he mic oscope wi h a specimen; b specimen de ail unde he lens o he mic oscope Page 7 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 ee space emains. The e o e, ano he pene a ion o wa e in o he boa ds slows down. When ib e sa u a- ion poin (FSP— ully sa u a ed cell walls o wood) is eached, dimensional and olume ic changes a e no so signi ican . Howe e , i is qui e di icul o de e mine exac ly FSP o sp uce chips in he boa ds wi h ega d o he e ogeneous s uc u e o his composi e ma e ial (cemen ma ix, sp uce chips, ITZ). The sp uce chips a e also s abilized (modi ied) by wa e glass, Ca ions o cemen binde and he mal ea men du ing he p oduc- ion o boa ds. This s abiliza ion o he chips pe cep ibly changes hei so p ion dynamics. Re e ence boa ds CP-R show he mos s able p ope ies in e ms o dimensional, olume and mass changes. I e e sible changes o he es ed pa ame e s we e de e mined in case o all ypes o boa ds. I e e sible mass changes o CP-R co espond o indings Fan e al. [45]. The linea di ec ion is cha ac e ized by he smalles dimensional changes (0.39% CP-P; Fig.9a). This ela es o he o ien a ion o sp uce chips in he pa icleboa ds and di ec ion o p essu e du ing p oduc ion o he boa ds (Figs. 7 and 8), including esidual s ess in he chips. Residual s ess did no a ec linea expansion s ongly. Leng h change 0.23% (CP-R), 0.28% (CP-D) and 0.29% Fig. 7 S uc u e o boa d CP-R—CT analysis; o ien a ion o sp uce chips: a longi udinal slice—pe pendicula o he plane o he boa d; b 3D model; c longi udinal slice—in plane o he boa d; d ans e sal slice Fig. 8 S uc u e o boa d CP-R—CT analysis; o ien a ion o sp uce chips—de ail. Di ec ion o hickness and p essu e e ec ing du ing p oduc ion o boa ds—yellow c ow oo Page 8 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 (CP-P) was de e mined a e 24h o soaking. A e g ad- ual d ying, i e e sible linea change was de e mined in ange o 0.10% o 0.15%. Radial and angen ial swelling occu s mos ly in hick- ness di ec ion o he boa ds due o he chips o ien a- ion. Also esidual s ess ( om p oduc ion o he boa ds) in he chips is elaxed du ing hei soaking. This s ess causes inc easing expansion p essu e o sp uce chips and hus s ongly a ec s hickness change. The e o e, compa ed o he linea changes, much highe alues o swelling in hickness we e de e mined (see Fig. 9b)— CP-P (1.58% a e 504h). A e 24h, he CP-R specimens swelled by 0.3%, which co esponds o he in o ma- ion decla ed by he manu ac u e [46]. The dynamics o wa e sa u a ion in case o CP-P is he mos appa - en up o 96h o soaking. CP-R shows a mo e signi ican inc ease be ween 168 and 504h. A e g adual d ying, i e e sible change o hickness was de e mined in ange o 0.26% o 0.35%. Pa icleboa ds CP-D and CP-P su - e ed om swelling in hickness a e 24h in a much smalle deg ee han pa icleboa ds con aining o he a ailable ag icul u al was e ( a ious plan s and woods). This is suppo ed by esul s—Nasse e al. [27] (4.51% o 4.87%), Odeyemi e al. [1] (2%), So annde e al. [7] (0.8% o 2.19%), Fuwape e al. [47] (4.44%), Okino e al. [48] (1.1 o 1.8%) and Zhou e al. [49] (0.53%). S ong dependence o swelling in hickness on pa icleboa ds composi ion was p o ed. Howe e , ela ionship be ween dimensional changes (see Fig. 9a,b) and densi y (see “Physical and mechanical pa ame e s” sec ion) o he pa icleboa ds was no p o ed, as o example Nasse e al. [27] p esen . Volume changes (see Fig.9c) oughly ollow he end o swelling in hickness (see Fig. 9b). Pa icleboa d specimens CP-P