Development of mobile BIM applications for building inspection

Building Information Modelling: Proceedings of The 2nd BIM International Conference (BIC) Challenges to Overcome BIC 2014 Editors: António Aguiar Costa, Paula Couto and António Ruivo Meireles Copyright © Outubro de 2015 BIMForum Portugal ISBN: 978-989-20-5427-8 1 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Scientific Comittee António Aguiar Costa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Angelo Ciribini, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy António Grilo, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Antonio Manuel Reyes, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain Arto Kiviniemi, University of Liverpool, UK Chimay Anumba, The Pennsylvania State University, USA David Greenwood, Northumbria University, UK Eduardo Toledo Santos, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Eloi Coloma, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain Fernando Branco, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Hipolito Sousa, Faculdade de Engenharia Universidade do Porto, Portugal Ivan Mutis, University of Florida, USA Jan Karlshøj, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Jason Underwood, University of Salford, UK João Pedro Couto, School Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal João Poças Martins, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Lucio Soibelman, University of Southern California, USA Luís Mateus, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Marcelo Giacaglia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Brazil Miguel Azenha, School Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal Mohammed Dulaimi, Faculty of Business, The British University in Dubai, Dubai Norberto Moura, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Paula Couto, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal Peter Katranuschkov, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Construction Informatics, Germany Pieter Pauwels, Ghent University, Belgium Robert Amor, The University of Auckland, New Zealand Roberto Molinos, IE University, Spain Sergio Muñoz Gomez, Instituto Tecnológico de la construction, Spain Walid Thabet, Myers-Lawson School of Construction, Virginia Tech, USA Walid Tizani, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK 2 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| “ We at buildingSMART are pleased to see the effort being put into promoting the adoption of open BIM in the Portuguese construction industry. We look forward to welcoming Portugal back into the buildingSMART family. ” Christopher Groome Buildingsmart international Limited We share our sucess with our Partners 3 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Platinum sponsors Gold sponsors Silver sponsors Sponsors 4 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Table of Contents Preface 7 1 Introduction 8 2 Keynote speakers 10 2.1 National Initiatives 12 Haraldur Arnórsson 12 Steen Sunesen 13 Diderik Haug 14 Phil Jackson 15 2.2 Designers 16 Rob Jackson 16 Heikki Laherma 17 David Miller 18 Tibor Szolnoki 19 2.3 Construction Management 20 Joyce Delatorre 20 Ian Warner 21 David Philp 22 2.4 Facilitiy Management 23 Bill East 23 Kasuki Matsuoka 24 Pedro Ló 25 2.5 OpenBIM and Research 26 Rob Jackson 26 Peter Katranuschkov 27 Christopher Groome 28 5 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3 Conference proceedings 29 3.1 National iniciatives 32 3.2 Designers 54 3.3 Construction management 69 3.4 Facility management 87 3.5 OpenBIM and Research 112 4 Social Program 125 Table of Contents 6 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| “The 2nd BIM International Conference (...) was a great example of that coming together and cooperating to share and encourage good practice. The summary of proceedings included in this publication provides good material for industry players who wish to better use, develop and communicate the information that flows through any construction project, realizing the full potential of digital engineering. I commend it to you.” Phil Jackson Member of UK Government BIM Taskgroup and Information Strategist. 7 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| I have spent more 40 years in the construction industry and, over my career, worked on many projects both large and small. During that time one thing that has often struck me is how poorly the industry’s multiple disciplines, skills and specialisms have communicated and coordinated within and outside their projects. Despite these imperfections, the construction industry has, and continues to, produce, amazing solutions that contribute to the overall infrastructure that supports our economies and social environment. Many of these large infrastructure projects, have impacted the lives of millions and the economies of whole regions and communities and I am proud to have been associated and worked with the people and organizations that have delivered them. Their combined efforts, knowledge and skills are something that we as an industry should be proud of. We now have a pressing need to deliver more of these projects that drive economies the life qualities of our increasing populations and to deliver them more efficiently and intelligently. In order to do this we need to overcome the limitations of our present communications and coordination processes harnessing the industries strengths into a more collaborative and joined up process. Transferring information between the life cycle stages and players in the construction industry has traditionally been by the use of paper be it physical or electronic with all the data and information that has been invested in by each skilled player locked into that paper. If we could only liberate that data and the in-built investment of time, effort and intellect to all the stakeholders in an asset whether they are the public, strategist, planners, designers, constructors, fabricators, artisans or operators then our outcomes would, I believe, improve significantly. It is in that space that Building Information Modelling (BIM) is maturing towards playing a valuable part in achieving. Particularly as it and our understanding of it develops and its full potential is realized. Having started life, and been promoted as, a technology that concentrated on 3D object modelling BIM is now emerging as the tool that liberates information and stretches far beyond those early visions of parametric geometric models to one that acts as an information spine that runs through the lifecycle of our built environment. Indeed its potential should now be seen in wider context of ‘Information Management’ and it’s probably time to drop the building and modelling from the title? One significant thing that has been realized as we experience and develop our implementation of BIM is the need for clarity in what information each industry player requires and how that information can be created, captured, communicated and managed reliably and consistently. Often the reason that communication and coordination in the industry has been poor is because the ‘Information Requirements’ of each stakeholder has not been clearly expressed and articulated. If we know what information we each need, when we need it and why then our ability to collaborate and coordinate will be greatly enhanced. If we can collect that information in an ‘open’ and standard, controlled way then our use of it will add significant value and help realize the potential of BIM. The future will then be not one of single project/asset model, or a single piece of software, but one of a pool of structured information that clever people and clever applications can draw on, share and add value to for all to benefit. In summary of the enabling the whole supply chain becoming ‘Digital Information Engineers’ Achieving these goals and delivering the full potential of BIM will require standards, improved processes and improved underlying technologies. However the most significant obstacle to achieving the goals lie in developing people, changing attitudes and people skills to make the most of this newly liberated joined up data. Making that change throughout the industry from the large clients down through to the artisans and small suppliers that our industry rely upon presents a big challenge and one that will only be achieved as we share good practice and collaborative attitudes. Organizations and conferences that join people together across the industry internationally have an important part to play in fulfilling the potential of BIM and achieving the ultimate goal of better outcomes in the delivery and operation of our built infrastructure. The 2nd BIM International Conference held in Lisbon in October 2015 was a great example of that coming together and cooperating to share and encourage good practice. The summary of proceedings included in this publication provides good material for industry players who wish to better use, develop and communicate the information that flows through any construction project, realizing the full potential of digital engineering. I commend it to you. Preface 14 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.1 Keynote Speakers National Initiatives Title: BIM experience in Statsbygg Norway Main content: Why do Statsbygg use BIM in there building projects today How do Statsbygg use BIM in in the building projects today. What is the most important development of BIM for Statsbygg in the years to come. LOD, Processes supported by BIM, data formats, existing buildings. Main topics: • Improving Quality in planning, in production, in use and in decision making improved understanding among all participants in the project Diderik Haug, Senior Engineer of R&D section in Statsbygg Diderik Haug is working in the R & D section in Statsbygg as a Senior Engineer since 2006, he has been the projectmanager, in Statsbygg, for the development, and implementation, of BuildingInformationModels based on open international standards. (BIM with the IFC). Statsbygg is nationally and internationally leading in the use of this technology, and Diderik Haug is widely used as a speaker nationally and internationally. Diderik Haug has a degree in engineering from the University in Stavanger. He is an experienced projectmanager, with long and broad experience in the building industry. He has worked onsite with construction for 17 years and 14 years as a projectmanager in Statsbygg with larger projects up to 80 million euros. 15 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.1 Keynote Speakers National Initiatives Title: Apply BIM to Infrastructure Assets Main content: BIM has gained wide acceptance in design and construction for buildings however the use of BIM in infrastructure is less mature and requires amore ‘Life Cycle Asset’ approach to its application. This presentation will address some of the aspects of applying BIM to design construction and management of infrastructure assets particularly in roads and environment. Drawing on experience from working with the UK Highways Agency and Environment Agency it looks at the life cycle approach to information management and the issues of discretisation of continuous assets the progressive production of information. It will explore how we have used the COBie approach to capture infrastructure data and take a peak into the future requirements for infrastructure BIM applications. Main topics: • Asset Information Life Cycle • BIM Industry Requirements Diversity • Decision Based Processes • Dealing with non discrete assets • Topological and contiguous BIM • A peak into future application requirements Phil Jackson BSc CEng FICE FRSA Phil is a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers with many years of practical experience in design and construction. He is an acknowledged leader in the deployment of Information Technology in Infrastructure Design, Construction and Operational Management. He has been involved in some of the world’s most prestigious projects, like the UK Channel Tunnel, Hong Kong’s Airport or the London Crossrail. He is a member of the London Crossrail BIM Advisory Panel and has been working with the UK BIM Taskgroup as a core team member. He runs his own independent consulting company and is Royal Academy Visiting Teaching Fellow at the University of Surrey. He also chairs the Institution of Civil Engineers Information Systems Panel, is a board member of Building Smart UK, and serves on a number of standards steering groups related to BIM. 16 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.2 Keynote Speakers Designers Title: An OpenBIM journey part 1: Interoperability Main content: Bond Bryan Architects have authored models since 1994 and since 2007 have exchanged models with other consultants. 2011 saw the UK government announce that publicly procured projects will be required to deliver BIM from 2016. This sparked uptake in the UK but many thought that “BIM is Revit”. This represented a significant threat to the business as Bond Bryan Architects were not using this specific tool. This is the story of our interoperability journey and how we tackled and continue to tackle this threat. Main topics: • The challenge to overcome and the options to satisfy this challenge • Successes and failures of exchanging models between different software • Examples of files and projects used in file exchange • Benefits of the openBIM approach to our business Rob Jackson, Associate Director and qualified Architect at Bond Bryan Architects Rob is an Associate Director and qualified Architect at Bond Bryan Architects (UK) and has delivered projects in the Education and Advanced Manufacturing sectors. His significant project experience and passion for process and technology resulted in his selection for a number of special projects for the practice including the development of the quality systems and office intranet facility. This work then led to his current role of BIM Manager. He speaks at both national and international events as a passionate advocate of an open BIM approach, exploring the sharing of data between different software packages via the “IFC” open format and promoting industry wide standards that enable full collaboration between different parties. He chairs the sub-committee for the AEC (UK) BIM Protocols for GRAPHISOFT ArchiCAD, is a member of the buildingSMART UK’s Technical Group, an ambassador for thinkBIM at Leeds Metropolitan University, tweets as @bondbryanBIM and also writes our BIM Blog. 17 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.2 Keynote Speakers Designers Title: Tools in Hospital Design Main content: In Finland there are 20 Health Care Districts an five University Hospitals which will invest over 5,4 billion € in the next ten years. There are many reasons for this. One is the fact that the existing hospitals are getting technically old. Another reason is that this year there came the new law that gives patients the right to choose their hospital or health care center. There will be in the future also a competition of health care professionals. These factors mean that the new or renovated hospitals should be designed in such a way that they can fulfil the new demands. With BIM and 3D we can not only resolve the technical questions of the building but concentrate on architecture and most of all work with the client and medical staff in an interactive way and demonstrate the results of the design in a more comprehensive way. Main topics: • to understand and develop the environment of the healing processes • to design a healing environment • to design a pleasant working environment • co-creation • cave as a 3D tool Heikki Laherma, MD of Sweco Architects Oy Feasibility studies, project programming, concept design, functional design and building design. Projects consists of both new buildings and renovations. He has designed several projects for Helsinki University Central Hospital, the city of Helsinki, Kuopio University Hospital and other public and private clients. Laherma has also given lectures on hospital design in many conferences both in Finland and in Europe. Heikki has a Master of Science in Arhitecture at Helsinki University of Technology (today Aalto University)Member of Finnish Association of Architects and Finnish Association of Hospital Technology. Architect Heikki S. Laherma has 29 years of experience in architectural design within the fields of healthcare, social care and welfare sector as well as over 35 years of experience in other aspects of architectural design. He has worked as a principal designer for 29 years. He was the MD of Studio Laherma & Wallenius Oy from 1992 and 2010 he was appointed as MD of Sweco Paatela Architects Oy (from 2013 Sweco Architects Oy). His main roles in the health care design today are: 18 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.2 Keynote Speakers Designers Title: Aligning a small practice with a BIM workflow Main content: The intention is to demonstrate what can be achieved by a small business through the alignment of BIM tools and streamlined business processes and how this can lead to repeat business and client and staff satisfaction. The presentation will describe the evolution of a small architecture practice into a BIM centric enterprise model as a response to the UK government’s mandation of Level 2 BIM by 2016. The presentation will be in two parts. Firstly exploring why change was necessary, the process undertaken, and the outcomes for the practice, both economically and culturally. The second part will illustrate by example the productivity and efficiency gains enjoyed on a new school project, including how the BIM process has fed into off-site manufacture. Main topics: • Structuring an office around a customised BIM workflow • Leveraging efficiencies to underpin investment in R&D • Embedding BIM workflows in to a Best Practice Management System • Approach to training and continuous upskilling • External measurement and validation • Business performance metrics David Miller, Director & Principal Architect David has worked at the highest levels of design in both the UK and abroad and is passionate about progressive architecture, emerging technology, design and delivery excellence. Before setting up the practice in 2000, he worked in the offices of Norman Foster and Santiago Calatrava, then became an Associate Director of Future Systems, where he was Project Architect for the Stirling Prize-winning Media Centre at Lord’s Cricket Ground. His specialist design knowledge and delivery of complex buildings evolved into an interest in three dimensional analysis and modelling. This led him to develop the use of 3D software to enhance building design and the architectural team use this technology to search out delight and proportion in solutions to every day problems. Under David’s leadership, the practice is acknowledged as a UK expert in BIM techniques. He works directly with the Government’s BIM Task Group supporting their implementation programme and he champions the CIC’s (Construction Industry Council) London BIM Hub as well as sitting on the RIBA’s Practice & Profession Committee advising on BIM adoption in architecture. 19 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.2 Keynote Speakers Designers Title: Overcoming Communication Barriers Main content: Recent surveys shows that there is an increasing need for more efficient collaboration and communication methods in the construction industry. BIM based teamwork methods, such as the GRAPHISOFT BIM Server, provide advanced communication platform for the members of the architectural design team. How can we extend these capabilities for those who work in other sectors of the construction industry? How can we communicate with those who work remotely on a construction site? GRAPHISOFT’s BIMcloud service together with the next generation BIMx mobile application provides a really unique solution for these challenges. The presentation will give you a sneak preview of this revolutionary new solution set. Main topics: • Communication Challenges of the industry • Coordination and Collaboration between architects – GRAPHISOFT BIM Server • BIMCloud for global design practices • Communication on the construction site - BIMx Tibor Szolnoki, Business Development Manager Tibor has been working for GRAPHISOFT since 1998. During these years he held various positions in the company, he started as a GDL Developer, he was leading the Object Library Team, for several years he was a Product Manager and most recently he works as a Business Development Manager. His current tasks involves BIM Implementation Support for key customers, the management of GRAPHISOFT’s Registered Consultant Program and the coordination of the company’s training and education activities. Tibor holds an M.Sc. in Architecture from the Technical University of Budapest. After graduation he has completed a 3-year PHD course on Computer aided design methods in architecture”. 20 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.3 Keynote Speakers ConstruCtion Ma n ag e M e n t Title: BIM at Método Engenharia: From Design to Construction Management Main content: Well recognized as a pioneer in the implementation and use of BIM in Brazil, Metodo Engenharia recognizes the importance of the application of new technologies such as BIM as a way to improve the quality and efficiency of its project management. Through the presentation of cases in which this technology was applied at Metodo Engenharia, we will demonstrate the advances brought by the BIM implementation, its main objectives and results. Main topics: • BIM Implementation Process at Método Engenharia • Case 1: Coordination and Clash Detection • Case 2: 5D Implementation Joyce Delatorre, BIM|VDC Coordinator at Método Engenharia Joyce obtained a double degree in Architecture and Civil Engineering at University of São Paulo, and is a certified Project Management Professional by the PMI. Currently she is developing hers master’s dissertation on the topic of BIM technology. She has been involved on technologies and implementation of BIM methodologies since 2007. She worked at Autodesk do Brazil where she taught on the topic of BIM for large companies such as consultant firms, contractors and owners. In the past 6 years, she has worked at Metodo Engenharia, an engineering, project management and construction company, where she is responsible for the BIM technology’s management and implementation. She is a member of the BIM-AsBEA Technical Group and a member of the ABNT/CEE-134 Technical Committee responsible for the development of industry standards on Construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Brazil. 21 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.3 Keynote Speakers ConstruCtion Ma n ag e M e n t Title: Construction Technology Implementation on Trimble’s Westminster, CO Phase 1 Building Main topics: • Issues with Traditional Design, Construction, and Operating Processes • Importance of Technology and BIM Implementation Plans • Various BIM Programs Used on the Westminster P1 Project • Fundamentals of Intelligent Positioning for a Project • Emerging Technologies Ian Warner, Support Specialist for Trimble’s GCCM Group and former Field Technology Manager for JE Dunn Construction Company During his 11 years in the JE Dunn Rocky Mountain Region, he has helped manage a wide variety of projects including several complex hospital projects. The cumulative 21 years of construction experience has strengthened his belief in the implementation of emerging technologies including robotic total station layout, laser scanning, accurate Building Information Modeling, and construction management software. Ian Warner recently joined Trimble in August 2013 as a field solutions sales and support specialist for Trimble’s GCCM Group and is currently heading up the technology integration plan for future Trimble buildings. Previously, he was the Field Technology Manager for JE Dunn Construction Company on the Trimble Westminster Office Building near Denver, Colorado. Before joining JE Dunn, Ian received several degrees from The University of Kansas including dual Bachelors in Business Administration and Architectural Studies, and a Master’s in Architectural Management with an Emphasis in Design-Build Construction Management. He joined JE Dunn in 2002 as a Project Manager and transitioned to the Superintendent Trainee Program in 2004 where he worked his way up through the ranks to become a Journeyman Carpenter and Superintendent. 22 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Title: A whole sector approach to BIM Main content: It has been three years since the UK Government mandated level 2 BIM on all centrally procured projects by 2016. This presentation will explore how the UK both client and supply chain has unlocked the value proposition of collaborative level 2 BIM at all stages of the asset life-cycle through case studies from the BIM4 communities. It will also examine the economic case for a digitation of the built environment and do some future gazing as how we might transition to a digitally integrated sector that is technologically advanced. Main topics: • Digital transformation in the built environment • Developing BIM maturity in the UK • BIM4 – realisation of outcomes • From collaboration to integration – futuregazing David Philp, Head of BIM – UK BIM Task Group 2.3 Keynote Speakers ConstruCtion Ma n ag e M e n t David is a Fellow of both the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors and Chartered Institute of Building, he also has a master’s degree in Property and Construction Management. He has over twenty years practical experience in the construction arena. David’s enthusiasm lies in highlighting the potential of new technologies and how we interact with them to bring added value to our customers and unlock new ways of working throughout the entire life-cycle. David is passionate about our industry and perceives BIM as being a catalyst for reform. An early adopter of practical change and purposeful collaboration, David is currently seconded to the UK BIM Task Group as Head of BIM . He is also chair of the BIM2050 BIM4 steering group and BIM4Clients. David is also Head of BIM and Operations Director at Mace a global consultant and contractor. He is a Professor at Glasgow Caledonian University and visiting Professor at Middlesex University. 