Performance Characteristics of the Open-Graded Asphalt Concrete Filled with a Special Cement Grout

Copy igh © 2015 Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y (VGTU) P ess Technika h p://www.bj be. g u.l THE BALTIC JOURNAL OF ROAD AND BRIDGE ENGINEERING ISSN 1822-427X / eISSN 1822-4288 2015 Volume 10(4): 316–324 doi:10.3846/bj be.2015.40 1. In oduc ion Ho mix asphal (HMA) is commonly used ma e ial as a wea ing laye o pa emen s o highways (o oads), s ee s, ai po s and o he indus ial a eas. Du ing he las decades he e ha e been d ama ic changes in a ic olumes, a ic weigh s and y e p essu es, which ha e esul ed in a signi - ican inc ease in a pe manen de o ma ion o ho mix as- phal pa emen s. Pe manen de o ma ion is a majo mode o ailu e in lexible pa emen s consis ing o bo h u ing and sho ing. This p oblem is mo e common in ho clima es whe e he s i ness o he asphal mix is u he dec eased wi h he inc ease o pa emen empe a u e (Hajj e al. 2011). The occu ence o such de o ma ions is inc easing conside ably du ing he ho pe iod when ai empe a u- e ises up o 25–30°C and asphal pa emen hea s up o 40–50°C (Lau ina ičius, Čygas 2003). Acco ding o a ious scien is s, asphal pa emen u ing is a ec ed mainly by h ee ac o s: − he asphal mix ac o (eg agg ega e g ada ion, binde pe o mance g ade, binde con en , ai oid con en , ille ); −load ac o (eg wheel load, i e p essu e, load du a- ion, es pe iod, load ype); −en i onmen al ac o (eg mois u e, empe a u e, ageing). Ex ensi e esea ch has been conduc ed o e alua e he in luence o hese ac o s on he pe o mance o pa- emen s uc u e (B eakah e al. 2011; Collop, Ellio 1999; Ding e al. 2011; Liu, Wang 2003). Howe e , he e s ill e- mains many p oblems wi h he pe o mance o du able pa emen s. T a ic loading, which di ec ly a ec s he as- phal pa emen and s uc u e, is he mos s udied and ana- lysed ac o . Howe e , i is impo an o no e, ha asphal pa emen de e io a e e en i he e a e no a ic a all. This is due o he i e e sible physical and chemical p ocesses ha change in ime, and asphal pa emen su ace is also a ec ed by en i onmen al ac o s such as empe a u e a- ia ions, amoun o ain all and amoun o wa e in soil. The asphal pa emen is subjec ed o many dis esses du ing i s se ice li e. Recen ly, u ing in asphal pa e- men s has become one o he majo dis ess o ms wi h he inc ease in a ic olume, y e p essu e and axial load. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT CONCRETE FILLED WITH A SPECIAL CEMENT GROUT Pa lina Cihacko a1, Pe Hyzl2, Dusan S ehlik3, Ond ej Dasek4, O idijus Še nas5, Aud ius Vai kus6 1, 2, 3, 4Dep o Roads, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic 5, 6Road Resea ch Ins i u e, Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y, Linkmenų g. 28, LT–08217 Vilnius, Li huania E-mails: 1 cihacko[email p o ec ed]b .cz; 2 h[email p o ec ed]b .cz; 3 s ehlik.d@ ce. u b .cz; 4 dasek.o@ ce. u b .cz; 5 o id[email p o ec ed]; 6 aud ius. ai[email p o ec ed] Abs ac . This pape p esen s a pe o mance o he open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou in he oad s uc u es, in oduces p ac ical examples o he usage o his echnology and de ines he main p ope ies. In addi ion, labo a o y design o asphal mix u es illed wi h special g ou is esea ched. Finally, he esul s ob ained om a ious labo a o y es s a e e alua ed. The pape con ains he open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou mix design p ocedu e and esul s o s i ness measu emen , low empe a u e p ope ies, pe manen de o ma ion and skid esis ance. Open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou mix u e is compa ed o he com- monly used asphal