appea he mos suscep ible o olume change wi h 1.52% (24h) and 2.51% (504h) du ing wa e )b( )a( 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 Linea Change -Leng h [%] Time [hou s] CP-R CP-D CP-P 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 La e al Change -Thickness [%] Time [hou s] CP-R CP-D CP-P )d( )c( 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Change o Volume [%] Time [hou s] CP-R CP-D CP-P 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Change o Mass [%] Time [hou s] CP-R CP-D CP-P Fig. 9 Dimensional, olume and mass he changes o he boa ds du ing wa e sa u a ion o e he o al o 504 h: a linea —leng h change; b la e al— hickness change; c olume ic change; d mass change Table 3 I e e sible changes o dimensions, olume and mass o es ed cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds Mix u e–boa ds Linea —leng h [%] La e al— hickness [%] Volume [%] Mass [%] CP-R 0.10 0.26 0.69 1.20 CP-D 0.14 0.26 0.99 3.01 CP-P 0.15 0.35 1.38 3.14 Page 9 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 sa u a ion. The olume inc eases he mos apidly du - ing he i s 48h o imme sion. This is pa ially caused by he dissolu ion o soluble subs ances o he sp uce chips, which may inc ease s ess in he emaining wood subs ances and su ounding solids o cemen pas e. This leads o a co esponding olume change in bo h he wood chips and he adjacen cemen pas e [44]. Pa icleboa ds CP-D and CP-P exhibi he same olume ic beha iou o e he i s hou o soaking (0.76% and 0.77%). A e g adual d ying, i e e sible olume ic change was de e - mined in ange o 0.69% o 1.38%. These alues a e no negligible conside ing he maximal olume ic changes a e 504h. The esul s show ha di e ences be ween mass (Fig.9d) o CP-R, CP-D and CP-P boa ds a e smalle in compa ison wi h he dimensional and olume changes. The mos d ama ic inc ease occu s wi hin 1h o ini ial imme sion (app oxima ely 10%). A e 504h o imme - sion, he mass o all he specimens inc eased o a simi- la deg ee, anging om 24.40% o 25.79%. A e g adual d ying, i e e sible change o mass was de e mined in ange 1.20% o 3.14%. The es ed pa icleboa ds exhibi di e en wa e abso p ion depending on he ype o al e - na i e ma e ial used. The dynamics o mass change a y as well. This con i m esul s and indings ela ed o wa e abso p ion a e 24h imme sion by So annde e al. [7] (9.28–16.14%), Nasse e al. [27] (13.4–21.3%), Odeyemi e al. [1] (5.8%), Fuwape e al. [47] (20.40%), Sa as ano e al. [50] (10.7–24.8%), Okino e al. [48] (14.4–16.7%) and Zhou e al. [49] (6.9%). The pa icleboa ds analysed by Okino e al. [48] show a mo e dynamic wa e sa u a- ion du ing he i s wo hou s o ini ial imme sion. CP-D boa ds appea mo e esis an o mois u e- induced changes han CP-P. The cause is pa ly due o he na u e o he al e na i e componen s. Componen P con ains la ge pa icles and agg ega ions o cemen and wood chips. Ano he c ucial ac o is ha dus D comes om pa icleboa ds ha ha e passed h ough he en i e manu ac u ing p ocess, including wo he mal cu ing cycles. On he con a y, pa icula e mix u e P accumu- la es in he p oduc ion line a e mixing and laye ing in o a con inuous shee . This means ha componen P has no comple ed i s ull mine aliza ion cycle. Pe o med es s con i med ha he o igin o he al e na i e componen plays a signi ican pa in he dimensional and olume - ic changes. Howe e , e ec on wa e abso p ion (mass changes) o he pa icleboa ds is no so e iden . We –d y cycling E ec o cyclic wa e soaking and d ying on pa ame e s o