23 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.4 Keynote Speakers FaC i l i t i e s Ma n a g e M e n t Title: Overcoming Innovation Barriers Main content: A 1983 report of the US National Academy of Sciences stated that “much valuable data associated with the design, construction, and operation of a facility are lost during its life span.” The question I have been struggling with is, “Why are we all still talking about this same topic 3 decades later?” For me the answer lies a lack of rigor in our industry. Private industry continues wasteful processes, even if improvements increase profits, as long as invoices continue to be paid. Most public owners are afraid of industry backlash if they try anything new. Software companies add new features, unable to identify consensus requirements. Researchers rehash the same problems without resolution. Associations become increasing insular failing to act on the interests of their members. This presentation provides a personal story of navigating these constraints while trying to create and sustain innovation to improve the quality of our built environment and the lives of those who create and use it. Main topics: • Technology Transfer Examples (from Henry Petroski) • Innovation Pressures (Research, Practice, Owners, Developers, Social/Political) • Accelerating BIM Research (CIB W078 Workshop Series) • Turning Waste into Profit (Value-Added Analysis) • The Commercial Software Cycle (Requirements, Configuration, Monetization, and Lock-in) • Innovation Goals versus Mission Statements (Measurable Outcomes) • Standards for Innovation (Standards create markets) • Setting Innovation Goals (Or wait another 3 decades?) Bill East, Prairie Sky Consulting common BIM files, and life-cycle business case validation methods. Bill has received awards from FIATECH, NIBS, CSI, Corps of Engineers, General Services Administration, and Government Executive Magazine. He is a former ASCE Government Civil Engineer of the Year. After a 35 year public career, Bill founded Prairie Sky Consulting to start new private projects and provide consulting services to align the people, processes, and technologies necessary to implement COBie. Bill is a serial innovator whose latest invention, COBie, is an emerging internationally standard. In 1984, Bill developed the first mini-computer based construction management system used by the Corps of Engineers. In the late 80’s, Bill developed the standard for cost-loaded schedules used to pay every Corps of Engineer’s construction contractor. This format continues to be used today. In the early 90’s after teaching scheduling at the University of Illinois, Bill developed the CPM schedule training site, CPMTutor.com. Bill then developed the Design Review and Checking System (DrChecks). COBie is now an emerging international standard. To support the testing and evaluation of open BIM standards, such as COBie, Bill led the development of model views for HVAC, plumbing and electrical systems, 30 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3. Conference Proceedings Bridging the Gap – Executive Training Methods Maria A. Georgieva United Kingdom BIM Angels The new reality on Project Licensing: Case study Joana Fernandes; António Ruivo Meireles Portugal ndBIM Virtual Building Automated assessment of value in Brazilian’s housing design Andrade, M.; Matsunaga C. Brazil Universidade Federal de Pernambuco BIM-FM Implementation Joel Soares; António Ruivo Meireles Portugal ndBIM Virtual Building Learning, teaching, researching and applying: a way into the theoretical and practical BIM framework Norberto Corrêa da Silva Moura; Marcelo Eduardo Giacaglia Brazil Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Universidade de São Paulo Building energy analysis: Contribution of BIM methodology for sustainability in the energy optimization of buildings Luís F. Mira Santos, João Pedro Couto Portugal MSc Student at the University of Minho; University of Minho Implementing BIM: Roadmap proposal for Portugal M.J. Falcão Silva F. Salvado, , P. Couto, A. Vale e Azevedo Portugal Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil BIM at Somague – Toward the effective utilization of Building Information Modeling Joana Melo; Pedro Costa; Bruno Caires; José Carlos Lino; Nuno Lacerda Portugal Somague Engineering; BIMMS A natural model evolution: form Designers to Builders Mickael Rodrigues; António Ruivo Meireles Portugal ndBIM Virtual Building Agile BIM Design Development Luís Oliveira, André Monteiro,João Poças Martins Portugal bimTEC, FEUP Cross cultural assessment of the usability of parametric CAD software in architectural design practice and education in Brazil Marcelo Eduardo Giacaglia; Norberto Corrêa da Silva Moura Brazil Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Universidade de São Paulo 31 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Exploring Advantages and Challenges of Adaptation and Implementation of BIM in Project Life Cycle Saeed Talebi United Kingdom University of Salford Getting Started in BIM Nick Allen Unite Kingdom Metz Architects Information Handover Using BIM to Support Safe Facility Management Processes: Current Challenges Eric M. Wetzel, Walid Y. Thabet and Buddy Cleveland USA Virginia Tech, 2Consultant An application of CIM Models in Urban design and Land management: the case of Lisbon city Sónia ILDEFONSO; Ana Paula FALCÃO; Helena RUA Portugal Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Using BIM for Energy Performance Simulation: Are We There Yet? Dr. Peter Katranuschkov Germany TU Dresden Rethinking the Project Development Process through Use of BIM Vimal Chaturvedi and Saeed Talebi Unite Kingdom University of Salford BIM Implementation for SMEs in the UK Marina Machado, Jason Underwood and Andrew Fleming United Kingdom University of Salford BIM RESEARCH IN THE LAST DECADE Ruben Santos, António Aguiar Costa Portugal Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Methodology for quality control of BIM models for 4D and 5D analysis Nuno Miguel Gonçalves Russell Sampaio, João Pedro Couto, António Ruivo Meireles Portugal University of Minho, University of Minho, ndBIM Virtual Building Building Information Models for Architectural Design: an intuitive design methodology Vasco Pereira; Alexandra Paio Portugal ISCTEUniversity Institute of Lisbon, ISTARInformation Sciences, Technologies and Architecture Research Center and Vitruvius FabLab-IUL Improving MEP planning using BIM tools Ricardo Daniel Fernandes Otero, João Pedro Couto, Francisco Reis Portugal University of Minho, University of Minho, EFACEC 3. Conference Proceedings 32 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives F. Salvado, M.J. Falcão Silva, P. Couto, A. Vale e Azevedo Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil 1. Introduction The management of information systems contributes to the economic development of the construction sector by organizing and structuring technical and economic information. It is proposed how BIM (Building Information Modelling) and a Portuguese information system - ProNIC (abbreviation for Protocol for the Standardization of Construction Technical Information) may be interconnected. The scope of this information transmission in construction sector is a step to solve several problems that have been identified in conception of BIM models. 2. Framework ProNIC is a research project developed by developed by a consortium of three Portuguese research, development and innovation institutes (which integrate LNEC - National Laboratory for Civil Engineering). The main purpose is to develop an information management system to support the construction industry that allows the simplification of proceedings related to contracts and make available both technical and economic information in a structured and standardized way [1,2]. ProNIC intends to be a system adapted to the Portuguese reality and the current practices, following the assumptions of the international standards. Given the scope of the subject, the goals are necessarily achieved through a gradual process of adaptation and transformation of information, followed by tests, corrections and validations. In his base, ProNIC is a breakdown structure, commonly referred in English literature as Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). This structure may be more or less detailed in terms of associations or links established and dependent of the detailed degree desired. Contrarily to what occurs in other systems, ProNIC WBS, being the basis of all information produced, has been the object of a structured and comprehensive development in order to achieve a higher degree of detail. The task of defining the structure desegregation has been one of the main works. Development of BIM models in Portugal: Standardization of objects Figure 1 – ProNIC details 33 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives The ProNIC work classification criterion presents a division by chapters, subchapters and articles assigned to a particular code (the same code is always assigned to the same construction work). An article presents the description of the construction work, which will be edited and after integrated on the Work and Quantities Statement. After the definition of an article the designer can perform the measurements. The cost database philosophy is in accordance with the principles of cost and income data sheets developed by LNEC. Linked with the article there are files with work and material technical specifications. These files are individual and seek the principle that each type of work has a description of how it is performed (a work specification file), and files with specifications for each different used material. ProNIC comprehend the entire construction life cycle. From above, it is verifiable that it serves first the designer and the work owner needs, mainly during the construction design and procurement. However, its structure contains features that are transversal to all the constructive process, as the work contract process (designer and contractor/subcontractors), construction (contractor and technical supervision) and use (maintenance provisions). It is expected that, in Portugal, ProNIC will be mandatory for use in public works process. 3. Standarized Information in BIM Objects BIM methodology presents, as main asset, the possibility of an accurate representation of the objects geometry of a construction, together with the integration of information and organized data in several dimensions [3,4,5,6,7]. The constructive process starts from the owner idea of developing a project. This process gains information in different stages, information that is added to the process. The combination of documents, from drawings, images or written elements need to be defined during the design. The structural and data standardization of the attached documents has several advantages for the management of the different actors, both in terms of achievement, but also in view of a broad range of achievements that are developed by a given actors. In terms of construction sector assessment, it’s possible to collect the data that will “feed” on the performance indicators. In this aspect, ProNIC is well developed, because it incorporates technical content and items in different documents with details about work execution, materials and costs, associated to each construction work. This information is standardized and in accordance with the engineering projects under applicable European Standard. It also includes informatics applications of different interface modules with different users allowing them to work in a collaborative environment. These contents intend to reflect the most recent information of the European and National standards and technical applicable references. From the described, it is not difficult to understand the amount of information present in ProNIC and its articulation on the creation of a construction design. The repetition of the described procedure for all the works allows the generation of the written specification required. The work and quantities statement is another document produced as the detailed measurements and estimated budget. From a technological point of view it is possible, with greater or lesser difficulty, to establish a connection between BIM methodology and ProNIC with the aim to produce beneficial mutual results thus enabling time savings and improvement in quality and compatibility of the final product. As an illustrative example, a BIM object is presented, designed in appropriate software, for an exterior window (left side - Figure 2). In ProNIC, the same exterior window, define an article with technical and economic information associated (right side – Figure 2). 34 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| To define a BIM object, each user must fill the technical and economic characteristics (right side – Figure 2) according with the results of laboratory tests. It is essential, to establish strategies and identify challenges and steps to be taken in order to proceed to this integration. A proposed methodology to realize the link between the technical contents of ProNIC and the objects of the BIM model is following presented: 1. Defining normalized procedures for the parameterization of BIM models and the type of information and level of detail in each step of construction process; 2. Implementing and defining the configuration of fundamental principles in order to obtain an evident, objective and concise information in accordance with applicable law and Portuguese reality; 3. Making correspondence between the parameterization of BIM methodology and the ProNIC classification of construction articles; 4. Associating each parameterized building BIM object with a few ProNIC articles. The engineering projects are the same in ProNIC and BIM methodology and are in accordance with the provisions of Portaria n. º 701H/2008 (in the case of Portuguese law, transposed from the European Standards) [8,9]; 5. Integrating the technical information available on ProNIC in each parameterized BIM object; 6. Organizing ProNIC articles associated to BIM objects with the aim to prepare the technical documents, measurement details, work quantities and budget estimates. ProNIC makes a direct connection of project information to planning and construction management modules. 3.1 Conference Proceedings | National Initiatives Figure 2 – ProNIC information to integrate a BIM object 35 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 4. Final Remarks The ideal integration scenario, for the information system in the construction industry, is one that all actors are interconnected and work in a collaborative mode, throughout all phases of the building life cycle and all tools communicate in order to produce the desired results. Integration of BIM models with other tools to support the construction process is essential to develop and diffuse their utilization. For this purpose, a research study is being development in LNEC for different BIM objects related to the architecture and structure projects of the building elements. The example presented in this paper, though still at a preliminary stage, aims to integrate the technical and economic information already normalized for several BIM objects. 5. References [1] ProNIC (Protocol for Standardization of the technical Information in Construction). http://www2. inescporto.pt/ (196-2014). [2] ProNIC contribution for processes sustainability, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. www. centrohabitat.net/ (14/08/2013) - in portuguese.. [3] A. Monteiro, J.P. Martins, SIGABIM: a framework for BIM application, Proceedings of the XXXVIII IAHS World Congress - Visions for the Future of Housing Mega Cities April 16-19 2012, Istanbul Technical University. [4] Paavola, S.; et al., BIM technologies and collaboration in a life-cycle project, ECPPM 2012 - 9th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling, Reykjavik - Iceland, 25-27th July 2012, 855- [5] Hollermann, S.; et al., BIM – a challenge for communication between parties involved in construction, ECPPM 2012 - 9th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling, Reykjavik - Iceland, 25-27th July, 833-838. [6] Van Nederveen, G. A. and F. P. Tolman (1992). “Modelling multiple views on buildings.” Automation in Construction 1(3): 215-224. [7] CRC Construction Innovation 2007 – Adopting BIM for facilities Management: Solutions for Managing the Sydney Opera House. [8] Código dos Contratos Públicos (publicado no Anexo ao Decreto-Lei n.º 18/2008, de 29 de janeiro). Diário da República, n.º 20, Série I, de 29 de janeiro de 2008, p. 753-852. [9] Mandatory Contents of Program and Project Implementation and Standards to adopt in the preparation and staging of Public Works Projects (published by Portaria n.º 701-H/2008, de 29 de julho). Diário da República, n.º 145/2008, Série I, de 29 de julho de 2008, p. 5106(37)-5106(80) – in portuguese. [10] EN 13830:2003 - Curtain walling - Product standard. Brussels: Comité Européen de Normalisation. 3.1 Conference Proceedings | National Initiatives 36 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Emrah Türkyilmaz Istanbul Kültür University 1. Introduction BIM for Building Information Modelling is a concept appeared in the middle of 90’s. The idea of BIM is to integrate all building information in one only concepts. Although the name originally found by Autodesk, it was used by other software developers such as ArchiCAD and Allplan. It is widely expected that Building Information Modeling (BIM) will lead to changes in the future of professionals in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector. Although there are enough discussion on the advantages and the usage areas of BIM, problems for BIM practice still continue. Problems for practice should be discussed at three different levels: • Architecture, Construction and Engineering Sector • Education • BIM software 2. Problems for BIM Practice 2.1 Architecture, Engineering and Construction Sector: The approaches of employers and the conditions of workers • It is difficult to find qualified workers working for BIM software • Experienced workers prefer to continue working in conventional systems. Therefore, there is an integration problem between experienced workers and qualified BIM users. • It takes time to train the existing staff • Change in software is very expensive and imposes additional costs for AEC firms. Therefore medium and small scale businesses could not meet these costs alone and they are out of BIM sector indispensably • Due to pricing policies of software, it is adhered to a single software manufacturer. The technological features of software producing by this company affect BIM works. 2.2 Education: The conditions of academicians and the attitudes of students • Architectural curriculum does not contain efficient BIM education, • Academicians are less interested in BIM topic and mostly they prefer to use conventional methods in education, • Students are not encouraged to use BIM throughout the education period. Therefore, they cannot develop themselves about BIM, • There are problems to do internships in BIM companies. 2.3 BIM software: The qualification/sufficiency of software and the view of distributors • Interoperability of BIM software is still insufficient, • Although IFC data exchange standard is an international open source, BIM software do not work in accordance with IFC, • Software are being updated very often so there are compatibility problems between BIM files, • Software remains weak particularly in producing details, • It is necessary to make expensive hardware investments in order to work BIM software properly. To see an entire structure virtually is still not possible even with expensive hardware. 3. Conclusions Although there is a demand for more qualified workers in AEC sector, it should not be realized the usage of BIM software in an efficient manner in case of not doing any modernization of working systems of firms. In addition, major design firms should have an entrepreneurial behavior for working with BIM and they should have willingness to use BIM software. Software companies should also increase studies to develop their products more useful and more understandable. Are We Ready For BIM? 4.1 Conference Proceedings | National Initiatives 37 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| More BIM courses such as, technology course, design studio, collaborative studios. should be added architectural curriculum. Beside students should be encouraged working with BIM. The use of BIM in architectural education is still limited with the design process. It is not possible to say that the use of BIM in environmental analysis, building construction and building management is efficient. By using BIM software accurately, it is possible to solve frequently encountered problems of design process related with transition from conceptual design to application such as wrong calculated dimensions, undefined basic structural elements, undefined mechanical systems etc. 4.1 Conference Proceedings | National Initiatives 4.1 Conference Proceedings | National Initiatives 4. References [1] Angulo A.; de Velasco G. Digitally integrated practices: a new paradigm in the teaching of digital media in architecture. Arquiteturaevista 2007, vol.3, no.2, 1-14. [2] Barison MB.; Santos ET. BIM teaching strategies: an overview of the current approaches. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering. Nottingham University, 2010. [3] Birx GW, Getting started with Building Information Modelling. The AIA-Best Practices; 2006. [4] Clark Brown N.; Pena R. Teaching BIM: best practices for integrating BIM into architectural curriculum. Autodesk University 2009 Learn Connect Explore, 2009. [5] Eastman CM et al. BIM handbook: a guide to Building Information Modelling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors, Hoboken-Wiley, 2008. [6] Ofluoglu S. Yapi Bilgi Modelleme: Yeni nesil mimari yazilimlar (Building Information Modelling: new generations of software). Mimar Sinan University, Informatics Department (in Turkish), 2009. [7] Shen Z.; Jensen W.; Wentz T.; Fischer B. Teaching sustainable design using BIM and project-based energy simulations”, Education Sciences 2012, 2, 136-149. 38 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Joana Melo; Pedro Costa; Bruno Caires; José Carlos Lino; Nuno Lacerda Somague Engineering; BIMMS 1. Introduction BIM is being increasingly acknowledged as having the transformative potential to create a new paradigm within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry [1]. This innovative methodology is able to provide a holistic and more cooperative vision of the project, making explicit the interdependencies that prevail between the various actors, by technologically coupling their designs, enabling the virtual construction and management of the building project [2, 3]. In the builder’s perspective, BIM can be put in terms of its technical aspects as a management or documentation tool, serving as a project instrument to support the decision making and risk assessment throughout the construction and operation phases. The easy assessment and management of all information, including the clear visualization of the solutions are the key leverages that permit to forecast and anticipate potential incongruities inherent to a building process. Ultimately, by implementing this innovative work methodology the materialized digital model is the ultimate database, supplying the correct information at the right time to sustain the definition and efficient evaluation of scenarios [4]. Currently, BIM is hastily disseminating in a global context, where various public entities and private organizations are setting, as a requirement, the implementation of this work methodology for their building designs. Furthermore, various governments have traced strategic approaches to support a sustainable implementation of BIM in their construction industry, acknowledging its importance in their overall economic performance outcome. Companies of the AEC industry are adapting to this new reality in order to maintain or increase their international competitiveness and productivity/quality edge in relation to their market competitors [1]. Acknowledging these productivity advantages and commercial procurement leverages, Somague is currently keen to develop a universal strategic BIM implementation plan that embraces all fields of its activity. For the development of this operation, a strategic partnership with experts in BIM consulting and integrated project, Building Information and Management Solutions (BIMMS) was established, with the intent to share and develop knowledge in the fields of BIM strategy implementation, BIM advanced construction management methods, integrated disciplinary modeling strategies and other management solutions. This work summarizes Somague´s BIM implementation roadmap that has been carried out, by discussing the approach undertaken and analyzing some practical experiences of BIM-related implementation efforts. Additionally, the main results achieved with the partnership with BIMMS are highlighted. To conclude, future aspirations for the utilization of BIM at Somague are shared. 