mixes. The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou showed be e esul s han he commonly used asphal mixes by he s i ness and esis ance o he pe manen de o ma ion cha ac e is ics bu beha io a he low empe a u es is sligh ly p oblema ic. Keywo ds: asphal skele on, cemen g ou , low empe a u e cha ac e is ics, pe manen de o ma ion, semi- igid laye , skid esis ance, s i ness modulus. The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 317 Depending on he magni ude o he a ic loading and he ela i e s eng h o he pa emen laye s, u ing occu in he asphal wea ing laye , base o subg ade laye o in a combina ion o hese laye s (Ta e de e al. 2003). I o en happens wi hin he i s ew yea s a e opening o a ic. The u is o med because o he shea s ess in asphal lay- e which causes la ge plas ic de o ma ions, hus he pa o he asphal laye is imp in ed in o he idge a he edges o wheel oll zone (Osca sson 2011; Xu, Huang 2012). The u ing beha iou o asphal mix depends no only on he p ope ies o agg ega e and binde bu also on how hey in e ac wi h each o he in a mix u e. The e a e occasions when binde s (eg e y s i binde ) and agg ega- e (eg agg ega e wi h 100% ac u ed su ace) a e adequa e, bu he mix u e ails o exhibi low u ing because o o he p ope ies (such as inco ec ai oids and binde con en ). Mix u e p ope ies alone a e no su icien o ensu e low u because hey a y wi h epea ed a ic loads, empe a- u e and mois u e e c (Ta e de e al. 2003). The empe a u e is one o he mos impo an en i- onmen al ac o s, which a ec s he s i ness o asphal pa emen . Low empe a u e c acking is one o he ma- jo dis esses in asphal pa emen s. C acking is a se ious p oblem in cold egions as well as in a eas wi h la ge dai- ly empe a u e luc ua ion. Whene e he ambien ai empe a u e d ops, he bi umen ends o con ac . This con inuous con ac ion phenomenon esul s in a ensile he mal s ess build-up in he mix u e. I his he mally induced s ess exceeds he ensile s eng h o he asphal pa emen , a ans e se c ack will occu a he su ace. This he mal c acking de elops a a c i ically low empe a u e, e e ed o as he ac u e empe a u e (Bhasin, Mo amed 2011; B ažiūnas e al. 2013; Kane a e al. 1994). Also due o he ise in su ace empe a u e o e he empe a u e o bi umen so ening poin he bi umen so ens and causes o ma ion o wa es, in lows and u s. The p oblem o u ing has been ele an and ye un- esol ed in Li huania as well as in o he coun ies. Ru s become deepe as hea y ehicles d i e on highways and o he coun y oads. Wi h no imely co ec ions o he pa- emen in a ew yea s u ing would exceed he limi dep h o 20mm and each a c i ical dep h o 40mm, wha would ine i ably inc ease he numbe o a ic acciden s (Si ile- ičius, Vansauskas 2013). Acco ding o Len an (2012), he e a e se e al ways o sol e u ing p oblem: − o use a ha de binde g ade, − o educe he hickness o wea ing cou ses, − o inc ease s i ness modulus, − o use a high pene a ion index binde , −a highe quali y o agg ega es in asphal mixes. Gene ally, pa emen s uc u es a e di ided in o wo g oups: lexible and igid. While lexible asphal pa emen s i ness depends hea ily on he empe a u e, he empe- a u e has no e ec on igid conc e e pa emen s. Asphal pa emen s consis o se e al ela i ely hin asphal laye s, which a e connec ed and in e ac wi h each o he . They a e laid on he base laye , which lies on he subg ade. Loads om a ic a e dis ibu ed h ough all he laye s om he su ace o he subg ade and by app oxima ely i- angula sp eading o o ces. Conc e e pa emen s consis o conc e e slabs and base laye s which lie on he subg a- de. The laye has a hickness o app oxima ely 200mm o 300mm (depending on a ic load) and i is necessa y o use longi