he pa icleboa ds was analysed (Fig. 10). I e e s- ible and e e sible changes o he es ed pa ame e s a e we –d y cycling a e appa en om Table4. Linea changes a e he smalles , wi h i e e sible componen app oxima ely − 0.1%. The di e ences be ween he CP-R, CP-D and CP-P a e no signi ican . On he o he hand, hickness change is mo e ob ious and inc ease was no iced, while linea i e e sible change is cha ac e ized by sh inkage. The di e ences in hickness be ween indi- idual ypes o pa icleboa ds a e mo e e iden . Re e - ence boa ds CP-R show he smalles dimensional, olume and mass changes. Boa ds CP-P a e he mos suscep ible o he analysed pa ame e s due o we –d y cycles. I e e sible swelling is caused by he elease o he esidual comp essi e s esses impa ed o he boa d du - ing he p essing p ocess [47]. Relie o esidual s esses wi hin he wood due o ho p essing p ocess was also p esen ed by Rowell [51]. Composi ion o he pa icle- boa ds also has signi ican e ec on i s changes du ing we –d y cycles. Based on compa ison o esul s [47] wi h ou comes in his s udy, e y s ong dependence on com- posi ion o he pa icleboa ds is ob ious. Boa ds CP-R, CP-D and CP-P show i e e sible change in ange o 0.40 o 0.74%, whe eas au ho s [47] de e - mined i e e sible changes o he pa icleboa ds in ange 15 o 21%. An in e es ing ac is ha hese di e en alues a e no iceable despi e e y simila densi y and cemen / pa icle a io o he pa icleboa ds. Ano he key ac o , a ec ing a e o changes, is de-bonding o he cemen ma ix and wood pa icles due o chips sh inkage du ing d ying [47]. Failu es be ween cemen ma ix and sp uce chips a e appa en om mic oscopic obse a ion (see “Mic os uc u e” sec ion). Rega ding o e y low changes o CP-R, CP-D and CP-P i is e iden ha de-bonding e ec is e y sligh in compa ison wi h boa ds based on sawdus and was epape [47]. I e e sible changes o pa - icleboa ds mass (g owing end) and leng h (downwa d end) we e de e mined by Fan e al. [45] du ing we –d y cycles (90–65–35–65–90% RH). Leng h and mass end is ob ious also om hys e esis loops (iso he ms) [45]. Resul s (Fig.10 and Table4) a e suppo ed, among o h- e s, by Ahmed e al. [25]. Mass loss o he pa icleboa ds is connec ed wi h emo al o wa e -soluble ca bohy- d a es o ex ac i es om sp uce chips, especially a e he i s cycle (see Fig.10d). Ne e heless, he mass loss is e y low, i.e. 0.76%. Mass and leng h end (Fig.10a and d) is con i med also by Fan e al. [44]. Wood chips deg a- da ion in cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds can occu due o highly alkaline en i onmen (cemen ma ix). This causes loss o mass and dimensional changes (chips). Suga leachabili y Nega i e e ec o suga s du ing cemen ma ix ha den- ing analysed and desc ibed among o he s [52–55]. The e- o e he wa e (in which he specimens esided) was sampled a e 168 and 504h and es ed o suga con en . Page 16 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 es ed boa ds was mo e appa en a e we –d y cycling. I e e sible changes o cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds also ela e o de o ma ion o cemen ma ix. The ma ix is subjec ed o i e e sible changes du ing swelling and subsequen d ying o he boa ds. Con a y, he chips a e mo e lexible and each almos he same dimen- sions a e d ying. The e o e, widened c acks in ITZ o analysed boa ds a e appa en a e 7 we –d y cycles (Fig.19b, d). An in e es ing esea ch would be also s udy o ans- po o he wa e in he boa ds and sepa a e componen s (ma ix and chips) in e ms o di e en wa e en e ing he edge and inne s uc u e o he boa ds. Howe e , his esea ch equi es mo e complex and de ailed s udy, which is abo e he scope o he p esen ed s udy. Conclusions All he pa ame e s we e de e mined in e ms o he e ec o he pa icleboa ds’ di e en composi ion. Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds beha e di e en ly du - ing wa e sa u a ion (up o 504h unde wa e ) depend- ing on hei composi ion. The changes in he obse ed pa ame e s ollow di e en dynamics. Pa icleboa ds wi h a modi ied composi ion a e mo e suscep ible o ol- ume and dimensional changes. Mos olume and dimen- sional changes occu oughly wi hin he i s 24h. Ve y as changes we e de ec ed by op ical mic oscopy wi hin 3 o 5min o being imme sed in wa e . Be ween 24 and 96h he a e a which po es and ai oids close begins o dec ease. Volume and mass changes occu a a di e en a e. Mass inc eases a la ge inc emen s han olume. Mechanical p ope ies (s eng h and modulus o elas- ici y) we e no ha med by swelling. In ac , he 504h o wa e sa u a ion caused hem o inc ease by a small deg ee. The con inuing cemen hyd a ion had a s onge e ec han he s uc u al damage caused by he swell- ing o he wood wi hin he pa icleboa d ma ix. On he o he hand, boa ds subjec ed o we –d y cycling de e- io a ed signi ican ly. Especially, appa en dec ease o Fig. 19 De elopmen o ailu e in con ac zone o ma ix and sp uce chip wi hin he pa icleboa d du ing we –d y cycling: a CP-R be o e cycling; b CP-R a e 7 cycles; c CP-P be o e cycling; d CP-P a e 7 cycles Page 17 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 s eng h (up o 50%) and modulus has occu ed. Mic o- s uc u e also con ained mo e ailu es and laws. Despi e he ac ha he p ope ies o he wood chips had been s abilized as pa o he manu ac u ing p ocess, suga leaching had occu ed du ing he wa e sa u a ion. A sligh ly highe suga concen a ion was ound only a e 504h o wa e sa u a ion. Howe e , he s eng h es s show ha he leached suga s ha e no a ec ed p ope ies o he pa icleboa ds. Abb e ia ions D: Dus p oduced by he cu ing and g inding o he boa ds; P: Pa icula e mix u e consis ing o cemen , wood chips, admix u es, e c.; CP-R: Re e - ence cemen -bonded pa icleboa d; CP-D: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds modi ied wi h D (7%); CP-P: Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds modi ied wi h P (8%); MSWI: Municipal solid was e incine a ion; W/C: Wa e /cemen ; TOC: To al o ganic ca bon; p-R: Densi y o e e ence boa ds; p-So: Densi y o soaked boa ds; p-WD: Densi y o we –d y cycled boa ds; Δp-RSo: Di e ence be ween densi y o e e ence and soaked boa ds; Δp-RWD: Di e ence be ween densi y o e e ence and we –d y cycled boa ds; m: Bending s eng h; Em: Modulus o elas ici y in bending; : T ans e se ensile s eng h pe pendicula o he plane o he boa d. Acknowledgemen s All es s and analyses we e ca ied ou a B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ins i u e o Technology o Building Ma e ials and Componen s, and a AdMaS Cen e. Au ho s’ con ibu ions Concep ualiza ion—TM, me hodology—TM and LM, alida ion—JB, TM and LM, o mal analysis—JB, in es iga ion—TM, LM, ML and SV, esou ces—LM and TM, da a cu a ion—JB, w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion—TM, w i ing— e iew and edi ing—TM and LM, isualiza ion—TM and LM, supe ision—TM and JB, p ojec adminis a ion—TM, unding acquisi ion—TM and JB. All au ho s ha e ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip . Funding Resea ch p