2. OUR ROADMAP UP TO NOW With an experience of more than 65 years, possessing expertise in the fields of Hydraulic, Marine, Rail, Transportation Infrastructures, Industrial and Building Construction, Somague has leaned on its expertise and has always been aware of the market´s trends and new technologies (being itself, at several occasions, the author of various research and development (R&D) projects) to achieve its objectives. Nonetheless, because Somague doesn´t just want to construct the future, but wants to construct it efficiently, and has always seen each project as a challenge, it has been felt that the use of BIM in individual cases of implementation does not meet the expectancies. So, after having experienced several key phases of awareness, such as the necessity, the consciousness and the advantages of communication associated with productivity, came the requirement of developing an integrated, cemented and sustainable implementation strategy plan of BIM within Somague´s work process. The following summary outlines the experiences verified in each phase mentioned above: BIM at Somague – Toward the effective utilization of Building Information Modeling 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 39 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.1 Necessity and Consciousness The Casa da Música of Oporto (2001), being such a unique, sophisticated and iconic construction imposed just like any work of art challenges associated to its interpretation, being evident the necessity of employing other means of work to support the understanding of the building´s design. Only by developing the 3D model of the building was it possible for stakeholders of the construction team to overcome the barriers of misinterpretation of the project and be able to conjugate the architectural and structural design (see figure 1). Additionally, with the virtual model it was possible to identify faults of the project, prevent errors of construction and overcome linguistic barriers at the construction site by using the 3D digital model as a communication tool. Either on a maritime work underwater project (see figure 2) the necessity of pre-visualization by divers of the work they would found underwater, was essential to accomplish the work on time and with the quality needed. 2.2 Communication associated with productivity The communication among the stakeholders of the construction site can be the biggest barrier or greatest ally in the progression of the work. By implementing a BIM-related approach in a current dam project (see figures 3 and 4), where the dam was modeled with all organs and its establishment within the actual surroundings and existing construction works, provided a base for all the involved entities of the construction to discuss, foresee and develop a more rigorous preparation plan. The current results appoint to the quicker procedures to extract detailed quantities and documentation, detection of inconsistencies and the incorporation of the updates of the engineering designs. Figure 1 – Casa da Musica of Oporto, 3D digital model Figure 2 - Maritime work underwater project Figure 3 – Foz Tua dam project, surroundings. Figure 4 – Foz Tua dam project, overall view 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 46 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| The Relative Cost refers to the cost added to the apartment due to specific characteristics. This can vary depending on the location and disposition of the housing unit (e.g., location of facade from the North). From the considerations presented above is briefly reached a relation of Costs of Desired Values (CDV) and the impacts of these in the Final Cost of the Building (FCB). The FCB is the sum of Total Construction Cost (TCC) of the building + CDV. To obtain the CDV parameters were used as data obtained in documentary research, and information of the brochures and specifications of MCMV. For the TCC were taken into consideration, construction technologies used. The technologies identified in the case studies were: concrete walls (in situ), reinforced concrete structure with column and beam and structural masonry with concrete block. For each of these technology were studied these components that had the largest weight in the price of construction. For the search results were considered satisfactory as would be necessary for CDV and TCC were aggregated to the tools used by designers during the design process. So that it was possible that the values could be measured automatically by virtue of design decisions. In the final stage, this research proposed a methodological process that allows that CDV is already obtained in the preliminary design study phase. The idea is that CDV be added in templates BIM authoring software. These templates should be used by designers already during the early stages of the design process. These templates also incorporate information about construction technologies, components and dimensional standards used in this type of project. Is important to say that, the CDV need to be transformed into monetary values and need to be “hanging” in the templates, so that, they can be rescued, according to the feature of the project. For the analysis of a specific design proposition the model should provide quantitative useful for the creation of CDV and TCC. Regarding the insertion of data to obtain the values sought to minimize the work of designers. The goal was that they had the least amount of work in order to compromising to a minimum the design process. To do this, has limited inserting the value data to a single building system: Zone (Zones, according to [5], are spatial units of the project). From the data obtained directly from the Zones it is possible to extract the values of the main quantitative included in the survey. The settings on the type of information present in the Zones were also incorporated in the project templates within a BIM authoring software (ArchiCAD from Graphisoft). These templates were created (automatic) tables with quantitative. The TCC is also being obtained automatically, from the definition of those families of components that have the greatest impact on the cost of the project. These families are aggregated to templates, which, in turn, reproduce the main building technologies used in this type of building. At the end of an architectural solution, the designer must export the table of quantitative (is ready - in the template) for The Microsoft Excel. In the latter software, a Macro was created with information about indexes and formulas for calculation of results. So, when you open the Macro tables exported from ArchiCAD is possible to obtain, in an automated manner, the results of CDV and TCC. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION What is expected, finally, is that at the end of the development of an architectural solution of SIH, already in the preliminary study, it is possible to obtain the CDV and the TCC of the proposed architectural solution. Thus, it will be easy and quick to identify the impacts of spatial changes in CDV and TCC. It is believed that by obtaining these impacts, will be possible that designers and builders to assess, much more accurately, the costs of architectural decisions on designs of SIH and impacts of these costs on the FCB. 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 47 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 5. References [1] Maslow, A. Maslow on Management.New York: Wiley. 312p. 1998. [2] MIRON, L. I. G. Gerenciamento dos Requisitos dos Clientes de Empreendimentos Habitacionais de Interesse Social: proposta para o programa integrado entrada da cidade em Porto Alegre, RS. 351 f. Porto Alegre. 2008. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil) – Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2008. [3] Granja, A., Kowaltowski, D., Pina, S., Fontanini, P., Barros, L., Paoli, D, Jacomit, A., Maçans, R. A natureza do valor desejado na habitação social. Revista Ambiente Construído, v.9, n.2, p. 87-103. Abr/Jun de 2009. 2009. [4] Formoso, C. ; Bonatto, F. ; Miron, L. Avaliação de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social com base na hierarquia de valor percebido pelo usuário. Ambiente Construído (Online), v. 11, p. 67-83. 2011. [5] Graphisoft. Help Center, 2014. Assessed in: http://helpcenter.graphisoft.com/?s=zone. 4. CONCLUSIONS What can be concluded with this research, albeit still very preliminary results, is that there is a real possibility of inclusion of methodological tools of design, allowing assessment of Desired Values, in real time, during the design actions. These values can contribute to the redirection of the design propositions. These may contribute to the decisions of the designers are taken according to the real wishes of the inhabitants, without, however, disregarding the costs of construction, which are essential for the viability of a venture of this kind. 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 48 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Sónia Ildefonso; Ana Paula Falcão; Helena Rua Portugal NEWTON – Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1. Introduction and Background City Information Models (CIM) combine the traditional capabilities of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with the capacities of a Building Information Model (BIM) allowing a qualitatively and quantitatively space description. In this communication, we highlight the importance of CIM models in land management, using procedural modelling techniques based on Computer generated architecture (CGA) shape grammar, by developing a methodology to automatically evaluate the municipality detailed plan fulfilment, such as the maximum building height allowed. The study case is Lisbon downtown, however the CIM model was built for a larger (3,670 x 2,300 m) area, comprising 11,602 buildings. The software used in the model construction and spatial analysis was CityEngine (CE), provided by ESRI-Portugal. 2. Data description and methodology BThe study case is Lisbon downtown (Figure 1) corresponding to an area that is protected by a heritage plan, namely Plano de Pormenor de Salvaguarda da Baixa Pombalina (PPSBP), that imposes restrictions on construction and occupation, such as the number of floors, the maximum building height and footprint area. The data available for this work was: orthophotomap at 1/1000 scale, contours and height points, building footprints and attributes such as the number of floors above ground and underground. The methodology followed in this work to build the CIM model was based on these steps: i) Combining height data to generate a digital elevation model, onto which the orthophotomap and building footprints were projected; ii) Generating the 3D buildings/blocks by applying basic authored shape rules (Andrade et al., 2012); iii) Enhancing the model by adding textures, constructive details and specifications. Different levels of detail – LOD (Chen, 2011) were considered: for the Lisbon downtown attributes such as the number of floors above and below the ground surface, the façades orientation, type and colour (LOD2 and 3); for the surrounding area only a volumetric representation was considered (LOD1). An application of CIM Models in Urban design and Land management: the case of Lisbon city Figure 1 – Perspective from Lisbon CIM model section (grey colour) and downtown (yellow) 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 49 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3. Results and discussion Figure 3 presents the differences between the allowed and the current building heights. This methodology of conformity analysis by visual inspection, between the proposed and the existing, can be extended to other parameters such as the maximum gross area or to automatically assess if new projects comply with the rules. In this last application the rule is prepared to quantify the differences between the proposed and the allowed. 4. Conclusions The use of CIM models in land management is an opportunity; the use of tools to automatically evaluate the differences between the proposed and the allowed will save time and resources. The area selected for this study is not the most appropriate because it corresponds to a consolidated urban area and due to its high heritage value is not included in the municipality plans revision. Further developments to this work will include new rules to automatically evaluate parameters such as the building orientation and sun exposure. In order to automatically analyse the fulfilment of the maximum building height set in the heritage protection plan, a new rule was produced to allow a visual inspection of the current situation (Fig. 2, yellow colour scenario for current situation and green colour scenario corresponding to the maximum height values, according PPSBP). Figure 2 – Maximum building heights: a) current city; b) maximum heights [PPSBP] Figure 3 – Representation of the height differences (between the current situation and the height values presented in detailed plan) for Lisbon downtown PPSBP area (green: enlargement; and red: demolition) 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 50 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 5. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Geographic Information Department of Municipality of Lisbon, namely Architect Rui Ricardo, for all the support and geographic information data. 6. References [1] Andrade, M.; Mendes, L.; Godoi, G.; Celani, G. Shape Grammars for Analysing Social Housing – The case of Jardim São Francisco low-income housing development. In Andrade, M. et al. (Eds.) Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference, Vol. 1, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture, Czech Republic, September 12-14, 2012, pp. 451-458. ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0 [2] Chen, R. The development of 3D city model and its applications in Urban Planning. In Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Geoinformartics, Shanghai, June 24-26. China: IEEE, 2011, pp. 1-5. ISBN 978-1-61284-849-5. 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 51 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Marina Machado, Jason Underwood and Andrew Fleming United Kingdom University of Salford 1. Introduction Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are predominant on most economy structures, in fact, in the United Kingdom construction industry SMEs represent 99.7% of the whole industry [1]. To respond to the competitive pressures from low cost international nations, the increasing concerns with health and safety, and the sustainability agenda, the UK Government is encouraging innovation on SMEs [2, 3]. The focus tends to be more in product innovation rather than in process innovation, although several studies show that the use of business approaches such as process improvements and knowledge management can incrementally reduce costs and increase competiveness for SMEs [4, 5]. Moreover, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is one of the promising approaches to improve processes and efficiencies in the construction industry [6]. BIM is defined as an adjective or verb related to the generation of models that contain geometry and structured reliable information about a building during its life cycle [6]. Its adoption and awareness is growing in the UK construction sector: The National BIM Report Survey (2014) found that 95% of the practitioners are current using or believe that they will be using BIM within the next 5 years [7]. There is an influence of the “push-pull” Government Strategy for BIM, that will mandate the adoption of BIM in all centrally public procured projects from 2016, and a ‘feeling’ of BIM being a new standard for project information, which is transforming the construction industry landscape. Despite the growing uptake of BIM, there is still a lack of understanding about what a BIM implementation represents for a business and about the role of SMEs in the dissemination of BIM adoption in the UK. This paper presents part of a BIM Implementation Project through a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between the University of Salford and Links Project Management, a design-manufacture-fit-out company based in the UK. A KTP is a program partly funded by the UK Technology Strategic Board with the objective of supporting businesses that want to increment their performance and competitiveness with innovative solutions by accessing universities knowledge and expertise. The commercial driver for Links to engage with BIM are firstly to be aligned with the commercial demands for BIM by 2016 (as mandated by the UK Government Strategy); secondly, to streamline operations to increase effectiviness and profits. Implementing innovation within SMEs is complex and a non-linear process, suffering from scarce resources, lack of skills and lack of systematic measurements, which can result in implementation failure and frustration for SME managers [5]. The aim of the KTP Project is to support the company in these areas and thereby increase the chances of success of the BIM Implementation. The purpose of the paper is to inform both industry and academics about the methods and results achieved with the BIM Implementation in an SME by discussing the progress and results of the project to date. 2. Methodology 2.1 Case study The research is based on a case study of a BIM Implementation within a SME – Links (around 40 people) - that provides full turnkey solutions for living environments for student accommodation and hotels across the UK, with a turnover of about £6million/year. The company offers a full fit out service of quality fittings and furnishing including design, manufacture, fitting and supply of goods into construction projects and refurbishment. The company operations is divided in 3 core areas: an office, a co-owned furniture factory and a permanent employed site team. BIM Implementation for SMEs in the UK 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives 52 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives The project objective is to implement BIM within Links ensuring the company has the expertise needed to operate in a BIM environment from design to manufacture and installation, integrating the three core areas. The project duration is 30 months and it is divided in 5 stages: Stage 1: Establish and consolidate best practice knowledge in BIM; Stage 2: Detailed review and analysis of the organization’s current situation; Stage 3: Develop BIM-based collaborative strategy; Stage 4: Pilot implementation of BIM-based collaborative strategy for DfMA; Stage 5: Project review, evaluation, and dissemination. The first stage of the project, in informing the project going forward, has recently been completed through a review of literature of current BIM Implementation Projects in the UK, the UK Government BIM Strategy and BIM for Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA). In addition, primary data has been collected from interviews with industry key players and members of the company along with company observations. 3. Results and findings so far in the project 3.1 Opportunities for BIM in SMEs Stage 1 has clarified that the benefits of BIM are achieved according to the level of engagement of the company with BIM. To avoid a negative impact on the implementation, the organization should identify the areas where the return of investment in BIM is more likely to be achieved with less investment, and continue the implementation progressively. This study found that at Links a quick acceptance for culture changes and a positive response of BIM engagement exists; confirming that SMEs tend have flexible structures and respond rapidly to changes. Large contractors are in the forefront of BIM in the UK. However, regardless of their importance, they are a minority of the industry in the UK, whereas SMEs constitute the majority part of the industry. Therefore, for large contractors to achieve high level of expertise in BIM the collaboration with SMEs sub-contractors and suppliers that have adopted BIM is crucial, particularly in achieving the mandate set by the UK Government. Thus, opportunities for SMEs with a satisfactory level of BIM expertise include possible commercial advantage when main contractors that are using BIM manage projects. More than just winning a single contract, SMEs could benefit of repeated business through establishing long-term relationship with their supply chain by the engagement of BIM. A further opportunity is the development of new products and services related to BIM being commercialised in the national and international markets. While BIM transforms the way the industry works, new products and process are going to be demanded by the industry in fancitating the transformation, and SMEs can respond to this demand along with gaining competitive advantage. 3.2 Challenges for BIM in SMEs Dealing with the resistance of people to change is one of the main challenges experienced on a BIM Implementation, irrespective of the company size or activity. Part of a BIM Implementation is to deal with skeptical people that do not fully understand or believe the benefits of BIM. This study is addressing this challenge by raising the awareness of BIM through presentations in assisting employees individually on practical experiences using the BIM Model. SMEs report another challenges to implement BIM: costs of software and time for training. The company needs to find a financial benefit to investment in BIM. However, is not easy for all sub-contractors to value BIM. SMEs sub-contractors also deal with the risk of not knowing in advance what information about the project will be shared with them. There is an intrinsic risk on the traditional procurement routes that inhibit collaboration and increase the risk for Tier 2 and Tier 3 companies. One main contractor interviewed suggests that Tier 2 and Tier 3 companies ask what information their client need and in which format as a starting point on the development of a strategy for BIM, reducing the risk of spending time and resources producing information that will not be necessary for their clients. 3.3 Business Process Analyses and Business Strategy 53 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.1 Conference Proceedings National Initiatives The most effective BIM implementation strategy must be aligned to the business strategy, based on a review of organization’s business process and workflow, both internally and externally [8]. However, small companies tend not to have business processes formally documented and neither formal business strategy. In the inexistence of a clear business’ strategy, in the early stages of BIM Implementation, is necessary to clarify objectives for the BIM Implementation aligned of the direction for the future of the business, in order to avoid frustrations and failure of the project. For this reason, the academic team decided to support the development of a formal business strategy for Links, providing guidance with workshop sections. Currently, existing business processes are being mapped in order to allow a better understanding of the company processes, procedures and information flow. The BIM Implementation is a trigger for the company to define standardised process, eliminate waste and duplications in the processes and establish a better operation flow. 4. Conclusions This study has assessed the early stages of the BIM implementation case study of Links in the KTP Project, highlighting findings on challenges and opportunities for the implementation of BIM in SMEs. Considering the results of the 2nd stage presented in this report, the next stages of the project will develop the BIM Implementation Strategy for Links and beginning to implement the strategy on a pilot project. The uptake of BIM by SMEs is essential for the full realisation of benefits of BIM in the construction industry. In the future, the progress of the project could serve as a benchmark for similar companies in facilitating overcoming the challenges to implement innovation highlighted in this paper. 5. References [1] O. f. N. S. ONS. Construction Statistics - No. 14, 2013Edition [Online]. Available: http://www.ons. gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_324503.pdf [2] O. Adegoke, B. Gerard, and M. Andrew, “Innovation types and performance in growing UK SMEs,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 27, pp. 735-753, 2007. [3] A. Wolstenholme, S. A. Austin, M. Bairstow, A. Blumenthal, J. Lorimer, S. McGuckin, et al., “Never waste a good crisis: a review of progress since Rethinking Construction and thoughts for our future,” © Constructing Excellence, London2009. [4] K. Hoffman, M. Parejo, J. Bessant, and L. Perren, “Small firms, R&D, technology and innovation in the UK: a literature review,” Technovation, vol. 18, pp. 39-55, 1// 1998. [5] R. McAdam, S. Moffett, S. A. Hazlett, and M. Shevlin, “Developing a model of innovation implementation for UK SMEs: A path analysis and explanatory case analysis,” International Small Business Journal, vol. 28, pp. 195-214, 2010. [6] C. M. Eastman, BIM handbook: a guide to building information modeling for owners, managers designers, engineers, and contractors: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011. [7] NBS and RIBA, “NBS National BIM Report 2014,” RIBA Enterprises Ltd, UK2014. [8] D. K. Smith and M. Tardif, Building information modeling : a strategic implementation guide for architects, engineers, constructors, and real estate asset managers. Hoboken, N.J.: Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 54 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Bruno Caires; José Carlos Lino; Miguel Azenha Portugal NEWTON – Engineering Consultants, University of Minho 1. Introduction Building Information Modeling (BIM) is currently recognized as an innovative solution that aims to reshape the industries of architecture, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC/FM). This is achieved by integrating a set of policies, processes and technologies that generate a work methodology that is able to manage the building design and project data, within a 3D digital model [1], hence virtually constructing and managing a building throughout its lifecycle. Over the last few years, various governments have traced strategic implementation approaches to effectively introduce the BIM methodology under a collaborative environment for all national projects, foreseeing the paramount impact of its applicability in the construction sector [2]. The uprising request of BIM allied with the current process of globalization has aroused the AEC firms to the inevitability of implementing BIM in their work procedures, to enhance their international competitiveness. Nonetheless, few organizations/project teams have been able to exploit the benefits of BIM to their fullest potentialities, being the lack of knowledge in implementing BIM in specific organizations and multidisciplinary projects considered the main reason for the unachieved expectancies [2, 3]. Although many standards relevant to BIM exist, there seems to be a lack of framework into which those BIM implementation guidelines could be incorporated for project teams to follow when outlining a detailed plan to reference throughout the project [4]. Furthermore, and equally important, agreements among stakeholders must be generated to define the content of information deliveries and answer to a number of basic who?