udinal and cons uc ion join s ein o ced wi h dowels and ie ba s. The ad an ages and disad an ages o he lexible and igid pa emen s a e gi en in Table1. Semi- igid o semi- lexible pa emen s was de elo- ped in F ance in ea ly 1960’s as a cos e ec i e al e na i e o Po land cemen conc e e pa emen (Gawedzinki 2008). This ype o pa emen has he ad an ages o he bo h pa s: pe o ms like conc e e and is lexible like asphal mix u es. As he cons uc ion o g ou ed macadam has de eloped, so ha e he applica ions. Today i is used o bus s a ions, po pa emen s, indus ial and wa ehouse loo s, ai po pla - o ms, axiways and unways, b ake and accele a ion s ips a a ic ligh s and b idge deck o e lays (Al-Qadi e al. 1994; Oli ei a e al. 2006; VandeVen, Molenaa 2004). Semi- igid pa emen s due o high pe o mance ha e become he p e ailing s uc u e ype o base laye s used on majo highways in China (Sun 2007; Zhuang e al. 2003). Vai kus and Paliukai ė (2013) de e mined ha a e 5 yea s o oad exploi a ion he u dep h o open g aded asphal iled wi h cemen g ou is he lowes one o he es ed 27 di e en pa emen s uc u es. Ande on (2000) made an in en o y o ou USA Ai Fo ce acili ies whe e g ou ed macadam had been used. The o e all condi ion o hese si es was e y good. The ci y o S ockholm has been using g ou ed macadam a bus s ops since 2001. Mos o hem needed no main enance. Mississippi Dep o T anspo a ion pe o med a p o- jec in es iga ing g ou ed macadam a wo signalized, Table 1. The ad an ages and disad an ages o lexible and igid pa emen s Ad an ages Disad an ages Flexible pa emen Rigid pa emen Flexible pa emen Rigid pa emen Designing, cons uc ing and epai ing is easie ; Easily ecycled; P oduce less noise; Do no equi e any longi udinal o ans e se join s. Abili y o use wi hou any epai s; High du abili y and ligh ness o he su ace; Mo e esis an o loads om hea y ucks. Black su ace; The possibili y o p ope ies changing du ing usage pe iod; Sensi i i y o high/low empe a u es and high s a ic loads. The base cou se mus be o a highe quali y; Di icul epai s and ecycling; Highe ini ial cos s. 318 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ... hea ily a icked in e sec ions (Ba ey, Whi ing on 2007). The p ojec included cons uc ion, es ing and a i e-ye- a pe o mance e alua ion. In he pe o mance e alua ion he g ou ed macadam was he only pa emen ma e ial ha had no u ing. I was also o he wise in a good condi ion bu he e we e some p oblems wi h skid esis ance. Jacobsen (2012) concluded ha g ou ed macadam has mechanical p ope ies simila o hose o asphal conc e e, he di e ence is ha i is s onge , s i e and no p one o u - ing. Thus i is conside ed sui able as a pa emen ma e ial al- e na i e o in e sec ions expe iencing p oblems wi h se e e u ing. The downside o his ma e ial is ha i is expensi e and akes mo e ime and p ecision o cons uc compa ed o asphal conc e e and ha a special license is o en equi ed. F om he analysis o he expe ience o semi lexible as- phal pa emen wi h a special cemen g ou , i is necessa y o u he de elop his echnology. The aim o his pape is o e alua e he de e mined cha ac e is ics o designed open- g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou (AC o-g CG) and compa e o common asphal mixes. 