esen ed in he a icle was unded by he Czech Science Founda- ion (GA ČR), p ojec 19-00291S “Analysis o P ocesses du ing Fo ming he S uc u e in Silica e Composi es wi h O ganic Fille s and hei Beha iou a Speci ic Condi ions o S ess”. A ailabili y o da a and ma e ials The da ase s used and/o analysed du ing he cu en s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho on easonable eques . Decla a ions Compe ing in e es s The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . Recei ed: 5 Oc obe 2021 Accep ed: 17 Decembe 2021 Re e ences 1. Odeyemi SO, Abdulwahab R, Adeniyi AG, A oyebi OD (2020) Physical and mechanical p ope ies o cemen -bonded pa icle boa d p oduced om A ican balsam ee (Populous Balsami e a) and pe iwinkle shell esidues. Resul s Eng 6:100–126 2. Wang L, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Yu K, Li S, Poon CS, Dai J-G (2018) Upcycling wood was e in o ib e- ein o ced magnesium phospha e cemen pa i- cleboa ds. Cons Build Ma e 159:54–63 3. Mi anda de Lima AJ, Iwaki i S, Sa yana ayana KG, Lomelí-Ramí ez MG (2020) P epa a ion and cha ac e iza ion o wood-cemen pa icleboa ds p oduced using me akaolin, calcined ce amics and esidues o Pinus spp. J Build Eng 32:101722 4. Cap ai V, Gau in F, Schollbach K, B ouwe s HJH (2019) MSWI bo om ash as binde eplacemen in wood cemen composi es. Cons Build Ma e 196:672–680 5. Nadha i WNAW, Danish M, Nasi MSRM, Geng BJ (2019) Mechanical p op- e ies and dimensional s abili y o pa icleboa d ab ica ed om s eam p e- ea ed banana unk was e pa icles. J Build Eng 26:100848 6. Papadopoulos AN (2008) Na u al du abili y and pe o mance o ho n- beam cemen bonded pa icleboa d. Made as Cienc Tecnol 10(2):93–98 7. So annde OA, Oluwada e AO, Ogedoh O, Adeogun PF (2012) E alua ion o cemen -bonded pa icle boa d p oduced om A zelia a icana wood esidues. J Eng Sci Technol 7(6):732–743 8. Fuwape JA, Oyagade AO (1993) Bending s eng h and dimensional s abil- i y o opical wood-cemen pa icleboa d. Bio es Technol 44(1):77–79 9. Bo ysiuk P, Jenczyk-Tolloczko I, Au iga R, Ko dzikowski M (2019) Suga bee pulp as aw ma e ial o pa icleboa d p oduc ion. Ind C op P od 141:111829 10. Taha I, Elka a y MS, Mously HE (2018) Po en ial o u ilizing oma o s alk as aw ma e ial o pa icleboa ds. Ain Shams Eng J 9(4):1457–1464 11. Amiandamhen SO, Izeko DN (2013) E ec o wood pa icle geome y and p e- ea men s on he s eng h and so p ion p ope ies o cemen - bonded pa icle boa ds. J Appl Na Sci 5(2):318–322 12. Hossain MU, Wang L, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Poon C-S (2018) En i onmen al and echnical easibili y s udy o upcycling wood was e in o cemen - bonded pa icleboa d. Cons Build Ma e 173:474–480 13. Wang L, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Poon C-S, Shih K (2016) Value-added ecycling o cons uc ion was e wood in o noise and he mal insula ing cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds. Cons Build Ma e 125:316–325 14. Wang L, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Poon C-S, Shih K (2016) Recycling con- amina ed wood in o eco- iendly pa icleboa d using g een cemen and ca bon dioxide cu ing. J Clean P od 137:861–870 15. Cab al MR, Nakanishi EY, Má mol G, Palacios J, Godbou S, Lagacé R, Sa as ano H, Fio elli J (2018) Po en ial o Je usalem A ichoke (Helian hus ube osus L.) s alks o p oduce cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds. Ind C op P od 122:214–222 16. Ka ade SR (2010) Cemen -bonded composi es om lignocellulosic was