- what?- when?- how?- questions relating to object and property definitions, need to be improved [1,5]. A potential solution consists on providing a project team with a document designated as the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) that represents a practical methodology to programme a structured procedure that attains to the key factors to consult when implementing a BIM collaborative workflow throughout the stages of a building project, acknowledging the project´s unique aspects, the owner’s requirements, the agreements between the stakeholders and the technical aspects to deliberate when elaborating a collaborative project in BIM [2]. This work intends to adapt existing BEP proposals contributing for a strategic guide that conveys a set of methodologies that enables project teams to strategize the implementation of BIM throughout the collaborative project delivery, on the national framework. The suggested procedure is based on six stages which address the essential elements to scrutinize when implementing level 2 BIM maturity projects [1]. Furthermore, a case study is performed regarding a collaborative project between the structural engineer and the architect to optimize and validate the suggested guide. 2. Materials and Method Firstly, a process of benchmarking was performed regarding the current bibliographical references available, with the intent to retrieve the first-rated issues from existing international BIM standards. Furthermore, existent BEP planning guides employed in other countries were evaluated. Alongside this widespread literature review, various interviews were performed with professionals of the AEC industry who are well recognized by their national and international experiences in the construction industry, namely in the architectural, structural engineering, project management and BIM implementation fields. Finally, the results retrieved from the bibliographical review and the performed interviews were conjugated, analysed, optimized and established their practical implementation on a case study. BIM Execution Plan Strategy for Collaborative Project Implementation 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers 55 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 2.1 Proposed BIM Execution Plan Strategy The BEP design strategy developed in this work enables a project team to develop a BIM implementation strategy by addressing the necessary BIM uses to deliver throughout the project. Therefore, this guide has the particularity of representing strategies that grant the implementation of BIM as transversal or partial project methodology. The proposed BEP guide presents an implementation framework comprised of 6 stages (see figure 1). Stage 1 is the compilation of the basic information of the project, such as generic project information (i.e. name, owner, localization and so forth), basic technical information and information relative to the stakeholders involved. More important, this stage comprises a procedure that analyses the characteristics of the project and the client’s requirements being defined and prioritized, the main project goals and tasks of the building design. Potential BIM uses are listed accordingly to the main objectives initially concurred among the stakeholders. Stage 2 attains to the selection of the potential BIM uses, delineated in stage 1, that are to be implemented throughout the lifecycle of the building. A protocol for defining the roles of each stakeholder towards each particular BIM use appointed is performed. Following the selection of the BIM uses to be undertaken, process maps are devised with the purpose to represent the workflow and interactions, in terms of information exchanges, between the BIM uses of the project, stipulating in this way the future relations among stakeholders throughout the project delivery. All process maps follow the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). Stage 3 determines each information exchange that occurs throughout the project, with the determination of the minimum information requirements needed to be performed, and due consideration of the specific BIM uses outlined. Stage 4 and stage 5 study the management required in terms of BIM models interaction and their data administration during the project delivery process with the intent to prevent interoperability issues concerning software application and collaborative workflows among the involved stakeholders. To conclude, stage 6 addresses the various quality assurance checks of the developed BIM models that should be followed to guarantee an efficient BIM collaborative project workflow. Figure 1 – Schema of the BEP Strategic Guide [5]. Figure 2 - - Case Study, Architectural design (CNLL). 2.2 Case Study The case study consisted on the development of a male and female camping sanitary facility of a single floor (see figure 2). For the development of this case study the design-bid-build contractual project delivery agreement was embraced, with the intent to simulate public constructions where that contractual agreement is mandatory accordingly to the Portuguese national regulation. Furthermore, the IFC 2x3 format was adopted as the only format for information exchange among the members of this case study project team. 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers 62 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Figure 3 – Architectural Model / Site Model 3. Results and discussion Concerning the “National Regulations”, it was possible to simulate on the model problems related to Accessibility, particularly related with the areas of free circulation, bathrooms of conditioned access and free routes, through the parameterization of the rules in accordance with Decree-Law 163/2006. Software proved itself as quite effective in this kind of study, as well as detecting incompatibilities regarding fire safety. Rules were developed, e.g.: for the analysis of escape routes, for the existence of exit signs, verification of opening doors direction and the analysis of the existence of the correct door types and windows in case of fire protection. In the “Municipal Regulations” the purpose was to evaluate clearances, building highs, etc. through SMC. 4. CONCLUSIONS What we can conclude is that the Licensing through BIM models is a vision that can become real very soon, with the submission to the City Halls of models in IFC format. Some procedures and regulations of the current licensing are extensive and complex documents, but if they turn into more objective documents, we can be able to easily parameterize in SMC the legislation featured in them. Automatic Licensing can make the process more objective, simple and efficient. The goal is, with the possibility of using BIM, it will be important to take advantage of the investment done in the model and use it in all its potential for the design, coordination, construction, FM (Facility Management) as well in licensing. 5. Bibliography RGEU, Regulamento Geral das Edificações Urbanas, Porto Editora, 1998. PDM, Plano Director Municipal, 215/94 SÉRIE I-B , 1994 Acessibilidades - Decreto-Lei nº163/2006 – INR, 2006 63 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Luís Oliveira (1), André Monteiro (1),João Poças Martins (2) Portugal (1) bimTEC, (2) FEUP 1. Introduction It is difficult to establish a stable, long-term vision that defines all the requirements for the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) design process life-cycle due to unpredictable events that occur along the process. Design changes in later phases are frequent and that implies a considerable amount of rework on all fronts, thus resulting in a very inefficient process. This problem has been addressed in the software development industry using dynamic planning methods that are capable of dealing with high degrees of unpredictability. These methods, known as Agile, were introduced in 2001 in “The Agile Manifesto” [1]. The AEC Design development shares many characteristics with Software development insofar as both activities are developed under significant uncertainty considering both the product specifications and the methods that are required to develop them; the main difference being that the AEC design information is scattered through many disciplines and documents. Tracking, coordinating and managing all this information, rapidly and systematically, was a daunting task, which made it next to impossible to implement an efficient Agile workflow for AEC design development. This represents no longer a problem with BIM, as it provides a dynamic and collaborative platform that centralizes all the design information. BIM leverages Agile, in that it allows more collaboration between design disciplines at earlier stages, to easily explore design options and to add changes with little effort; and vice-versa, in that by applying Agile methods to a BIM-based design workflow, one can increase the quality of the design and the efficiency of the process. This paper explores the dynamics of applying Agile methods to a BIM design process, supported by the practical application of such methods to the BIM-based structural design development. 2. Agile methods The traditional process is often compared to a waterfall (Figure 1) where the dependencies and duration of each task are clearly defined for the whole duration of the project. In this process there is a high degree of dependence on previous tasks, hence any design changes will necessarily result in the return to a previous design stage. On the other hand, the Agile process can be divided into a set of work cycles. The whole project team is involved in each of these cycles. At the end of each cycle, potentially shippable products are released and refined successively (Figure 2). The Agile methodology is thus described as iterative and incremental. This methodology presumes that the general direction of project development will be re-evaluated recurrently and it allows the team to make changes in early stages, thus reducing development costs. Agile BIM Design Development Figure 1 - Tradicional “Waterfall” (software development). Figure 2 – Agile method (software development), adapted from [2]. 64 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Several production frameworks employ similar principles to Agile’s but with specific characteristics such as cycle duration, ability to incorporate changes during cycles, among others. Amongst the most popular frameworks are SCRUM, Kaban and XP (Extreme Programing) [2]. A recently proposed iterative project development methodology named Concurrent Engineering (CE) [3] promotes early error detection and the identification of opportunities for improvement, while maintaining the cost of design changes at a relatively low level [4]. CE restructures the entire process of project development involving all stakeholders (owners, designers, builders and suppliers). The methodology relies on a tight integration of applications between different design teams, on parallel engineering and on continuous, iterative cycles. However, the application of this model leads to major challenges since it forces a level of understanding and coordination between stakeholders that is not always easy to achieve. Since Agile methodologies favor the management of small, co-located teams, it is easier for architects and engineers to implement these methods on their internal processes. As long as the global structure of the traditional design process is preserved, each design development team is free to change and enhance their internal workflows. Agile methodologies are therefore easier to implement in small and medium design offices, whose ability to interfere with the overall project development process is usually limited. Bigger firms are likely to follow these, should Agile methods prove themselves to be feasible and lead to benefits. 3. Bim-based agile design development Regardless of the framework that is adopted, the development of a project begins with a requirements analysis. In a BIM-based project, the definition of the Level Of Development (LOD), the scope of the modeling process and the selection of data exchange formats are examples of project requirements. The first cycle begins at this stage. Under a SCRUM framework, the product backlog - a list of products to be developed, in this case, BIM deliverables - is then defined. Every workday begins with a meeting, formal or informal, where the list of products is reviewed. From that list and according to the established priorities, a selection of products to be developed during the workday is quickly identified. Every team member is then assigned with specific tasks and working strategies to develop each product. Normally, this workflow would not be feasible as it would take too long to track the progress of the development of the project, making these strategy meetings too time-consuming and thus unproductive. BIM enables this workflow by making it easy to quickly assess and communicate both specific and overall progress. In the case of structural design, requirements are usually defined by the Architect. The backlog might include dimensioning or detailing specific elements, and the production tasks classified in several development stages such as: “To do”, “In Progress”, “Verify” and “Done”. An example of leveraging BIM for this purpose is to assign, as an explicit parameter, the development stage of each structural element to the corresponding BIM object. This information can then be easily accessed in schedules, databases or even visually, by configuring the model’s visual properties to display different development stages with a color code (Figure 3). With a simple add-in, it is possible to export and store, in a common database format and on a daily basis, the project progress information. This data can then be used to create progress indicators and graphics. A web-based application that provides progress reports has been developed at bimTEC (Figure 3) and proven successful in allowing the team to quickly evaluate and report both the daily and the overall design progress. BIM’s collaborative dynamics allow various users to work on the same model simultaneously, which means, each user has instant access to the model’s development stage according to the latest updates. Upon the conclusion of a certain task, users can easily proceed to the next one without having to wait for new instructions. Furthermore, immediate access to this type of information allows a quicker definition of new work objectives, which adds flex3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers 65 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| xibility to the definition of daily activities. The team becomes highly adaptable and able to answer client and other design teams’ requests faster. Combining Agile methods with BIM is an excellent way to increase the productivity and overall quality of AEC projects. These methods and tools are highly compatible (Figure 4), with their simultaneous implementation resulting in mutual benefits. 4. CONCLUSIONS This article demonstrated one way to leverage BIM in order to implement Agile methods in the development of AEC projects and vice-versa. Agile methods have been widely used in the software industry to handle uncertainty in planning. The application of these methods to BIM-supported design development enhances the communication and collaborative capabilities brought by BIM, increasing workflow flexibility and productivity. Design teams are able to more efficiently set and adapt to new daily objectives and thus reduce the impact of uncertainty. Agile methodologies should be seen more as a guide to solve a problem than as a restricted set of rules for design development, and their symbiotic relation with BIM fostered in several ways. 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Figure 3 – BIM-based project development progress reporting tools. Figure 4 – Agile and BIM dynamics 5. References [1] Beck, Kent; et al. (2001), “Manifesto for Agile Software Development”, Agile Alliance, Retrieved 07 June 2014. [2] http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Agile-Development-Methodologies-Scrum-Kanban-Lean-XP/, 10 June 2014. [3] Ma, Y-S., Gang Chen, and Georg Thimm. “Paradigm shift: unified and associative feature-based concurrent and collaborative engineering.” Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 19, no. 6 (2008): 625-641. [4] Mats Thomassen, “BIM and Collaboration in the AEC Industry”, Master Thesis, Aalborg, August 2011. 66 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Marcelo Eduardo Giacaglia; Norberto Corrêa da Silva Moura Brazil Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Universidade de São Paulo 1. Introduction The research initiative described herein comprises the assessment of marketed parametric CAD software packages in architectural design practice and education in Brazil. The construction industry began a transition from manual drawing to CAD in the 1970’s and this was straightforward as there was little change in the design process, less than what was initially thought for CAD applications. Parametric CAD software became available in the early 1980’s and had to overcome several cultural and technological barriers before being widely accepted. In the 2000’s, the construction industry, in pursuit of better tools and methods, for higher efficiency, has changed the design process towards BIM, IPD and FM. Parametric CAD software has evolved from 2.5D to 3D single building modelling, to parametric design, on to concurrent design environments in support of BIM, at least in stated proposal. There are still issues to be solved and also cross cultural problems to be addressed. Our continued research is motivated by known differences in: the representation of building elements and annotation, level of detail within a design phase, design documentation, and construction culture, between Brazil and the United States or Europe. We aim to provide guidance on best practices regarding representation, design documentation and of the design process in a concurrent environment. Our studies also produce tutorials [1], for marketed parametric CAD software, that focus on the design process as opposed to the tool centric, and linear design (fault free) approach, vendor provided materials. 2. Materials and method The method consists of the confrontation of design documentation requirements for a given phase sequence, from conceptual design to detailed drawings of the intended building construction, as specified in National standards, specifically [2,3,4]. This approach addresses the proper documentation and representation of construction and annotation elements for the chosen phase(s). The assessment of the design process requirements, considering the type of decisions and changes that typically occur within each design phase, and of concurrent design, are not as straightforward as the representation and presentation perspectives. They have been gradually inferred during work development and literature review ([5, 6, 7, 8]). We started from a simple architecture brief of a commodity type building [9]. We aim to progress towards more complex buildings, also from single handed Architectural design only, towards multidisciplinary collaborative (concurrent) design, incorporating other building systems into the appropriate design phases, in a non-linear manner. Each step in either direction involves one or more undergraduate students and their corresponding individual scientific initiation research projects. The problem to tackle and the software package used is chosen by each student, but are based on what has been done previously in this line of research. In each experiment, two tables are produced, starting from templates with the corresponding requirements and gradually filled with the corresponding findings. We don’t state what each software platform is capable of, but rather what we accomplished with our knowledge of the given application. This issue is later sought through vendor feedback. The first table covers the static requirements of representation and presentation, organized in hierarchic form. Titles are Construction elements, Building systems, Components and Documents. Subtitles in each case refer to the pertinent types, respectively: Foundations, structure, walls, floors, stairs, roofs, etc.; Electrical, gas, water, ventilation, etc.; Windows, doors, sanitary, kitchen, etc.; Plans, elevations, statutory, guidance notes, bills of materials, etc. Cross cultural assessment of the usability of parametric CAD software in architectural design practice and education in Brazil 67 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Each item (building modelled element or component, or presentation element) is a requirement and has corresponding: (a) achievement, (b) interoperability (when applicable) and (c) a reference to the corresponding tutorial section (the operational example) values in the appropriate line and column. The second table lists the dynamic requirements and findings (using the selected software) regarding the design process for the chosen Architectural Brief and Design Phase(s). This is the common ground for the development of best practices for BIM works, although each software platform operates in a different manner. Necessary attributes for classes, instances and parts of instances; and expected behaviour of building elements and spaces, especially when displacing, merging, connecting, inserting into one another or linking to references, are examples of such requirements. 3. Results and discussion The initial study object was a house with a floor space of not more than 70m2, that the students had previously drawn in 2D using CAD on the 3rd or 4th course semester. The purpose was to learn the basic usage of each software with the vendor provided tutorials while gaining BIM knowledge by reading through the referenced bibliography. Then produce a more realistic tutorial, specific for the chosen building and design phase(s), including a simulation of the conceptual phase, more specifically finding a suitable topology that met the architectural brief followed by a corresponding feasible geometric dimensioning, as proposed for a similar situation by [5]. This was done in different times by four students working with software from three distinct vendors. The first and third experiments were done using the same vendor software. The later aimed to improve on the first, also benefiting from a newer software release and feedback from the local vendor. This rework was necessary due to our lack of knowledge of usage of the chosen software, actually of any parametric CAD. In the interim, another student started a new thread using another software platform. The learning effort in this case was almost overwhelming because it is built over a traditional CAD which becomes a pre-requisite. Anyhow, the student also managed to deliver the research results and tutorial, that were both analysed by the local representatives and valuable feedback was given. Although the organisation of information and tool definition and usage differ from one software vendor to another, this second assessment benefited from the results of the first thread. The fourth experiment inaugurated another thread, with the same architectural brief, using another widespread parametric CAD. This third software was perceived as the easiest to learn, although somewhat more difficult when pursuing dimensional precision of design elements, during the geometric dimensioning phase. It also benefited from the work results and overall knowledge gained from the previous assessments, although the differences in the organisation of the information, and tool definition and usage. 4. Conclusions Work progress depends on student interest and corresponding funding in the form of scientific initiation research project grants from government agencies or within the University. Research projects are limited to one year. In this time the student must study the suggested references on BIM (and seek further readings), the vendor provided tutorials, and the results from previous projects. The student must produce a research report that includes the table of requirements and related achievements for the chosen architectural brief, software and design phase(s). Each resulting table set adds up to the overall knowledge of the design process using parametric CAD and also of BIM. The tutorials produced are also made available to all students after learning traditional 2D drawing in CAD, not only to make them aware of such technology, but to encourage new research proposals to extend this knowledge. A student in another line of research [10] benefited from using the in-house produced tutorial rather than the lengthy sequence of vendor provided traditional 2D CAD, 3D CAD, then Parametric CAD tutorials. 