2. The concep o a semi- igid laye A semi- igid laye consis s o wo majo componen s, which a e he open-g aded asphal acco ding o he s and- a d EN13108-7:2006 and EN 13108-7:2006/AC:2008 Bi u- minous Mix u es – Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 7: Po ous Asphal , and he high-pe o mance polyme -modi ied ce- men mo a g ou ing ma e ial. The basic p ope y o open- g aded asphal is ai oid con en . Ai oid con en o open- g aded asphal mix mus be be ween 25% and 30% o ai oids by olume (Ma shall Mix Design me hod). The ec- ommended componen s and hei composi ion o he open- g aded asphal a e gi en in Table 2 based on EucoDensi Densiphal Handbook o 2004 and Wu and Zhang (2011). Cemen mo a , which is pou ed in o he open-g a- ded asphal skele on, consis s o cemen , ine agg ega es, wa e and plas icize s. Examples o sui able conc e e su- pe plas icize s as naph halene-based, melamine-based, inyl-based, ac ylic-based and ca boxylic-based p oduc s a e gi en in Densi Pa en No. WO2002075052 A1 o 2002. The c i ical ac o s in he design o modi ied cemen mo - a a e he low ime and comp essi e/ lexu al s eng h. The Czech s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 S a ba Vozo ek − P olé ané V s y – Čás 3: As al ocemen o ý Be on [Road Building – G ou ed Cou ses– Pa 3: Open-G aded As- phal Conc e e Filled wi h a Special Cemen G ou ] spe- ci ies he equi emen s o cemen mo a s eng h du- ing comp ession (a leas 25 MPa a e 28 days) and o lexu al s eng h (a leas 4MPa a e 28 days). The Ge man documen o Road and T anspo a ion Resea ch Associa ion (FGSV) M HD – Me kbla ü die He s ellung on Halbs a en Deckschich en [Technical Rules o P oduc ion o he Semi-Rigid Pa emen s] o 2010 con- ains samples o pa emen s uc u es using AC o-g CG. Choice o binde ype is also p esc ibed (50/70, 70/100 and PMB 25/55-55). Con en o ibe s is a leas 0.2%. The quali y o cemen mo a is con olled isually as in Czech equi emen s. Taking in o accoun he unc ional cha ac- e is ics, AC o-g CG has usually highe alues o s i ness modulus compa ed o con en ional asphal mix u es. This ype o laye s is used in pa king a eas, bus s ops, ai po unways, e minals, o a eas ahead o c oss oads, whe e hey e ec i ely p e en o ma ion o pe manen de- o ma ions. Fu he mo e, he laye is also used in con aine depo s, po ans-shipmen s and in indus ial s o age a eas, whe e i is possible o ake he ad an age o i s esis ance agains local punc u e loads. They a e also used on su aces o pe ol s a ions and oil depo s, whe e he subg ade o soil is no pollu ed due o impe meabili y o he laye . Semi- ig- id laye s a e capable o esis ing he e ec s o chemical de- os ing subs ances and a e esis an e en o la ge a ia ions in empe a u e. Due o as s eng hening, i is possible o pu he su aces in o ope a ion al eady a e 12–24h. AC o-g CG is a semi- lexible wea ing cou se com- posed o a lexible asphal mix u e wi h a g ada ion up o 8mm o 11mm and g ou ed mo a . The semi- lexi- ble p ope ies a e achie ed by illing he open-g aded as- phal mix u e (ai oid con en be ween 25% and 30%) wi h a sel -le elling g ou ed mo a . A e mixing, mo a is sp ead e enly o pumped on o he open-g aded asphal and sp ead e enly by using a ubbe sc ape s and he eby pene a es in o he oids wi hou equi ing ib a ion. The mo a is applied only on he cooled down open-g aded as- phal mix u e. Usual dosage o mo a is 10l/m2−15l/m2 a 50mm hickness o AC o-g CG laye . In he Czech Republic, his echnology is ully ap- p o ed and a alid s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 exis s since 2008. Semi- igid laye is now used qui e commonly, eg in many indus ial a eas and on bus s ops in P ague. In Li huania, semi- igid pa emen s ha e s a ed being used in 1999. Since hen his pa emen ype was laid on he Vil- nius In e na ional Ai po , on bus s ops, oundabou s, and in 2007 also on he expe imen al pa emen s uc u e oad in he Vilnius Ci y (Vai kus e al. 2012). An example o a semi- igid laye is shown in Fig.1. Table 2. The ecommended componen s and composi ion o he open-g aded asphal conc e e Componen Pe cen age by weigh Bi umen om 