es. Cons Build Ma e 24(8):1323–1330 17. Sassoni E, Manzi S, Mo o i A, Mon ecchi M, Can i M (2015) Expe imen al s udy on he physical–mechanical du abili y o inno a i e hemp-based composi es o he building indus y. Ene gy Build 104:316–322 18. Schwa zo a I, S e ulo a N, Melicha T (2017) Hemp ib e ein o ced composi es. In: Pape p esen ed a “En i onmen al Enginee ing” 10 h In e na ional Con e ence, Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y, Li hu- ania, 27–28 Ap il 2017 19. Schwa zo a I, S e ulo a N, Melicha T (2017) Ligh weigh composi es based on echnical hemp hu ds in cons uc ion indus y. Chem Eng T ans 57:1369–1374 20. Pelaez-Samaniego MR, Yadama V, Lowell E, Espinoza-He e a R (2013) A e iew o wood he mal p e ea men s o imp o e wood composi e p ope ies. Wood Sci Technol 47(6):1285–1319 21. Rowell RM (2005) Mois u e p ope ies. In: Rowell RM (ed) Handbook o wood chemis y and wood composi es. CRC P ess, Boca Ra on 22. Ch is ensen GN, Kelsey KE (1959) Die So p ion on Wasse damp du ch die chemischen Bes and eile des Holzes. Holz Roh We ks 17:189–203 23. Janusa MA, Champagne CA, Fanguy JC, Hea d GE, Laine PL, Land y AA (2000) Solidi ica ion/s abiliza ion o lead wi h he aid o bagasse as an addi i e o Po land cemen . Mic ochem J 65(3):255–259 24. Maka ona E, Kou zagio i C, Salmas C, N alos G, Skoulikidou MC, Tsamis C (2017) Enhancing wood esis ance o humidi y wi h nanos uc u ed ZnO coa ings. Nano S uc Nano Objec s 10:57–68 25. Ahmed SA, Mo én T, Sehls ed -Pe sson M, Blom Å (2017) E ec o oil imp egna ion on wa e epellency, dimensional s abili y and mold sus- cep ibili y o he mally modi ied Eu opean aspen and downy bi ch wood. J Wood Sci 63(1):74–82 26. Lee SH, Ashaa i Z, Ang AF, Halip JA (2017) Dimensional s abili y o hea oil-cu ed pa icleboa d made wi h oil palm unk and ubbe wood. Eu J Wood Wood P od 75(2):285–288 27. Nasse RA, Salem MZM, Al-Me a ej HA, A e IM (2016) Use o ee p un- ing was es o manu ac u ing o wood ein o ced cemen composi es. Cemen Conc Compos 72:246–256 Page 18 o 18 Melicha e al. Jou nal o Wood Science (2021) 67:75 28. Li M, Nicolas V, Kheli a M, El Ganaoui M, Fie o V, Celza d A (2019) Model- ling he hyg o he mal beha iou o cemen -bonded wood composi e panels as pe manen o mwo k. Ind C op P od 142:111784 29. Sulaiman O, Awalludin MF, Hashim R, Mondal MIH (2012) The e ec o ela i e humidi y on he physical and mechanical p ope ies o oil palm unk and ubbe wood. Cellul Chem Technol 46(5–6):401–407 30. EN 633 (1996) Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds. De ini ion and classi ica- ion, CEN 31. EN 634–1 (1997) Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds - speci ica ion - pa 1: gene al equi emen s, CEN 32. EN 634–2 (2007) Cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds - Speci ica ions - Pa 2: Requi emen s o OPC bonded pa icleboa ds o use in d y, humid and ex e nal condi ions, CEN 33. EN 310 (1995) Wood based panels. De e mina ion o modulus o elas ic- i y in bending and o bending s eng h, CEN 34. EN 317 (1995) Pa icleboa ds and ib eboa ds; de e mina ion o swelling in hickness a e imme sion in wa e , CEN 35. EN 318 (2003) Wood-based panels - De e mina ion o dimensional changes associa ed wi h changes in ela i e humidi y, CEN 36. EN 319 (1994) Pa icleboa ds and ib eboa ds. De e mina ion o ans- e se ensile s eng h pe pendicula o he plane o he boa d, CEN 37. EN 323 (1994) Wood-based panels. De e mina ion o densi y, CEN 38. EN 1328 (1998) Cemen bonded pa icleboa ds - De e mina