68 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.2 Conference Proceedings Designers Since the requirements are the same, the analysis of resources, tools, definitions and behaviour, by different vendor provided software and also updating due to added functionality provided by new releases is straightforward. Achieving a full BIM experience involving undergraduate students in Architecture and Urbanism still remains a challenge. This could be addressed through a joint research project with the graduate students from the Civil Engineering course, within the University. 5. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the under-graduate students in Architecture and Urbanism who contributed to the overall research, through their individual scientific initiation research projects: Fernanda Invernise de Moraes, Guilherme Arruda Cesar, João Guilherme Viaro Correa, and Letícia Juliana Pazian. The authors also acknowledge CNPq – National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, the University Provost’s Office for Research, the University Provost’s Office for Undergraduate Education, and FUPAM – Foundation for Research in Architecture and the Environment, for the financial support, in the form of student scholarships. 6. References [1] Giacaglia, M. E. Análise da aplicabilidade de aplicativos CAD paramétricos na prática e no ensino da Arquitetura no Brasil, n/d. [Online]. Available at (http://www.fau.usp.br/aut0514/CADparametricos/). Date accessed: June 16, 2014. [2] ABNT. Representação de projetos de arquitetura: NBR-6492. Rio de Janeiro, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 1994. 27p. [3] ABNT. Elaboração de projetos de edificações - atividades técnicas: NBR-13531. Rio de Janeiro, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 1995. 10p. [4] ABNT. Elaboração de projetos de edificações - arquitetura: NBR-13532. Rio de Janeiro, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 1995. 8p. [5] Medjdoub, B.; Yannou, B. Separating topology and geometry in space planning. Computer-aided Design, n.32, p.39-61. 2000. [6] GSA. GSA building information modeling guide - series 01 - overview. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration, 2007. [Online]. Available at (http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/102276). Date accessed: April 2, 2011. [7] GSA. GSA building information modeling guide - series 02 – spatial program validation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration, 2007. [Online]. Available at (http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/102281). Date accessed: April 2, 2011. [8] Eastman, C.; Teicholz, P.; Sacks, R.; Liston, K. BIM handbook : a guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors – 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. [9] Heath, T. Method in architecture. Norwich: John Wiley & Sons, 1984. [10] Domingos, F. A. Ferramentas computacionais emergentes com abordagem BIM: prática, teoria e didática. Simpósio Internacional de Iniciação Científica - SIICUSP, 20. 22-26/10/2012 [Online]. Available at (https://uspdigital.usp.br/siicusp/cdOnlineTrabalhoObter?numeroInscricaoTrabalho=1317&numeroEdicao=20&print=S). Date accessed: June 16, 2014. 69 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management André Monteiro(1), João Lima(1), João Poças Martins(2) Portugal (1)bimTEC, (2)FEUP 1. Introduction In this article, the authors discuss the changes in organizational roles and responsibilities that come with BIM adoption, survey current trends for the definition of BIM roles, and provide some insight into the best way to transition from a traditional CAD process into a fully integrated and efficient BIM workflow. With the emergence of BIM as a standard tool for design modeling and information management in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, professionals strive to find the better, most efficient way to accommodate the technology into their practice. Due to the technical and comprehensive nature of BIM as a working tool, most adoption and implementation efforts are characterized by extremely well defined processes and workflows that aim to regulate and coordinate the considerable amount of information involved in an AEC project [1,2,3,4]. These efforts consist mostly of guidelines to define and exchange information for public projects. It is not uncommon for companies looking to adopt BIM to use these documents as the main reference to create and adapt their internal workflows, redefine roles and responsibilities, and create company standards. While they are undoubtedly a good starting point, it is essential to understand the difference between BIM-based project processes and internal BIM workflows in order to properly adapt a wide ranged life-cycle approach into an internal one. The introduction of BIM fosters the creation of a whole new set of roles to answer the new BIM-exclusive demands [5]. Bar a few exceptions, these new roles can be filled by the current staff, provided they receive proper training. The key when restructuring internal roles is to identify who is better suited to fill each position. Some are transitions from similar CAD roles; others are completely original and exist because of the unique possibilities provided by the technology. A trend seen in many studies and reports is the clear definition of each figure’s unique set of skills and area of intervention. The importance of well-defined hierarchical structures is unquestionable, especially in big companies; however, a certain flexibility regarding the definition and the assignment of BIM roles is, in some cases, not only welcomed but essential. 2. Discussion BIM roles can be divided into three major types: operators, developers and managers [6]. As the one in charge of building the model, the operator is someone who is constantly interacting with the model and whose work is of extreme importance. This position is often called BIM Modeler and regarded as an evolution of the CAD Drafter, which is not entirely correct, in that, not only BIM Modelers must master specific modeling skills for different design disciplines, they also must deal with a lot more information than the one included in a single CAD sheet. The potential for overall hazardous input is thus a lot bigger in comparison to that of a CAD Drafter. This is why the general trend now is to hire junior graduates to fill this position; it ensures a level of technical knowledge and proficiency at a low cost. On the other hand, the prototype of the architect and the engineer of the future is of a hardcore user who uses the BIM platform to communicate, test and improve his designs. In that sense, he can be described as both BIM Analyst and BIM Operator. Not limiting a BIM Operator to the evolution of the CAD Drafter is an extremely important point. They are usually perceived as the bottom of the BIM food-chain and that assumption may lead to a certain prejudice against the position. A BIM Operator is, in its essence, someone who knows how to use the BIM application; it is the person who will end up knowing the program better than anyone. Without his knowledge and contribution, the BIM process will hardly evolve at all. The transition from a CAD environment to a BIM one is a delicate process. CAD processes rely on a Restructuring Internal Roles With BIM Implementation 70 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management highly productive task force of several CAD Drafters that work in a mass-production-like workflow. As each Drafter is assigned with a group of isolated tasks, there’s hardly any collaborative and dependent work; which is the opposite of a BIM workflow. Furthermore, it is likely that only experienced professional CAD Drafters have the knowledge to fulfill the necessary requirements to assume the role of a BIM Modeler that creates entire models from the designer’s rough drafts. The AEC industry is still many years away from a point where the design completely leaves the 2D drawings (if it ever will) and as such, designers will keep communicating using 2D CAD files, therefore less experienced Drafters are still required for a number of tasks. In the pre-modeling phase, to setup the model with cleaned up CAD drawings, and in the post-modeling phase, to prepare the drawings and the sheets that will be submitted as part of the 2D drawing package. BIM does provide a considerable level of automation that speeds up the preparation of the drawings; however, a manual touch is still required to guarantee readability and an overall polished look. It is not iron penned that Drafters transition from and into an exactly similar role. Drafters in the classic sense of the word are still required, though likely in a lower number. Due to the wide range of new BIM-based applications, the surplus may be directed towards different positions. An example would be BIM Graphic Designer, a BIM Operator in charge of creating and refining renders and animations using BIM or BIM-compatible applications. A BIM Developer [7] can be broadly defined as someone who creates content to be used in BIM applications. Examples include developing custom families/BIM objects, writing small scripts using the BIM Software API and creating BIM-compatible stand-alone applications. This type of position does not necessarily have to be filled by IT personnel or people with a degree in computer science. In fact, the ideal profile, particularly in small sized organizations, is likely to be someone with qualifications on AEC disciplines and with some background on coding or computer programming. The BIM Developer role requires a profound knowledge of the mechanics of a BIM database; it also requires continuous research of the market’s latest trends and solutions. It is hard to find a similar role in a traditional workflow; the closest would be R&D personnel. Still, anyone with the know-how and the motivation to undertake this task can transition from whatever role they had into BIM Developer. A variation of this role is the BIM Specialist – an expert in BIM processes and frameworks, able to develop custom optimal solutions for each different scenario. Due to his expertize in BIM mechanics and processes, the BIM Specialist is also the ideal person to provide training and continuous support. Managing roles are the most demanding as they require a comprehensive knowledge in different domains. The simplest description of this role is BIM Manager. Other iterations include BIM Coordinator, BIM Leader and BIM Job Captain [6, 7]. The simplest version of a BIM Manager role is to be responsible for the development, implementation, management and continuous improvement of the modeling team’s BIM strategy [8]. It is someone that prepares the company’s BIM standard operational framework, assigns roles and tasks, organizes and consolidates model data, defines interoperability dynamics and coordinates the different model applications. The BIM Manager can easily accumulate completely different tasks and assume the role of the Project Manager, especially if it is someone in charge of a BIM-exclusive design team. It is someone that fully represents the BIM team in meetings with department heads, corporate leaders and clients. The marketing side of the BIM Manager has been described as BIM Evangelist, the one responsible to lobby BIM inside the company and representing the BIM department in client meetings. The potential for such a central role makes the BIM Manager a very alluring job. Architects and engineers can both transition into the role; however, they must also become BIM experts, mastering both theory and practice regarding BIM, and that may also detract them to pursue the position. Besides all the technical knowledge, the BIM Manager must be a true believer and enthusiast of the technology. The way these roles are assigned changes with the size of the company. In small firms, the level of BIM expertize tends to be evenly distributed. Since the entire team is required to master the BIM authoring software, everyone is able to operate it, at least, at an acceptable rate, with each member 71 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management then focusing on specific functional areas. This leads to a very collaborative and flexible workflow that translates in members switching between and/ or absorbing several tasks at once, for each different project. In such setting, it is common for a team member to act as BIM Manager, Operator and Specialist. In bigger firms, with a larger staff and more ongoing projects, the organization should be tighter and the definition of roles stricter and clearer. The BIM Manager should focus more on operational management and leadership than on the coordination and development of the BIM projects. A BIM Manager could also act as BIM Developer/ Specialist, although never as BIM Operator to avoid being overwhelmed with each project’s specificities. It is fairly easy to make a simple operational script that allows anyone without BIM knowledge to perform basic tasks; however, just because one is able to follow such script, that does not make him ready to take on the most basic of BIM roles as they would quickly stumble across all sorts of difficulties. Common to all the BIM roles is the fact that all require a fairly advanced set of BIM skills, which is why it should also be fairly easy for someone experienced in one role to somewhat quickly transition into the other. 3. Conclusions The transition to a BIM environment is a broad and complex process. The shift to BIM introduces new production dynamics, bringing along a whole new set of roles. These can be filled almost entirely by the same team that was operating in the CAD environment; however, it is essential to understand the parallelisms between roles in order to find the best fit for each member of the team. If some roles are very similar in their nature, CAD Operator to BIM Operator or CAD Manager to BIM Manager, others are not so clear. Furthermore, the transition does not necessarily have to be to a similar role. Depending on one’s individual skills and motivations, the new BIM role can correspond to an entirely different type of work compared to the previous CAD-based one. Another important point is that a BIM user can be tasked, simultaneously, to several different roles or only to a very specific one. These dynamics change with the size of the company, the size of the team and the volume of on-going projects. 4. References [1] GSA, GSA Building Information Modeling Guide Series. Washington DC, USA, 2007. [2] National Institute of Building Sciences, National BIM Standard – United States. NBIMS-US, 2011. [3] COBIM project, Common BIM Requirements 2012. Helsinki, Finland, 2012. [4] AEC (UK) BIM Protocol. AEC (UK) CAD Standard, 2012. [5] M. Kiker, BIM Manager – The Newest Position. Autodesk University, 2009. [6] J. Joseph, BIM Titles and Job Descriptions: How Do They Fit In Your Organizational Structure?. Autodesk University, 2011. [7] S. Abdulkader, Common BIM Roles and their Responsibilities. Qatar BIM User Day, 30/April/2013. [8] VA BIM Guide, BIM Roles and Responsibilities. [Online]. Available at (http://www.cfm.va.gov/til/bim/BIMGuide/roles.htm). Date accessed: July 25th 2014. 78 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management Ricardo Daniel Otero, João Pedro Couto, Francisco Reis Portugal University of Minho, EFACEC 1. Introduction This work results from research activities within the scope of the Master’s Thesis in Civil Engineering underway in the University of Minho, carried out in partnership with the company EFACEC. It is a fact that BIM brought many benefits to the construction industry, and with it, engineers are now capable of making better projects with a lower cost in less time. Now, project leaders can coordinate and manage any project more efficiently and increase productivity. However, there is still is a gap of productivity, when we talk about BIM on Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) projects. MEP systems are the active systems of a building that temper the building environment, distribute electric energy, allow communication, enable critical manufacturing process, provide water and dispose of waste [1]. MEP related works, such as coordination and management, can be very tricky and challenging to accomplish due to the complexity of this kind of projects, especially when we are talking about big projects such as hospitals, health centers or shopping centers. MEP systems can represent up to 60 percent of the total building cost [2]. A major source of the mistakes and delays in building construction can be attributed to poorly coordinated design documents. In the Fifth Annual FMI/CMAA Survey of Owners – a 2004 survey conducted by FMI Corporation and the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA) – 70% of the owners said they are seeing a decline in the quality of design documentation. For firms with slim profit margins, any rework costs exacerbate the bottom line – and MEP profit margins are notoriously slim (from 5% to 15% depending on the type of project) [3]. Another study conducted by Sir John Egan in USA, Scandinavia and UK shows that, up to 30% of construction is rework, labour is used at only 40-60% of potential efficiency and at least 10% of materials are wasted [4]. If in a not too far past, we used 2D drawings to coordinate, manage and plan MEP projects, in the present these processes can be done, using BIM technology. This methodology can be helpful and can improve the planning process, optimizing cost and time. Recently with the technological advancement and prevalence of building information modeling (BIM) and 3D modeling in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries, new opportunities will emerge improving scheduling processes. By combining the built-in intelligence of BIM with previous research efforts we can further advance the automation of schedules [5]. When we are in a BIM environment and we talk about time, we are entering in another dimension of BIM, the 4D (3D + time). The 4D simulation, which is the sequencing of the different stages of the construction, can help managers make better decisions or workarounds more efficiently, comparing various possibilities of embracing the work, but it will also help in managing spaces, keeping schedules updated and improving communication between the different participants in the project. In the point of view of a BIM manager the 3D model is nothing more then a visual data base that can be managed to get to fulfill reports and to track the construction status. This is why the “I” of BIM is so important. Having in mind the last sentence, in this thesis the main goal is to find one workflow, between different software, that can increase productivity when managing MEP projects. 2. Materials and method 2.1 Materials and method The way found to accomplish the proposed goal was in the form of a case study, manipulating a 3D model in a critical way trying different approaches Improving MEP planning using BIM tools 79 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management to the scheduling, simulating changes to the construction during the course of the construction and analyzing the effects. The software used were Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Navisworks, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project. Various workflows between the different software were tested in order to optimize the process of creation of a 4D simulation. This was an iterative process, where at the end of each iteration, the workflow was analyzed in a critical way and if any lack of productivity was found, that would be the start point for the next iteration. 2.2. Case study description In the first stage, the model provided by the Engineer Francisco Reis (EFACEC), was imported to Navisworks and analyzed using the visualization tools of the software in order to get the first approach to the construction scheduling. After this stage, the different tasks were defined in MS Project and imported to the timeline tool of Navisworks. In the third stage, sets were created in Navisworks to attach with the corresponding task previously defined on MS Project, in order to get the 4D simulation. In this stage, the first gap of productivity was detected, because the creation of sets consumed too much time. Because Navisworks offers the capability to auto-attach sets and tasks, this workflow was revised and a unique code named, Phase_ID, was created. This code is the identification of each task and because the sets have the same name of the code utilizing simple connection rules the attachment between sets and tasks can be done automatically. This workflow is good enough when we are in the public tender stage, but if we win the construction, many changes have to be made, and a good workflow has to respond efficiently, so it has to permit changes to the model that will not be too time consuming, and this workflow doesn’t provide this capability. In this stage, the second lack of productivity was identified. In order to respond to this situation, in next iteration instead of creating set selection, search selection was created. The search selection is always searching the property that it was made for, and it updates automatically every time that the property is changed. Having this in mind in the next iteration, changes were made, not only in Navisworks, but also in the Revit model. In the Revit model a shared parameter was created and named Phase_ID and it was grouped under the Phasing tab. The Phase_ID parameter has to be filed with the corresponding Phase_ID unique code of the MS Project task. After this process is done, in Navisworks a search selection was created having as criteria the Phase_ID parameter and at this point the creation of a 4D simulation can be created almost automatically. 3. Results and Discussion This work is still in progress and it has been an iterative process, where various workflows have been tested. In – figure 1 we can see one example of one workflow, of the first stages. Sometimes from iteration to iteration the evolution is extremely small but the results are considerable. It also opened doors to other fields of BIM management. Working in a similar way as described in - section 2.2, utilizing shared parameters, search selection and codes such as, Phase_ID code, we are able to track equipment, to see the construction status and fulfill reports automatically. Figure 1Workflow example 80 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management 4. CONCLUSIONS BIM methodologies are changing the AEC industry. It has introduced the collaborative work, where all the construction participants work together. The information is vital and the way we manage it can be the secret to increasing productivity and achieving goals such as reducing costs, times and managing spaces. In this document, one workflow was presented, and using the same philosophy of work, connecting different software and managing data, projects can be better, cleaner, sustainable and environmental friendly. 5. References [1] Barton, Paul K. 1983. Building Services Integration, E. & F.N. Spoon Ltd., London, 1983. [2] Tao, William K.Y., and Janis, Richard R. 2001. Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings, Prentice Hall, Columbus, 2001. [3] Autodesk. Autodesk Revit Systems: BIM for MEP Engineering. 2006 download.autodesk. com/us/interactiveoverviews/export_web_ARS/pdf/Whitepaper_Revit_Systems_BIM_for_MEP_Engineering.swf. 2014 [4] BIM Journal. Issue 1; 2009, BIM Concept “over budget, delays, rework, standing time, materials waste, poor communication, conflict.” Page -1, bimjournal.com/2009/02/over-budget-delays-rework-standing-time-material-wastepoor-communication-conflict-2/ [5] Hyunjoo Kim; Kyle Anderson; SangHyun Lee; John Hildreth. Generating construction schedules through automatic data extraction using open BIM (building information modeling) technology. 4 July 2013. elsevier.com/locate/autcon. 81 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management Vasco Pereira; Alexandra Paio Portugal ISCTEUniversity Institute of Lisbon, ISTARInformation Sciences, Technologies and Architecture Research Center and Vitruvius FabLab-IUL 1. Introduction The digital era has brought changes in the architectural conceptual process. Design computing has expanded in scope beyond building descriptive system to now include analyses, simulation, parametric generation and fabrication. Early conceptual stages are extremely important in determining the success and impact of the architectural project. However, digital tools to support these stages of the design process need to be further developed. 