3.6 o 4.6 Limes one ille 4.0 Cellulose ibe s 0.2 C ushed agg ega es om 91.2 o 92.2 Fig.1. Semi- igid laye The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 319 3.Expe imen al esea ch 3.1.Design o asphal mix u es Asphal mix u e o ms he suppo ing skele on o a semi- igid laye . The s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 equi es ha he oid con en is be ween 17% and 32% and ha he binde d ainage does no exceed 0.3%. The esul ing com- posi ion o he asphal mix u e is gi en in Table3. The empe a u es o he asphal mix u e we e chosen acco ding o he s anda d EN 12697-35:2004+A1:2007 Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix As- phal – Pa 35: Labo a o y Mixing. The empe a u e o mixing was 160 °C and he empe a u e o compac ion – 150 °C. The ai oid con en o he designed mix u es was de e mined acco ding o he s anda d EN12697-8:2003 Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal – Pa 8: De e mina ion o Void Cha ac e is ics o Bi uminous Specimens and he inal alue was calcula ed as 27.9%, which complies wi h he s anda d equi emen s. The second equi emen o he asphal mix u e is binde d ainage, which was de e mined by Schellenbe g’s me hod inco po a ed in he s anda d EN12697-18:2004 Bi uminous Mix u es – Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal – Pa 18: Binde D ainage. The esul ing alue was 0.10%, ul illing he second condi ion o he s anda d. 3.2.Design o illing g ou Filling g ou o ms an essen ial pa o semi- igid laye s and has a signi ican e ec on i s majo p ope ies. I is he e o e impo an o pay close a en ion o i s design and o ind a sui able composi ion. The accu acy o he com- posi ion was assessed using he Ma shall specimens. A - e cu ing, he quali y o he illing o gaps was inspec ed isually. The ini ial composi ion was de e mined expe i- men ally and g adually imp o ed un il eaching he inal e sion gi en in Table4. Czech s anda d ČSN736127-3:2008 speci ies he e- qui emen s o illing g ou comp ession (a leas 25 MPa) and lexu al s eng h (a leas 4 MPa). To e i y ha bo h pa ame e s a e wi hin he s anda d equi emen s, wo se s o he es specimens o g ou inal composi ion we e made. The i s specimen s eng h was de e mined a e 7days and he second − a e 28 days. The es was ca ied ou acco ding o he s anda d EN196-1:2005 Me hods o Tes ing Cemen – Pa 1: De e mina ion o S eng h, which speci ies he speci ica ions o he comp essi e and lexu al s eng h de e mina ion es wi h specimens, dimensions o which a e 40×40×160mm. The esul s o he inal composi ion illing g ou s eng h a e 28 days we e e y p omising and wi h su icien ma gins. The de e mined alue o comp es- si e s eng h was 29.9MPa and he lexu al s eng h − 8.7MPa. This composi ion o illing g ou was used o u he es s. 3.3.Me hods o he expe imen al esea ch The esea ch scheme o AC o-g CG and common asphal mix u es cha ac e is ics is shown in Fig.2. Mechanical p ope ies o he AC o-g CG, which we e ca ied ou du ing he esea ch a e gi en in Table5. All labo a o y es s we e pe o med in oad labo a o y o B no Uni e si y o Technology. Fo he pu poses o he s i ness modulus compa ison, i e apezoidal shaped specimens we e p oduced om each mix u e. Each measu ed alue o low empe a u e cha ac e is ics is an a e age o he esul s om i e measu emen s ( i e es specimens). Fo all es s o he AC o-g CG he es slabs we e made. Specimens o s i ness modulus and low empe a- u es cha ac e is ics de e mina ion es we e cu using a ci cula saw wi h a diamond blade. Table 3. Composi ion o po ous asphal mix u e Componen Pe cen age by weigh Recommended % by weigh 1 Agg ega e ac ion 8/11 91.9 om 91.2 o 92.2 Limes one ille 3.3 4.0 Bi uminous binde 50/70 4.5 om 3.6 o 4.6 Fibe s TOPCEL 0.3 0.2 To al 100.0 100.0 No e: 1 – hese quan i ies a e ecommended by EucoDensi Densiphal Handbook o 2004 and Wu and Zhang (2011). Table4.Composi ion o illing g ou Componen % by weigh Sand ac ion 0.063/0.5 20.4 Limes one ille 20.4 Cemen 40.8 Wa e 8.2 Supe plas i icise Soic a 10.2 To al 100.0 Fig.2. The esea ch scheme o AC o-g CG and common asphal mix u es cha ac e is ics 320 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ... 