ion o os esis ance, CEN 39. ASTM D 1037 (2012) S anda d es me hods o e alua ing p ope ies o wood-base ibe and pa icle panel ma e ials1,ASTM In e na ional 40. Melicha T, Bydzo sky J (2019) In luence o dus was e con aining a silica e ma ix and o ganic ille on p ope ies o cemen composi es [Vli p acho ého odpadu s obsahem siliká o é ma ice a o ganického plni a na las nos i cemen o ých kompozi ů]. Was e Fo um 4:378–390 41. Melicha T, Bydzo sky J, Du ka A (2019) Seldom used by-p oduc om imming cemen -bonded pa icleboa d shows po en ial o modi ying building ma e ials composi ion. Was e Fo um 4:368–377 42. Melicha T, Venhodo á E, Bydžo ský J (2014) Analyzing o al e na i e aw ma e ials o p oduc ion o cemen -bonded pa icle boa ds. Ad Ma e Res 923:108–111 43. Fu Z, Zhou Y, Gao X, Liu H, Zhou F (2019) Changes o wa e ela ed p op- e ies in adia a pine wood due o hea ea men . Cons Build Ma e 227:116692 44. Fan MZ, Bon ield PW, Dinwoodie JM, B eese MC (1999) Dimensional ins abili y o cemen -bonded pa icleboa d mechanisms o de o ma ion o CBPB. Cem Conc Res 29:923–932 45. Fan MZ, Bon ield PW, Dinwoodie JM, Boxall J, B eese MC (2004) Dimen- sional ins abili y o cemen -bonded pa icleboa d: he e ec o su ace coa ing. Cem Conc Res 34:1189–1197 46. CETRIS (2021) Basic p ope ies o cemen -bonded pa icleboa ds CETRIS® (Základní las nos i cemen o řísko ých desek CETRIS®). A ailable ia DIALOG. h ps:// www. ce is. cz/ paged a a_ cz/ downl oad/ 671_2- zakla dni- las nos i. pd ? 15275 82590. Accessed 9 No 2021 47. Fuwape JA, Fabiyi JS, Osun uyi EO (2007) Technical assessmen o h ee laye ed cemen -bonded boa ds p oduced om was epape and saw- dus . Was e Manag 27(11):1611–1616 48. Okino EYA, de Souza MR, San ana MAE, da Al es MV, de Sousa ME, Teixei a DE (2004) Cemen -bonded wood pa icleboa d wi h a mix u e o eucalyp and ubbe wood. Cem Conc Compos 26(6):729–734 49. Zhou Y, Kamdem DP (2002) E ec o cemen /wood a io on he p ope - ies o cemen -bonded pa icleboa d using CCA- ea ed wood emo ed om se ice. Fo P od J 52(3):77–81 50. Sa as ano H, Wa den PG, Cou s RSP (2000) B azilian was e ib es as ein o cemen o cemen -based composi es. Cemen Conc Compos 22(5):379–384 51. Rowell RM (2005) Chemical modi ica ion o wood. In: Rowell RM (ed) Handbook o wood chemis y and wood composi es. CRC P ess, Boca Ra on, pp 381–420 52. Young JF (1972) A e iew o he mechanisms o se - e a da ion in Po land cemen pas es con aining o ganic admix u es. Cem Conc Res 2(4):415–433 53. Ben z DP, Co eney PV, Ga boczi EJ, Kleyn MF, S u zman PE (1994) Cellula au oma on simula ions o cemen hyd a ion and mic os uc u e de el- opmen . Modell Simul Ma e Sci Eng 2(4):783 54. Fan MZ, Ndikon a MK, Zhou XM, Ngam eng JN (2012) Cemen -bonded composi es made om opical woods: compa ibili y o wood and cemen . Cemen Conc Comp 36:135–140 55. Qui oga A, Ma zocchi V, Rin oul I (2016) In luence o wood ea men s on mechanical p ope ies o wood–cemen composi es and o Populus Eu oame icana wood ibe s. Compos Pa B Eng 84:25–32 56. Hachem ChE, Abah i K, Lecle c S, Bennace R (2020) NMR and XRD quan i ica ion o bound and ee wa e in e ac ion o sp uce wood ibe s. Cons Build Ma e 260:120470 57. Rowell RM (2004) Chemical modi ica ion, solid wood p ocessing/chemi- cal modi ica ion. In: Bu ley J, E ans J, Youngquis JA (eds) Encyclopedia o o es sciences. Else ie L d, Ox o d, pp 1269–1274 Publishe ’s No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in pub- lished maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.