3D virtual models first appeared in architecture as representational tools responding mainly to aesthetical concerns. At the same time structural and construction orientated software was developing mainly with production concerns integrating within a single software, construction management, analyses, simulations, building life-cycle management and a database of information incorporated within parametric 3D models, laying the foundations for more collaborative and effective models, the building information models [1]. These two trends that developed separately are now “giving way to a still emerging area of overlapping concerns” [2]. BIM (Building Information Modelling) benefits in the AECO (Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations) industry have been very well charted. This paper does not seek to do an evaluation on efficiency gains or the advantages of adopting BIM, but to develop a design methodology using BIM software tools to bring together design software and construction software by creating an intuitive design methodology that integrates the conceptual process, using a flexible and intuitive model, with a constructive, production orientated BIM model. The aim is to introduce constructive and efficiency orientated parameters during the conceptual phase and comprehend its limitations and new potentialities. Autodesk Revit, for example, has new conceptual design tools and adaptive components that allow a new level of relations between conceptual and constructive design. New applications now created allow visual programming and scripting inside Revit’s environment. These applications enhance its parametric capabilities for generative design and algorithm design. Parametric design is an associative geometry that is formed by equations and interdependencies between objects. The model thus behaves accordingly to rules and requirements established by the designer allowing it to respond with instant solutions to any change made and giving multiple outcomes so that the designer is able to pick up a solution out of many variations. Parameterization allows the designer to create its own rules for formal experimentation. In parametric and generative modeling the selection criterion for the optimal configuration may be technical or aesthetic [3]. Using BIM’s parametric design the model will report for documentation, manufacturing and constructive details, evaluating and giving the architect’s feedback to further enhance the design process. Because of BIM’s great collaborative features there was a major change in the traditional project delivery process. All parties involved in the project are integrated in the design a lot earlier in the process, being able to find errors and solve conflicts during the initial stages of the design. These collaborative efforts influence the architectural design in a positive way when notions of creativity and innovation arise from performance and cost-efficiency concerns. There are different types of models, some better suited for constructive matters or others for representational or aesthetical matters. BIM is a platform of convergence where all different AECO concerns are brought together. The management of all this data brings architects a lot closer to the construction process and to all collaboration related benefits. Building Information Models for Architectural Design: an intuitive design methodology 82 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management 2. Materials and Methods This paper focuses on the architectural design process and explores BIM’s potentiality to create intuitive and creative virtual models maintaining all of BIM’s efficiency features. The selected software for a practical application was Revit from Autodesk. The experimentation model used for a practical application is a canopy for a public space that is parameterized to adapt according to site elevations and according to public use, thus being able to experiment alternate configurations as different uses are tested. The model explores BIM’s parametric design inside a conceptual design environment that stays linked to a constructive design environment and constantly updates any change made in the conceptual model. In this experiment the parametric model explores mainly reporting parameters that inform the designer of the consequences of any change made to the model, informing of floor areas, slope or ceiling heights as other relevant technical information. Parameters are assigned to measure panel deflexions and size variations so that a more cost-effective study may be achieved. Other parameters to aid manufacturing and constructive purposes were also addressed. The design process is disturbed by the imposition of too much information too early in the design process. In a conceptual phase of the design process too much information may induce the architect to make premature decisions. At an early stage of the design process there is still a high degree of uncertainty, the architect is still defining an idea and experimenting different solutions and raising new questions [4]. He shouldn’t be picking up things out of a pre-formatted library, instead, he should be thinking of space and volumes, openings and passages, planes, solids and voids. Traditional methods tend to integrate measurable criteria only in advanced stages of the design process. The design criteria in the early stages of the design process usually relies only on the insights of the designer [5] in opposition to a BIM collaborative process where the influence of an early integrated process will have impacts on the final design solution. The authors critic rely on the ability of creating a collaborative design process where the designer may benefit from insights of all disciplines at an early stage but still have the flexibility that is inherent at this stage of the design. The ultimate goal is to create a methodology where the designer may create flexible and intuitive BIM models on a first stage and introduce different types of parameters with production, efficiency and manufacturing orientated concerns. This will lead to understanding how the input of efficiency concerns in the early stages of the design may influence the design process by limiting or creating new possibilities for creativity. 3. Parametric Modeling for intuitive architecture For this experiment were created only two types of parametric panels to measure each panel deflexion and exposure. The values are sorted by colour, allowing the designer to measure the consequences of his actions as he manipulates the shape of the canopy (Figure 1). Figure 1 – Parametric reporting panels 83 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management This first analyses phase allowed the free modelling, testing and raising of new questions and the later decision of which factors would drive the shape and behaviour of the panels. Defining how the panels would deform, open or close according to the intended sun exposure. The intuitiveness that was sought after can be achieved in BIM systems when the parameters are being used only to inform the architect and giving him the data and tools necessary to make more creative and efficient decisions, instead of imposing constraints or premature decisions. 4. Results and discussion This paper demonstrates that BIM is ready for conceptual and schematic design and that it is a tool with great benefits for architects. As technical and aesthetical matters are coming closer together in the architectural practice new possibilities arise to generate new creative and effective solutions. Instead of using parameters for form and aesthetic explorations, intuitive and reporting parameters can be used to allow flexibility and creativity during the architectural design process. Efficiency orientated parameters in the conceptual design phase anticipate technical concerns increasing the architect’s control over the design’s final outcome. BIM tools with its performance-based criteria may influence the architectural design process in a positive or a negative way. The architect needs to understand what disturbs and what enhances the design process. 5. Conclusions Intuitive design in BIM opens the way for architects to really grasp the potentialities of BIM in the ongoing switch from CAD to BIM encircling all of its effectiveness gains with its the creative capabilities. 6. References [1] Eastman, C. The Use of Computers Instead of Drawings. AIA Journal, 63 (5), March 1975, 46-50. [2] Garber, R. Closing the Gap: Information Models in Contemporary Design Practice. Architectural Design, 79(2). 2009. [3] Stavric, M.; Marina, O. International journal of applied mathematics and informatics. 2011. Available at: http://www.naun.org/main/UPress/ami/2011.html Accessed 6 January 2014. [4] Barrios, C.; Parametric affordances, what, when, how. ACADIA Regional: Parametricism, 2011, pp. 203-207. [5] Turrin, M.; Buelow, P.; Stouffs, R. Design explorations of performance driven geometry in architectural design using parametric modeling and genetic algorithms. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 2011, pp. 656-675. 84 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management Vimal Chaturvedi and Saeed Talebi Unite Kingdom University of Salford 1. Introduction Information is a crucial factor for building projects. IT systems have been developing to help project participants access more accurate and updated information. The most well-known and functional IT product presently is Building Information Modelling. BIM is not just a 3D virtual representation of building, but is a process by which a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility are built, analysed, documented, and assessed virtually, then revised iteratively until the optimal model is obtained [1]. However, in regard to the linear, uncoordinated and highly variable traditional processes, there is ambiguity how BIM can be consistently utilised during whole project life cycle and whether traditional processes and project delivery methods are able to fully benefit from BIM. This research aims at (1) rethinking the current life cycle of building projects through implementation of BIM, (2) exploring how BIM can overcome problems within the traditional process management, and (3) analysing the existing project delivery methods to find the most appropriate method for development of BIM based projects. 2. BIM as project development process in a building life cycle BIM is not just a tool or a solution [2] but requires new processes and new channels of communication [3]. The traditional building life cycle has the highest workload when the construction documentation is made while in this point changes cannot be made without considerable negative impact on the costs. Preferred BIM approach forces a lot of decisions to be made in the early design phase where the cost and risk of change is lower. Moreover, BIM process greatly benefits from concurrent engineering (CE) management principles. The purpose of CE is to modify the sequential waterfall model into an iterative and integrated design mode. These indicate a need for involvement of specified expertise in the project at earlier stages to detect errors before they become high cost impact. Overall, BIM aims to foster optimal collaborations between project stakeholders through the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information [1]. By using BIM, project participants can have the potential of coming closer to start an accurate and multi-disciplinary collaboration. BIM’s major objective therefore is development of a new and modern process in order to have more time and cost effective production process and facility management by means of software options. Other changes caused by BIM implementation are explained below in detail: 2.1 Visualisation and its impact on communication, collaboration and planning: The capability of visualisation in BIM facilitates decision making process on the aesthetics and functionality of the space. It profoundly improves communication and collaboration amongst the project members whereas traditionally the primary causes of the construction’s poor performance is due to ineffective communication practices [4]. Visualisation promotes planning and sequencing the components and tasks by first checking them in model prior to production and then following up the actual construction status through updated installation dates of structures and systems [5]. 2.2 3D Coordination and its Impact on Workflow and Productivity: Coordination efforts of construction manager and specialty contractors before construction via BIM implementation correspond with reduction of design errors and better understanding of the project. Hence, number of requests for information and change orders during the construction is reduced which improves workflow and productivity [6]. 2.3 Digital Data Storage and its Impact on Data Recapture: The loss of data in traditional paper based processes is a problem. Rethinking the Project Development Process through Use of BIM 85 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| BIM collaborative environment mitigates this risk by storing information digitally and making the data easy readable to all participants. Thus, contrary to traditional processes that fail in recapturing all information, BIM stores the data accurately during the building life cycle [5]. 2.4 Time Estimation and its Impact on Project Planning and Monitoring: The schedule of the anticipated construction progress can be integrated into the building information model. Prior to construction, time estimation optimises the logistical aspects; various alternative solutions of executing the construction can be simulated and weighted against each other to find the most beneficial solution [5]. It additionally provides considerable insight into the project and facilitates early detection of planning errors instead of realising them later on in the construction phase and having to resolve problems on site which can be very costly. During construction stage, this method graphically visualises the project schedule and enables the users to plan and monitor the construction activities, site utilisation, space coordination and safety management principles at any point in time. Furthermore, field data acquisition systems such as Radio Frequency Identification can be linked to the 4D BIM. RFID is tagged to the trades’ protective hats to control the manpower and their position regarding the project schedule. Thus, the daily activities of crews will be monitored to find whether their productivity and manpower are sufficient for planned schedule. 2.5 Cost Estimation (5D) and its Impact on Project Control: This capability enables BIM users to generate accurate and reliable cost estimates by automatic quantity take off from the building model, receive a faster cost feedback on changes in design phase and better understand the financial implications of design decisions [7]. It can be used as a foundation early on in the project for the contractor to control costs and optimise the quality requirement based on the budget. 2.6 Accurate Information and its Impact on Prefabrication: One of the major prerequisites for prefabrication method is accurate design and erection information. Integration of BIM and prefabrication method enhances the information exchange of the products between project members and significantly it is used to virtually coordinate the location and routing of the products. 2.7 Record Model and its Impact on Information Management: The majority of building information traditionally has been stored as paper documents, supplied to facility managers after a building was in operation [3]. As a result, much valuable data associated with the design, construction and operation of a facility is lost during the building life span [8]. Record model can have a crucial impact on information management of construction projects and building life cycle [9]. The model includes important information in terms of manufacturer specifications and maintenance instructions for building and installation components that help the facility managers to find information easier. Moreover, not only different analyses can be made to examine whether the building and its systems work properly [5], but also management of security and safety information thereby is facilitated. Nonetheless, the interoperability of the record model with various applications [10] and the owner’s reluctance towards allocating adequate budget to train employees, update, and maintain the model can be problematic. 3. Delivery method for BIM Regarding traditional procurement routes and forms can be the biggest hindrance to a proper BIM implementation, it is important to adopt appropriate project delivery methods when aiming to rethink the project development process through use of BIM. The AEC industries have traditionally assimilated fragmented approaches when it comes to project procurement. Current dominant project delivery processes are primarily dependent on paper-based modes of communication. However, there is an urgent need for better integration of project teams and collaboration between all parties. It is also required to have a new way of dealing with information and moving from the document 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management 86 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| paradigm to the Project Integrated Database paradigm. Analyses of delivery process method shows the design-build, IPD and other forms of collaborative delivery methods enable better opportunities for the client to benefit from BIM adoption due to (1) all prime players are involved from the earliest practical moment, (2) the design mostly is performed in-house [5] and (3) entire project team is equally (or similarly) incentivised to achieve the same set of goals [11]. Nevertheless, there are some pitfalls associated with collaborative methods such as inability to manage the project teams, lack of competitive bids and disregarding client’s needs. Therefore, it is still needed to find alternative BIM based approaches to deliver a facility that creates a win-win situation for all stakeholders [12] and addresses all found challenges in existing methods. 4. Conclusion Traditional development process in building projects is inefficient and faced many challenges. The future of the industry lies in the use of technology and BIM is expected to build this future. The introduction of BIM into life cycle of the projects requires fundamental changes in traditional development processes. Most importantly, BIM aims to focus the bulk of workload in early design phase when cost of any change is lower and use the CE concept to modify sequential waterfall model into an integrated design model. In general, BIM is able to revolutionise traditional development process and overcome related challenges in order to have more time and cost effective processes during building life cycle. To do so, BIM primarily requires enhanced integration of project teams and collaboration between all parties. Hence, collaborative delivery methods such as IPD and DB compared to linear methods like DBB are more appropriate to optimise BIM based projects. There are however some challenges implying a need for development of new methods and clear guidelines to create a win-win situation for all stakeholders. 5. References [1] National Institute of Building and Science (NIBS). National building information modelling standard: overview, principles, and methodologies. [Online]. Available at http://www.wbdg.org/pdfs/NBIMSv1_ p1.pdf. June 24, 2014. [2] BIFM. BIM and FM: Bridging the gap for success. [Online]. Available at http://www.bifm.org.uk/ bifm/filegrab/3bim-fm-report-bridgingthegapforsuccess.pdf. May 13, 2014. [3] Teicholz, P. BIM for Facility Managers. New Jersey, 2013. [4] Dainty, A.; Moore, D.; Murray, M. Communication in Construction. Abingdon, 2006. [5] Eastman, C.; Teicholz, P.; Sacks, R.; Liston, K. BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modelling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors. New Jersey, 2008. [6] Love, P.; Edwards, D.; Han, S.; Goh, Y. Design error reduction: toward the effective utilization of building information modelling. Research in Engineering Design, 2010, 173-187. [7] Sabol, L. Challenges in Cost Estimating with Building Information Modeling. Washington DC, 2008. [8] NRC. Workshop on Advanced Technology for Building design and engineering. Washington DC, 1983. [9] Palos, S. State-of-the-art analysis of product data definitions usage in BIM. London, 2012. [10] Tulke, J.; Nour, M.; Beucke, K. A Dynamic Framework for Construction Scheduling based on BIM using IFC. 17th Congress of Creating and Renewing Urban Structures - Tall Buildings, Bridges and Infrastructure, 2008, 17-19. [11] CMAA. An Owner’s Guide to Project Delivery Methods. 2012. [Online]. Available at https://cmaanet. org/files/Owners%20Guide%20to%20Project%20Delivery%20Methods%20Final.pdf. May 19, 2014. [12] Becerik-Gerber, B.; & Rice, S. The perceived value of building information modelling in the U.S building industry. Information technology in Construction, 2010, 185-201. 3.3 Conference Proceedings Construction Management 87 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management Chia-Ying Lin and Chien-Cheng Chou Taiwan National Central University 1. Introduction As more and more buildings are constructed, it can be expected that building information model (BIM) technology will play a central role in the management of a building’s all kinds of information for its entire life cycle. Meanwhile, there is an increasing number of software applications developed for facility management (FM) of a building. Theoretically, these applications should use BIM’s functionality such as materials quantity takeoff calculations, as well as the base geometry data representing their individual buildings, in order to provide customized functionalities for their FM users. In other words, not only data but functions provided by a BIM tool in the design and construction (D&C) phases should be able to be reused by FM applications. However, the NIST report has demonstrated that inadequate interoperability does exist between software in different phases of a capital facility project [1]. For example, if a maintenance worker performs regular inspection and finds inconsistences between a real-world building element and the virtual one in a BIM tool, current FM applications cannot issue database update commands against the BIM tool, because there is no interfacing program available to carry out the commands. Additionally, for the function side, FM applications often provide limited functions regarding spatial analysis and visualization, which can be easily provided by a BIM tool. In summary, integration of BIM into FM applications is needed, especially for BIM’s functionality. Model-driven architecture (MDA) technology is a software development methodology. It relies on Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a template to describe a software application. Designers can use UML to design a software model, and MDA will transform the model into the codes that can be used to build the real application. Both BIM and MDA are not new technologies. However, no research exists to explore applying MDA to BIM. In this study, a simple FM application for calculating floor areas of a transit station was developed to validate our proposed approach, i.e., BIMAppBuilder. This application was automatically generated by using BIMAppBuilder, with a few customization codes, in order to pass the compilation process to become a real workable application. The application’s model consisted of two parts: one was from its BIM file and another was designed in the traditional UML way to fulfill requirements of the application. The Revit2UML tool (one module of BIMAppBuilder) was utilized to help the model transformation process from Revit to Umbrello (a UML drafting tool). The Parser tool (one module of BIMAppBuilder) was utilized to help complete the static code-generation aspect of the application model, while the Code Maker tool (one module of BIMAppBuilder) was for the dynamic aspect based on UML sequence diagrams designed. The Project Builder tool (one module of BIMAppBuilder) was utilized to synthesize all the codes generated and create a Visual Studio project for a Revit Add-in program. Therefore, BIMAppBuilder includes the above four tools, and a socket-based software service tool, Revit Remote Service, is being developed to further simplify the efforts of developing a BIM-related software service. It can be expected that most of the BIM-related applications can be automatically generated by using BIMAppBuilder, with a few modifications on the source codes. A distributed software service for BIM data retrieval and update can be realized by using the Revit Remote Service. Since BIM can be applied in each phase of a building’s life cycle, the proposed approach may help creation of these applications efficiently and effectively, especially for the O&M phase of a building. BIMAppBuilder: A Framework Wrapping Selected BIM Functionality for Facility Management Applications 94 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management on the facts that are presented on it. What makes this procedure so unique and effective is the standardization of data presented on it. This is because the standardization is the keystone towards data manipulation, which must be correctly set in the procedure due to the fact that nomenclature, frequency of extraction and storing destination enable the data mining tools to filter and operate the information. There are infinite standards for information organization and structure and, in the BIM area, Omniclass and COBie, while different, are two of the most used. What this method argues is that you most standardize your data but it does not matter how you do it, you can do it with any standard you like that suits your projects or you may even create one for yourself. Figure 1 – Reuse of Construction information, modified and adapted from [2] Figure 2 – BIM Model Collaboration with the Dashboard 95 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management There are many solutions for dashboards and the best way to evaluate their features is to develop a benchmarking study and score the several functionalities. The key requirements the platform must meet are: Excel import, preferably in the cloud for automatic updates; basic analysis functions; statistical analysis; and graphical and regression analysis. In addition, there are several types of dashboards. Although the most common is the webbased application, some of them are an application that remains physically on the equipment (PC, tablet and/or smartphone) and the dashboard may even be developed using Excel, but without the data interactivity animations (drill down, drop down, filtering). 