4.Analysis o he expe imen al esea ch 4.1.S i ness modulus Measu emen s o he s i ness modulus we e pe o med on i e es specimens, which we e made om ACo-gCG. The es empe a u e was 15 °C and loading equencies a ied om 5Hz o 25Hz. Acco ding o Uddin (2003) he na u al equency o he pa emen oscilla ion is be ween 6−12Hz. The design alue was se in acco dance wi h Czech Tech- nical Guidelines TP 170 Na ho ání ozo ek pozemních komunikací [Pa emen Design] o 15°C and equency o loading − o 10Hz. The es esul s a e p esen ed in Fig.3. The es esul s showed, ha he s i ness modulus o he AC o-g CG a he ange o na u al pa emen condi ion is 7980 MPa. This alue complies wi h he equi emen s o he asphal mix u e s i ness modulus acco ding o he Czech Na ional Annex (Pe o mance App oach) o he s anda d EN13108-1:2006. In compa ison wi h o he mix u es, which a e commonly used in he Czech Republic in u ban a eas o wea ing cou ses and binde cou ses, he s i ness modulus o he AC o-g CG is he highes a all equencies. The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o he AC o-g CG and empe a u e is p esen ed in Fig.4. Fo he pu pose o mo e ex ensi e e alua ion o he mix u es, selec ed pa ame e s o he common asphal mix u es wi h di e en binde s a e also included in Fig.4. S i ness modulus o AC o-g CG a 40 °C was 4012MPa and i was he highes o all compa ed mix u es. Fig.3 shows ha he AC o-g CG does no exhibi such a high empe a u e in luence as in he case o asphal mix- u es. This is due o he p esence o he cemen mo a . Such p ope y is ad an ageous especially a he highe empe a u es when he AC o-g CG exhibi s high s i ness and he e o e he lowes endency owa ds o ma ion o he pe manen de o ma ions ( u ing). 4.2.Low empe a u e c acking and p ope ies by The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes Table 6 shows a compa ison o low empe a u e cha ac- e is ics o he AC o-g CG and he selec ed commonly used asphal mix u es wi h di e en binde s. The The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes showed ha AC o-g CG empe a u e o ailu e ( os c ack) was –11.2 °C. In compa ison wi h o he ypes o asphal mix u es, he empe a u e o ailu e was 36% highe han he a e age o all mix u es. The highes s ess a ailu e was 5.03MPa lowe han he a e age o all compa ed mix u es. P obably a low esis ance o os is caused by low s ess elaxa ion o cemen g ou in low empe a u es. 4.3.Wheel acking es The wheel acking es s we e pe o med acco ding o he s anda d EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007 a 50 °C empe a- u e using small de ice (ai condi ioning). Two pa ame e s we e e alua ed acco ding o he s anda d: WTSAIR = he inc emen o he u dep h, which is calcula ed as an a e age alue a which he u dep h in- c eases as a esul o epea ed mo emen o loading wheel in a small es de ice, in mm/103 cycles. PRDAIR = ela i e dep h o he u o he es ed asphal mix u es a e N load cycles in a small es de ice, in %. The esul s o he AC o-g CG wheel acking es and a compa ison wi h he equi emen s o he s anda d alid in he Czech Republic a e gi en in Table7. The measu ed alue is an a e age o he esul s de e mined on wo slabs. The es esul s showed ha he AC o-g CG pe o ms ex emely well and complies wi h he equi emen s o he s anda d − PRDAIR alue is 6 imes lowe and he WTSAIR alue is 17.5 imes lowe han he equi emen o asphal wea ing cou se. 4.4.Skid esis ance Skid esis ance is in luenced especially by mac o ex u e and mic o ex u e o pa emen su ace. When he mac o ex u e and mic o ex u e inc eases, he skid esis ance also inc eases. Mac o ex u e is a de ia ion om he ideal la su - ace wi h speci ic dimensions o 0.5mm o 50mm co - esponding o he wa eleng h o he hi d-oc a e bands wi h an a e age wa eleng h o 0.5mm o 50mm. Mac o- ex u e consis s o coa se and ine ac ions o agg ega es o su ace ea men o conc e e pa emen s. Table 5. Me hods o he expe imen al esea ch P ope y Tes me hod by he Eu opean s anda d S i ness modulus EN12697-26:2012 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal − Pa 26: S i ness (Two Poin Bending Tes on T apezoidal Specimens, 15°C, 5–25Hz) Low empe a u e cha ac e is ics EN12697-46:2012 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal − Pa 46: Low Tempe a u e C acking and P ope ies by Uniaxial Tension Tes s (The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes ) Wheel acking es EN 12697-22:2003+A1:2007 Bi uminous Mix u es. Tes Me hods o Ho Mix Asphal – Pa 2: Wheel T acking (Small Size De ice on he Ai , 50°C) Skid esis ance: Mac o ex u e EN13036-1:2010 Road and Ai ield Su ace Cha ac e is ics. Tes Me hods – Pa 1: Measu emen o Pa emen Su ace Mac o ex u e Dep h Using a Volume ic Pa ch Technique Mic o ex u e EN13036-4:2011 Road and Ai ield Su ace Cha ac e is ics. Tes Me hods – Pa 4: Me hod o Measu emen o Slip/Skid Resis ance o a Su ace: The Pendulum Tes The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 321 Fig.3.The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o ACo-gCG and equency a empe a u e +15°C including a compa ison wi h o he common asphal mix u es No e: equi emen s o asphal conc e e acco ding o EN 13108-1:2006 Bi uminous Mix u es − Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 1: Asphal Conc e e (5500−9000MPa) Fig. 4. The ela ionship be ween s i ness modulus o AC o-g CG and empe a u e a equency 10Hz including a compa ison wi h o he common asphal mix u es Table 6. The The mal S ess Res ained Specimen Tes p ope ies o AC o-g CG compa ed wi h he commonly used asphal mix u es wi h di e en binde s Mix u e AC 16 50/70 (5.4%) AC 16 50/70 (4.6%) AC 16 PmB 10/40 (5.4%) AC 16 PmB 10/40 (4.6%) AC 16 PmB 25/55 (5.4%) AC 16 PmB 25/55 (4.6%) AC 16 PmB 45/80 (5.4%) AC o-g CG Max s ess a ailu e, MPa 3.80 2.87 3.78 2.72 4.08 2.31 4.89 1.45 Tempe a u e a ailu e, °C –21.30 –21.00 –17.00 –14.40 –17.60 –16.40 –21.20 –11.20 No e: he alue in pa en heses ep esen s he binde con en . 322 P. Cihacko a e al. Pe o mance Cha ac e is ics o he Open-G aded Asphal ... MTD alue = he mean ex u e dep h, exp essed in mm, es p ocedu e acco ding o he EN13036-1:2010. The Czech Technical Guidelines TP 87 Na ho ání úd žby a op a ne uhých ozo ek [Design o Main enance and Repai o Flexible Pa emen s] and he Czech s anda d ČSN736177:2009 Měření a Hodnocení P o ismyko ých Vlas nos í Po chů Vozo ek [Measu ing and E alua ion o he Skid Resis ance o Road Pa emen Su aces] we e used o e alua e skid esis ance by measu ing he mean ex u e dep h. The MTD alue was 0.89 mm, which alls in o he i s le el o classi ica ion om i e-s age classi ica ion ( he bes classi ica ion). This le el mus be ob ained on all oads o he su ace o pa emen s in o de o be accep ed o he se ice o he oad sec ion. O he MTD alues o he di e en commonly used su aces, aken om li e a u e, we e used o compa ison in Fig.5. These alues clea ly show ha he designed semi- igid laye s pe o m qui e well in compa ison wi