3. Results and discussion The information and values that outcome from the construction data mining are real and justified, because they are obtained from real productivities, durations, consumptions and many other items from past projects. In this way, it is much easier to identify problems (e.g., the task responsible for the project delay, the subcontractor that could not follow as predicted, etc.). Another big benefit of reusing construction data is to enable the creation of more accurate schedules and budgets, as the historical information is being updated at each project (actual information) and becoming more and more precise. 4. Conclusions It is concluded that there is a substantial waste of information regarding the construction industry, which turns more evident by an accurate BIM implementation. The reuse of the information, if properly done, can lead to a greater efficiency in the management of information and resources of a project, in order to support the decision making process. The use of a dashboard enables the representation of this data, automatically updated, in an extremely visual way and also it can be shared with all the departments. However, it is important to follow a strict procedure of data reuse and to actually take advantage of the information generated, while the representation platform is just one of the means needed to achieve a higher end. One of the greatest difficulties is to ensure that the process is followed by the participants and that the standardization is performed correctly, which allows companies to take real advantage of data mining processes. In order to gain reliable values, the data must be extracted at the same time and in the same manner, in every site. Thus, the key challenge is to assure that there is discipline in the process, setting strict procedures and assuring that these are followed. 5. References [1] Rujirayanyong, T.; Shi, J. A project-oriented data warehouse for construction. Automation in Construction, 16/11/2005, 800-807. [2] Zhiliang, M. A BIM-Based Approach to Reusing Construction Firm’s Management Information. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 2012, 29-38. [3] Cunningham, S.; Holmes, G. Using Data Mining to Support the Construction and Maintenance of Expert Systems. First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference, 24/11/1993, 156-159. 96 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management Joel Soares; António Ruivo Meireles Portugal ndBIM Virtual Building 1. Introduction Historically, the owners always chosen the most cost-effective construction solutions, this because the construction was considered the biggest expense. ‘Studies conducted in several countries, for different types of buildings, show that the annual costs involved in the buildings operation and maintenance varies between 1% and 2% of its initial cost. This may seem small, but over the buildings life cycle gets to be equivalent to or above the cost of the construction’ [1]. This mentality arises from the lack of knowledge of what means the life cycle of a building. In the figure below you can see that the construction is just one of the costs involved in the building whole life cost. Recently, the awareness of owners to the real costs has increased; they also consider the costs after construction. This change of mindset leads to some necessary technological developments in order to track the progress. 1.2. Building Information Modeling (BIM) ‘Technology, coupled with owner demands for better, faster, less costly projects and processes that are more effective, is driving change in the design and construction industry’ [3]. Thus, BIM arises as a solution to an aged industry and attached to old processes. The BIM concept is a sharing information method among the various stakeholders, which is based on a digital model of the building where all this information lies. The Building Information Model is ‘a data-rich, object-oriented, intelligent and parametric digital representation of the facility, from which views and data appropriate to various user’s needs can be extracted and analyses to generate information that can be used to make decisions and improve the process of delivering the facility’ [4]. 1.3. BIM-FM Development of the technology for building management lead the facility manager role to comprise a wider range of disciplines, increasing the importance of a proper information administration. BIM methodology, being a collaborative tool allows accessibility to an updated information provided by all stakeholders. Thus, in a very succinct way, the implementation of the BIM-FM methodology is the application of facilities management through the functionalities provided by the BIM model, such as the geometric model and the database containing all necessary information of all elements [5]. 2. BIM-FM IMPLEMENTATION BIM-FM Implementation Figure 1 - Building Whole Life Cost [2] 97 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management 2.1. Construction-Operations Building information exchange (COBie) The COBie format is the international standard for the exchange of information about managed facility assets [6]. COBie’s focus is on delivering the building information that is not geometric. Its purpose is to exchange information that is gathered during construction to be further passed on to a building’s facility manager. This approach leads to a change in the way that information is gathered, representing an added value to the owner. 2.2. Model Integration Frequently it is assumed that an As-built model should have a LOD500 (geometric and non-geometric) and some authors also affirm that, for FM, it should be used an As-built model, because it must contain the final changes made during the construction and all the data. This looks correct, but an FM model does not have the same requirements as a Construction model. So it should be used an Asbuilt model, but an evolution of the model used for the Construction or Design phases. In the Construction phase, is usually used a LOD300 (geometric) for the general buildings, because currently the requirements for construction do not demand high detailed models and it is enough for quantity takeoff, clash detection, scheduling and budgeting. In some cases, when pre-fabrication is used, it’s necessary a higher LOD – LOD400/500 (geometric) – is necessary due to the level of precision and the detail that is demanded. The Operation and Maintenance phase focus mostly on handling with the non-geometric data, so it´s correct to state that, for an FM model, the components doesn’t need the same level of detail as the other phases. In fact, considering that most of all BIM-FM applications are Software as a Service (SaaS), the size of the model file is one of the most important points, when considering the LOD that should be used. It is also important to consider that the Asbuilt model is not the final model, since with FM the model is always updated with the last changes made during the OM phase, becoming an As-managed model. An As-managed model, do not have a higher LOD, since it does not have more information, it has an update for the current conditions [5]. Thus, since LOD definitions have both geometrical and non-geometrical aspects, but only the geometric requirements are specified, a new approach to LOD requirements could be adding the non-geometrical requirements as well. 3. Case Study This case study is an existing building which does not have any type of BIM model or management system. For this implementation, it was decided to use ArchiCAD as the modeling software and ArchiFM.net as the BIM-FM solution. This type of information is critical to the development of the implementation plan, which is divided into 5 phases: - Requirements Definition; - Data Gathering; - Modeling of the School Center according to the requirements definition; - Integration with BIM-FM solution; - Development of FM Database. 3.1. Requirements Definition Defining the requirements is extremely important to establish the purpose of the model, in order to gather and model only the really necessary data. Introducing unnecessary information will make the process longer, besides it will make the model heavier. Based on a list of features required some FM softwares were tested and the natural choice was to use ArchiFM.net. One of the advantages is that it does not have a 3D viewer, since it take advantage of ArchiCAD there is no problem with the size of the model. Another important thing is that in the future the owner does not have to rely on the supplier to update the model since ArchiFM.net allows him to do it by himself. For this case, the following features were considered necessary: - Contract Management - Maintenance - Stock Management - Establishment of key performance indicator (KPI’s) for Benchmarking 3.2. Data Gathering 98 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management At this stage, it was considered not only gathering the data related to the drawings of the Center, required to modeling, but also the necessary information to manage it. The building data is in digital format and represent the as-built. 3.3. Modeling of the School Center The modeling of the Center was performed according to the existing drawings. However, due to some changes made after construction, about which there is no information, a verification on field of these changes was necessary in order to represent the current state of the building, as-managed. When performing the modeling of the Center, the information gathered for the equipment was also inserted. As seen in the figure below, during the modeling, both geometric and non-geometric LOD requirements were fulfilled. Another matter that must be taken into account in concerns to the specifications required for integration with the BIMFM solution. In the figure below, you can also see a zone model, one of the requirements of the modeling. 3.4. Integration with BIM-FM solution One of the most important steps in BIM-FM implementation is the connection between the modeling software and the management solution. It is important to ensure that both solutions are mapping the same fields, in order to guarantee that all the data that is inserted in the model is synchronized with the management solution. After modeling the building and the data insertion into the right components, this was synchronized with the Archifm.net. From this point, the whole process of management is done in ArchiFM.net which is updated when necessary with the BIM model. 3.5. Development of FM Database After its synchronization, is created the remaining necessary data. While most of the components data were automatically synced with the model, all the data related to organizations, employers, contracts, maintenance plans and others had to be inserted and created in the application. The insert of data was done mostly through Excel sheets, using predefined templates to ensure that all the parameters were correctly mapped and in a few cases it was manually inserted in the browser application. Although the application has some formatted reports, it was also necessary to customize the reports to fulfill all the requirements regarding to KPI’s. 4. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a BIM-FM solution has to be carefully planned, due to the amount of possibilities that have to be taken into account. The utilization of this methodology also highlighted that the current association of the LOD with the building life phases does not match the real needs of the OM phase. Even though in the imFigure 2 – Geometric and Non-Geometric data requirements 99 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management portance of 3D building model to FM, this does not mean that the model needs to have a high level of geometric detail. A new classification is suggested, where the LOD definition also shows its data requirements detached from the geometric information. 5. References [1] NBR 5674:1999 Building Maintenance – Procedure. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT). Rio de Janeiro. [2] BS ISO 15686-5:2008 Buildings and constructed assets. Service life planning: Part 5: Life cycle costing. British Standards Institution (BSI), London, 52. [3] Jernigan, F. E. Big BIM little BIM: the practical approach to building information modeling: integrated practice clone the right way. Salisbury, Maryland: 4Site Press, 2007. [4] Azhar, S., Hein, M. and Sketo, B. Building Information Modeling (BIM): Benefits, Risks and Challenges. Available at http://ascpro.ascweb.org/chair/paper/CPGT182002008.pdf. Last visit 17 May 2013. 100 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Luís F. Mira Santos, João Pedro Couto Portugal University of Minho 1. Introduction This work results from research activities within the scope of the Master’s Thesis in Sustainable Construction and Rehabilitation proceeding in the University of Minho, as well as the professional experience developed over the years as an architect. Currently there is a growing awareness and concern about climate change resulting from increased CO2 emissions in recent decades, leading governmental institutions and the general public to demand buildings that are more sustainable and energy efficient. The demand for high levels of energy efficiency that enable a reduction of primary energy consumption and therefore lower CO2 emissions, imposed by European and national legislation, as well as the implementation of the new concept of NZEB to all buildings in Europe until 2020 [1], forces the need for AEC industry to adopt processes of interdisciplinary analysis that are more coordinated and integrated with each other, enabling shared and updated building information and knowledge through all stakeholders, from initial concept design to construction. The implementation of BIM methodologies and tools in the AEC industry, therefore, reveals itself of great importance and promotes greater efficiency in the collaborative process between different actors. According to Eastman [2], the definition of BIM consists of a modelling technology associated with processes in order to produce, communicate and analyse building models. The models are characterized by the inclusion of building components using parametric objects that contain the graphical representation and attributes that allow it to be handled intelligently, permitting several types of analysis procedures, including extraction of quantities, product specifications and energy analyses. The consistency and no data redundancy in case of modification of objects or model geometry, allows the production of coordinated, updated and reliable information on all views and reporting schedules. The BIM applications allow the optimization of a more sustainable building, through an easy analysis of the constructive elements, energy efficiency, solar radiation absorption, sustainability, resulting in getting more accurate and efficient designs, as well as reducing losses of natural resources and less impact on the construction site [3]. The initial stages of building design are the most important for making decisions regarding implementing sustainable measures. The traditional method in CAD generally prevents the possibility of sustainability analysis in the early design stages, which are typically performed when the architectural projects are almost closed. This fact results in an inefficient process due to the lack of integration into the architectural design, leading to extensive modifications afterwards to meet performance criteria. This practice also leads to buildings that might be sustainable considering their energy consumption but not in their architectural aspects with economic and sustainability optimization consequences [4]. Recent studies indicate that initial investment of building increased by 2% more on systems that support sustainable design, which result in an average savings of 20% during the life cycle of the building, proving that sustainable buildings are also economically viable [5]. For the simulations to be effected at the initial project phases it is necessary for the model to contain information data relating to the shape and location of the building, material, openings with shading devices and MEP systems specifications. This opens an opportunity for the implementation of BIM, which can incorporate sustainability measures from the early stages of design, since the virtual model is a repository of all the information inherent in the building [5]. With the introduction of BIM methodology in workflows analysis for optimizing energy efficiency, energy simulations become part of an integrated process, enabling fast analysis of multiple solutions Building energy analysis: Contribution of BIM methodology for sustainability in the energy optimization of buildings 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management 101 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| to provide accurate and reliable quantifiable results [6]. In this sense, the use of BIM tools and methodologies will contribute to sustainability through forecasting energy consumption and their respective usage costs with credibility, reliability and consistency of results, and may also benefit from accurate and complete estimates in the initial design, allowing early decision-making. It also improves analysis of the life cycle cost of a building and enable the measurement and verification of results during the occupation of the buildings, while providing the opportunity to learn processes and implemented solutions that are true validated. With this work, one expects to comprehend the benefits and barriers to the introduction of BIM methodologies and tools in process simulation and energy analysis of buildings, as well as the analysis of the interoperability problems between BIM tools and specialized software for detailed energy analysis. In the same way, it is intended to analyse workflows that provide good efficiency, which will boost its correct implementation and adoption in the AEC industry. 2. METHOD The main objective of this study is to test, improve and develop, with the use of BIM technologies, appropriated methodologies and workflows in building energy analysis through all project phases, making it become part of an integrated design building process and, therefore, an indispensable tool in the AEC industry, in order to achieve high levels of energy efficiency and sustainability. To accomplish this it will be simulated the process of all the project phases of a building, from concept design to the construction drawings, like it would happen in a real life office. The purpose is to be as accurate as possible and extend the work beyond the scientific view and into the professional environment in which it will be implemented. The building to be modelled is a small single-family residential building of the author’s authorship, which will allow a focus on the processes of energy analysis, thus not consuming too much time to model itself. This way, it can also be tested more solutions that will enable a better energy optimization of the building. It will be developed initially in LOD 100, corresponding to the concept design phase, with the use of masses. Location with climate data, solar orientation, shape, openings location and dimensions, as well as dimensions and type of shading devices will be defined. Through this phase, several initial energy analysis with the purpose of choosing the best solution for building design optimization will be performed. After this phase, the model will evolve to LOD 300, in which the characteristics and properties of all building elements as well as the necessary HVAC equipment will be defined to achieve a more complete and final energy simulation before exporting to specialized software for detailed energy analysis. Similar to the previous phase, several energy simulations with the purpose of choosing the most efficient building elements to be implemented in the final design will be performed. The final design should integrate the most efficient solutions tested along the process, towards the optimization of energy efficiency, thermal comfort and daylight efficiency. As the last and final stage, the interoperability of BIM software and specialized software for detailed energy analysis will be tested, regarding the possible problems that could exist by exporting from one to another. For modelling and initial energy analysis, it was chosen Autodesk Vasari, Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Green Building Studio, from which the model will be exported for specialized software for detailed energy analysis, such as IES, Design Builder and Energy Plus. 3. PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concerning first results obtained through initial research and modelling in LOD 100, it is noticeable the ease and efficiency introduced in the process of initial energy analysis with the use of BIM technologies. Unlike the traditional method in CAD, where all the information was manually entered in a parallel process, making it a time consuming process with duplication of proceedings and prone to misinterpretation of design specialties from specialized engineers, the BIM methodology joins all the processes in one model and allows the project designer to intervene in the process of energy building 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management 102 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management optimization right from the start. There is a significant reduction of work and time required to model the building due to the introduction of BIM technologies and its LOD system workflow, as well as a release of accurate and reliable graphical and data information to analyse, allowing a more holistic and integrated view of all the work. It is also possible, and it will be studied further ahead, to analyse all building elements efficiency individually and forecast energy consumption with its respective usage costs with credibility, reliability and consistency of results. 4. CONCLUSIONS At first conclusions, it may be highlighted that the adaption of BIM technologies is positive and the first results obtained are encouraging. It is possible to identify the ease and efficiency introduced in the process of initial energy analysis and that there is a greater understanding and self-awareness of the concept design solution impact in energy efficiency and, therefore, of the level of sustainability of buildings. As an outcome to be achieved, it will be expected that the building energy analysis will be an increasingly fast, intuitive, efficient and reliable process which will be interoperable with specialized software for detailed energy analysis, due to the large existing BIM technologies and processes. 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to my dissertation supervisor, Prof. Doutor João Pedro Couto for his full support and friendship. 6. References [1] ADENE, in Net Zero-Energy Buildings Conference, Lisboa, 2012. [2] C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks and K. Liston, BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors, 2º Edition ed., New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. [3] S. Amorim, “BIM – Building Information Modelling: Uma tecnologia para o futuro imediato da construção,” Sinduscon-Rio, pp. 13-31, 2010. [4] A. Schlueter and F. Thesseling, “Building information model based energy/exergy performance assessment in early design stages,” Automation in Construction, vol. 18, pp. 153-163, 2009. [5] S. Azhar, W. Carlton, D. Olsen and I. Ahmad, “Building information modeling for sustainable design and LEED® rating analysis,” Automation in Construction, vol. 20, pp. 217-224, 2011. [6] A. Aksamija, “BIM-Based Building Performance Analysis: Evaluation and Simulation of Design Decisions,” ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 2012. [5] Soares, J. The BIM-FM methodology applied to a practical case. MSc dissertation, School of Engineering – Polytechnic of Porto, 2013. [6] East, B., & Carrasquillo‐Mangual, M. The COBie Guide: a commentary to the NBIMS‐US COBie standard. 12/3/2013. Available at http://projects.buildingsmartalliance.org/files/?artifact_id=4994. Last visit 20 June 2014. 103 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management Dr. Peter Katranuschkov Germany TU Dresden 1. Introduction The advance of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in recent years expedited its use in a growing number of practical tasks. However, the continuously rising interest in BIM-based working and the related interoperability needs of more and more specialised AEC tools in various construction subdomains showed also that a global model for all data in a construction project is not a realistic target, and that BIM data typically have to be combined with other kinds of construction related data to be efficiently applied in practice [1]. Thus, while the current standard BIM specification IFC (ISO 16739) has been successfully extended to support various domain processes, the problem how non-BIM data or BIM-related non-AEC data from external resources can be best integrated with BIM is still relevant for many practical situations. Further¬more, the quality of the actual BIM data and the prerequisites a model should fulfil to efficiently support information interoperability in a specific domain are issues that should not be underestimated as potential sources of error or considerable time loss. This paper examines the possible use of IFC as information basis for energy performance simulation in building design. It discusses the challenges to data modelling in the domain, an approach to meet these challenges developed in the frames of the EU projects HESMOS (www.hesmos.eu) and ISES (ises.eu-project.info), as well as gathered experiences and encountered problems from preformed real practice studies. 