h he o he su - aces. Mic o ex u e is a de ia ion om he ideal la su - ace wi h cha ac e is ic dimensions o less han 0.5mm co esponding o he wa eleng hs o he hi d-oc a e bands wi h an a e age wa eleng h o 0.5mm. The mic o- ex u e is de e mined by he size and shape o he indi- idual g ains o he agg ega e. Pendulum Tes Value (PTV) = loss o ene gy as he s anda d ubbe coa ed slide assembly slides ac oss he es su ace and p o ides a s anda dized alue o skid esis ance, es p ocedu e acco ding o he s anda d EN13036-4:2011. The alue o mic o ex u e was de e mined using he B i ish pendulum es , whe e he PTV alue is de- duc ed om a scale. To achie e highe accu acy, he es was epea ed i e imes and he esul ing alue was gi en as he a e age alue ounded o he nea es in e- ge . Because he es was pe o med in a oom wi h a con olled empe a u e (20±2) °C, no co ec ions o he alue we e necessa y. Technical Guidelines TP 87 and he s anda d ČSN736177:2009 we e used o e alua e skid esis ance using he pendulum es . The de e mined PTV alue was 63, which alls in o he second le el o classi ica ion om i e-s age classi ica ion ( he second bes classi ica ion). 5.Conclusions The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special ce- men g ou showed be e esul s han he commonly used asphal mix u es by s i ness and esis ance o pe manen de o ma ion cha ac e is ics. Also, he specimen o his ma e ial showed excellen skid esis ance esul s. The open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou showed be e esul s han common asphal mix u es by hese cha ac e is ics: −S i ness Modulus a 15 °C and 10 Hz − om 2.8% o 41.2% highe ; −S i ness Modulus a 40 °C and 10 Hz − om 1.35 imes o 3.33 imes highe ; −P opo ional Ru Dep h − om 3.75 imes o 6.25 imes lowe ; −Wheel T acking Slope − om 12.5 imes o 17.5 imes lowe . Sligh ly p oblema ic is he open-g aded asphal con- c e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou beha iou a low empe a u es, which could be due o he ac ual composi- ion o he illing g ou (eg he usage o cemen o a lowe s eng h o he addi ion o esins). The The mal S ess Res- ained Specimen Tes showed ha open-g aded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou empe a u e o ailu e ( os c ack) was 36% highe han he a e age o all he mix u es. Based on he e alua ion o he expe imen al esea ch esul , he au ho s main ain ha he p oposed open-g a- ded asphal conc e e illed wi h a special cemen g ou complies wi h all he s anda d mechanical p ope ies equi emen s. In addi ion, o he selec ed p ope ies (mos- ly unc ional) we e also assessed in o de o be e un- de s and he beha iou o he laye . Table 7. The esul s o he wheel acking es o he AC o-g CG and a compa ison wi h he equi emen s o he Czech Na ional Annex (NA) o he s anda d ČSN EN 13108-1-NA:2006* Pa ame e Requi emen o AC (wea ing cou ses) Requi emen o AC (binde laye s) Requi emen o SMA (wea ing cou ses) AC o-g CG PRDAIR, 10000, % 5 3 5 0.8 WTSAIR, mm/103 cycles 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.004 No e: * − ČSN EN 13108-1-NA:2006 As al o é směsi − Speci i- kace p o ma e iály – Čás 1: As al o ý be on [Bi uminous Mix- u es − Ma e ial Speci ica ions – Pa 1: Asphal Conc e e]. Fig.5.The compa ison o he AC o-g CG and o he MTD alues o he mos commonly used su aces The Bal ic Jou nal o Road and B idge Enginee ing, 2015, 10(4): 316–324 323 Acknowledgemen The pape was suppo ed by Compe ence Cen es p og am o Technology Agency o he Czech Republic (TACR), P ojec No. TE01020168 Cen e o E ec i e and Sus ain- able T anspo In as uc u e (CESTI). Re e ences Al-Qadi, I. L.; Gou u, H.; Weye s, R. E. 1994. 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