2. MODELLING CHALLENGES In the energy domain, numerous advanced applications exist, but they mostly use legacy type data schemas with order and layout-specific markups to represent the analysis models [2]. Thus, while it is widely acknowledged that the BIM/IFC standard is capable of providing a lifecycle project information repository that can potentially serve all construction subdomains to ensure integrated and coordinated project delivery, there are various other challenges that have to be met to support efficiently actual design work and tool interoperability. Such challenges include: • Semantic level representation. Energy analysis and simulation models require explicit definition of spaces and their use, clear specification of exterior walls, proper differentiation and naming of openings etc. In an IFC model this must be represented not only on visual but also on semantic level. • Appropriate geometry specification. Various energy analysis/simulation tasks demand that spaces are completely enclosed by elements with known thermal properties, taking into account all adjacent spaces to each element. This requires explicit specification of second level space boundaries in the model, wall and slab breakdown into appropriate segments, no gaps left in space enclosures and no element overlaps. • Proper integration of external data. Various data from external non-BIM sources, such as meteorological climate/weather data, occupancy schedules etc. have to be correctly associated to BIM/IFC objects. • Construction product specifications. In early design and in some retrofitting tasks the detailed construction of composite walls and slabs is not known but it is required by analysis/simulation tools along with all respective mate-rial properties of the separate layers, needed to determine properly overall element weight, U-values, Rw-values etc. • Topology information specification. This kind of information is supported in the IFC schema but it is not mandatory and CAD tools used to create the actual BIM data typically do not provide it. However, energy analysis/simulation tools require such information. Thus, it needs to be re-created from the building geometry or defined from scratch. Using BIM for Energy Performance Simulation: Are We There Yet? 110 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| A business process model of data inputs to guide the information exchange and management of data within the product model are developed for the storing of safety protocol through the buildings lifecycle, as well as the framework for the outputs of these data for user interface. Lastly, a conceptual model is developed to demonstrate functionality of the graphical user interface. The goal of this research is to provide a product model and ontology that when combined with a GUI, can be enacted by FM staff to obtain job specific safety information prior to the start of a work activity. Accessing safety protocol information within the GUI will aid in the mitigation of risk associated with FM tasks by requiring the FM worker to answer questions regarding the upcoming work activity. This urges the worker to proactively consider the safety plan. Upon completion, the GUI provides an output of safety protocol based on the responses of the FM worker, thus eliminating the requirement to reference multiple resources. Figure 2 illustrates the basic components of the proposed framework. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extraction of safety information across facility life cycle to support the proposed framework has various challenges. Safety information is fragmented and will often come from a number of sources (i.e. project players) during the lifecycle of a project. Because of the number of sources supplying safety information, extraction of such data faces various barriers or “Handover Issues” (Cleveland-2014). These include specialized/ varying software, naming conventions, error prone, formatting and data structure, lack of expertise, and data size. Without mitigation, the barriers described as “Handover Issues,” will complicate or hinder the retrieval of the needed information. Fragmentation of applicable safety information within multiple project documents creates inconvenience in obtaining comprehensive information, reducing the likelihood of reference by FM staff. This has been shown to have a direct correlation to work related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses. 4. CONCLUSIONS This research will discuss the current need for facilitating necessary information to perform facility management operations in a safer environment. A proposed BIM framework using a product model and ontology within a graphical user interface (GUI) will be discussed. To achieve the proposed framework, challenges and barriers associated with extracting safety information from various sources across facility life cycle need to be resolved. Figure 2: Proposed Framework 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management 111 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 5. References [1] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009a). “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2008 - SOC 49-9071.” Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected occupation, All U.S., all ownerships, 2008, US Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [2] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009b). “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2008 - SOC 49-9071.” Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by selected work and case characteristics and occupation, All U.S., private industry, 2008, United States Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010a). “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2009 - SOC 49-9071.” Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected occupation, All U.S., all ownerships, 2009, US Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [4] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010b). “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2009 - SOC 49-9071.” Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by selected work and case characteristics and occupation, All U.S., private industry, 2009, United States Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [5] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011a). “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2010 - SOC 49-9071.” Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected occupation, All U.S., all ownerships, 2010, US Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [6] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011b). “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2010 - SOC 49-9071.” Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by selected work and case characteristics and occupation, All U.S., private industry, 2010, United States Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [7] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012a). “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2011 - SOC 49-9071.” Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected occupation, All U.S., all ownerships, 2011, US Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [8] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012b). “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2011 - SOC 49-9071.” Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by selected work and case characteristics and occupation, All U.S., private industry, 2011, United States Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [9] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013a). “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2012 - SOC 49-9071(Preliminary).” Fatal occupational injuries by selected worker characteristics and selected occupation, All U.S., all ownerships, 2012P, US Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [10] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013b). “Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2012 - SOC 49-9071 (Preliminary).” Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work (1) by selected work and case characteristics and occupation, All U.S., private industry, 2012P, United States Department of Labor, ed.Washington, DC. [11] Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014a). “General Maintenance and Repair Workers.” <http://www. bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/general-maintenance-and-repair-workers.htm#tab-3>. (February 24, 2014). [12] Cleveland, A. B. “Handover Everywhere.” Proc., Associated Schools of Construction 50th Annual Conference. [13] Godfrey, S. S., Rothstein, P. R., and Laughery, K. R. “Warnings: Do They Make a Difference?” Proc., Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 669-673. [14] Goedert, J., and Meadati, P. (2008). “Integrating Construction Process Documentation into Building Information Modeling.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 137(7), 509-516. [13] Lucas, J. (2012). “An Integrated BIM Framework to Support Facility Management in Healthcare Environments.” Virginia Tech, ed.Blacksburg, VA, 108-110. [14] Wogalter, M. S., Allison, S. T., and McKenna, N. A. (1989). “Effects of Cost and Social Influence on Warning Compliance.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 31(2), 133-140 3.4 Conference Proceedings Facility Management 112 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research António Frade Pina Portugal concepsysBIM 1. Introduction One of the most usual statements in the BIM process is that the main thing is the Information. But when we hear that, we should also ask what information? Where does it come from? How accurate is it? Is it updated? A great deal of information on a BIM model regards manufactured building products whose information comes from product catalogs delivered by different brands. But it is still quite common that BIM model development gets developed based on static and generic geometry representations of products (CAD based geometry) with manual insertion of information extracted from manufacturer’s catalogs. BIM managers and BIM users all over are still creating their own versions of manufactured products geometries and information, either using CAD blocks, modeled from manufacturer’s catalogs or using lookalike representation taken from someplace in the internet. Many will claim geometry is not that important, “the main thing is the attached information”. But even then, this method for information placement is static, time consuming and very prone to error. It also places building products manufacturers out of the BIM process and raising different liability problems. As far as manufactured products placement in BIM models, we believe the information should only come from manufacturers in the form of BIM product library parts, placed by the designers or the manufacturer’s themselves as project stakeholders. Us at concepsysBIM, we have worked closely with manufacturers inside and outside Portugal for the last three years now and as we see it, although every manufacturer goes to a great deal of effort, time and money to make their product information available or to be placed in construction, they still are not investing in developing their product as BIM representations. The main obstacle to this action that we come across is the absence of demand. “No one asks us to deliver such files” they say. So we have manufacturer that even today are spending money developing 3D CAD library parts, and have never heard about BIM. We believe BIM users keep just using generic library parts that come with every BIM software or modeling and inserting information themselves instead of asking manufacturers for their own enriched information, smart library parts. We can say that today most building product manufacturers are somewhat distant of the BIM process. They aren’t invited to participate, they aren’t asked for their BIM library parts, yet the web is filled with free CAD unofficial representations of their products, (sometimes very inaccurate representations even), without any information of branding, that poorly represents the product. This poses a product control product to the manufacturers that in most cases would be more than happy to freely develop, distribute and manage content in BIM formats regarding their products. But most of the time they are not asked for that. Library parts are one of the most productive ways to place information inside a BIM model. So every manufacturer has to start making their products available under the form of library parts, seen as bit of geometry and information. But library parts must follow BIM rules itself, concerning level of detail, level of development, information format and standards, etc. In the other hand one single product might present different catalog characteristics such as color, dimensions, material, physical properties, which combined may generate hundreds of catalog references. Library part management poses a real change both for manufacturers as well as for BIM managers. The solution we point out is programed parametric BIM library part development. 2. MATERIALS 2.1. Introduction First part will materials will illustrate the need for building product manufacturers to be called to participate in the BIM process. Building product manufacturers integration in the BIM process 113 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research 2.2. Parametric smart bim object library part development – Case study – telhas COBERT Based on one manufacturer product we will quickly go through the main steps of smart library part development, from product laser scanning to interactive catalog development. We will show how product information can be created through the use of smart BIM object library parts. We will show how parametric information will supply smart and updated information inside a BIM model. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Direct BIM user demand for BIM product representations (library parts) to building product manufacturers is mandatory to make product brands start developing and making their products available as BIM information. In time, and looking at the increasing responsibilities involving all stages of the BIM process, placing manufacturer certified BIM information will be the only acceptable way to insert BIM product information in BIM models. Building product manufacturers must be summoned to the BIM process. No one can understand better building conditions, limitations, product availability, product application, product information management, of building products then the manufacturers. But not every BIM “content” will do. Most content is still made in a CAD style fashion. Good BIM content must consider LOD, product characteristics, and even become productivity tools to whoever gets to place or use the product inside the BIM model. Having the best smart BIM library parts developed by the product manufacturers is important for the overall BIM implementation process, and right now BIM users play a very important role educating manufacturers, that usually respond very directly to effective demand. 4. CONCLUSIONS It is very important that BIM users ask building products manufacturers to come forward and make their products available to the BIM process. Their presence will assure the BIM process will become: Less time consuming; More accurate; Have less liability problems; The sooner this happens, the better. Figure 1 – telhas COBERT smart BIM library parts. 114 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research João Poças Martins(1), Luís Oliveira(2) Portugal (1)FEUP, (2)bimTEC Mobile devices are increasingly seen as important components in the adoption of BIM throughout the construction lifecycle. They play an especially relevant role beyond the design stage. Current mobile hardware supports 3D graphics and allows different forms of user interaction and connectivity, along with the obvious advantage of portability. Major BIM software developers have recognized the potential of mobile technology and currently provide a variety of applications that allow users to access a subset of the information that composes the original BIM model. This article presents a mobile BIM application that has been developed to support building inspection tasks. A compatible web-based reporting application and an add-in that allows the information that is gathered on-site to be accessed and edited from Autodesk Revit are also presented. Current BIM tools allow information to be exchanged using a variety of alternative data formats. Amongst these are 3D file formats such as FBX or OBJ, besides IFC files or ODBC. These alternatives can be included in a broad framework that allows bidirectional information exchange between commercial BIM software and custom-built BIM applications (including mobile and web-based solutions). Since several different data formats are to be used simultaneously, it is crucial that each individual BIM object is identified consistently throughout the framework. This requires an empirical assessment of all the software tools that will be used to ensure that all GUIDs are preserved throughout the process. A growing variety of 3D engines, including opensource alternatives, can be used to merge these different sources of information, to develop immersive 3D interfaces for BIM applications and to deploy them on different hardware platforms. A mobile application with a 3D interface (Figure 1) has been commissioned by a large Brazilian construction company and has been developed to support building inspection tasks. Although the company currently uses BIM tools to develop models during the design and the construction stages, it uses a paper-based approach to perform construction quality assessment tasks, both on-site and in the factory for its prefabricated structural elements. Each individual element is inspected at least three times, at different stages, and a standard report is issued after each inspection. This requires quality supervisors to carry the inspection forms and fill them in on-site and to insert the results into the company’s information system for further processing upon their return to the office. This approach fragments the information flow and separates an essentially BIM-based process that occurs in the office and a formal quality assessment process that does not rely on BIM, neither during the on-site inspection tasks, nor for processing and reporting results later on. The mobile application should have a simple interface for on-site use and should be able to export results in standard formats for further processing and for reporting. Since permanent Internet connectivity cannot be guaranteed on-site, results should be stored locally using an embedded database system, and synchronized with a remote database upon request. Development of mobile BIM applications for building inspection Figure 1 – Mobile 3D interface 115 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research This data synchronization procedure allows multiple users to work collaboratively on building inspection tasks and provides real time data access for reporting purposes. A common software component [1] is used to provide a BIM-based 3D interface. Another software component has been developed to generate the data-entry forms on the fly (Figure 2) with no further programming required. This was a requirement in order to allow new data forms to be developed and existing ones to be edited quickly by AEC professionals without having to access the code. An effort was made to emulate the paper-based approach as much as possible, in order to ease the transition to the new, integrated process. Although data-entry forms were designed to resemble paper forms, they were simplified. On one hand, all of the paper-based footnotes that contained simple descriptions for the inspection procedures were made available in full detail elsewhere inside the application interface. On the other hand, since all the inspection history for a given element is registered in the database and can be accessed through reporting tools, it does not need to be a part of the data-entry interface. The data-entry system is context sensitive, which allows different forms to be generated, depending on the type of object that is selected by the user in the 3D interface. Since the company uses BIM for other tasks besides building inspection, an add-in for Revit has been developed to allow information gathered onsite using the mobile devices to be merged into existing models and accessed in the office (Figure 3). A simple web-based application has been developed to make all inspection data stored in the central database available from the Internet. The web interface was also designed to emulate existing paper-based forms (Figure 4). Figure 2 – Data-entry form. Figure 3 – Interaction with Revit model Figure 4 – Companion web based application emulates existing paper-based forms 116 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research The software tools described in this article were developed to suit the specific requirements of the construction company that commissioned them. They provide a 3D interface, built from existing BIM models, to access individual construction elements. Information inserted by the user about these elements is stored and shared using standard database solutions. This information can also be accessed through a web application or commercial BIM tools. On-site testing is expected to begin in the following months. 5. References [1] J. P. Poças Martins, “Development of 3D Interfaces for Mobile BIM Applications (Extended Abstract),” presented at the 1st BIM International Conference, Porto, Portugal, 2013. 117 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research Maria A. Georgieva United Kingdom BIM Angels 1. Introdução According to the latest statistical findings [1] (p.12)*, the speed and level of BIM implementation in the UK is gaining momentum. But how does it look from behind the scenes – and where lay the uncharted challenges? As a network of BIM proficient professionals we witness repeated models of self-defeating behaviour among the companies. We could sum up the issues within the following broad categories: 1.1. Areas for improvement: Internal communication; hierarchy; decision-making processes; interdisciplinary exchange; timing 1.2. Tendencies to counter: Client driven change (vs. management led benefit strategy); psychology of resistance in the larger team (vs. trust in the knowledgeable approach of the leaders) A well-functioning internal system in a company means quicker adoption and higher immediate profits. Hence restructuring the roles and communication network are the fundamental steps to begin with, much more important than the software purchase or the number of seats. By and large the managers are still inclined to think of ‘the BIM adoption’ as a necessary evil, which could be sourced from outside the company by hiring experts, rather than understand it as an internal process, requiring their total involvement. Of course some of the challenges we encounter are specific to the particular market – in the UK historically there is a split of expertise – the decision makers have long left the production hall, the designers are not involved with detailing and the technically apt get stuck into the nuts and bolts of it, while the ‘bigger picture’ of the programme, cost and deliverables remains exclusively reserved for the project managers. The latter are constantly busy and not very keen on relearning their trade. In general they are the best candidates for the role of the BIM strategy leaders in an office, but they seem to shy away, already carrying large amounts of coordination responsibilities. As the following graph demonstrates (Fig. 1) – once a functioning BIM system is in place, the workhours balance on a project changes substantially: Bridging the Gap – Executive Training Methods Figure 1 – Shifting demand for Design Skills on a Typical Project [2](p.259, table 5-5). 118 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research The biggest workload then falls upon the Project Architect and Project Manager respectively – meaning that these two should be the first to learn how to play the new instruments to continue the music. The graph also explains why we get so little attention from the Principals / Directors – their involvement hardly changes – perhaps they assume it is the case for everyone. The essence is that the new strategy will require already experienced people, with upgraded set of tools, rather than juniors and trainees, despite their mastery of software [3] (p.130&218). People in the highest positions should be fully aware of the connotations. 2. Materials and Methods: Having identified the problem and the target group we had to think how to bridge the education gap. The solution we came up with is the in-house ‘Executive training’, aiming to give the managers a basic set of skills to go about the model and extract/ check information live. All orchestra conductors play at least one instrument well. 2.1. The training plan: From experience we selected the following skills as the most urgent to adopt: 1. Understand the ‘live broadcast’ nature of the model and the necessary organization, accuracy and discipline of the work process to achieve the desired graphical outputs. Learn to observe, check and explore the 3D model in real time and not only its 2D projections. Way finding – where to look for what. Perform essential ‘clash crosscheck’. Anecdotal evidence – a whole model drawn as graphical representations in each and every 2D view without any real ‘model elements’; lift shafts used as risers by the consultant; columns in the middle of the windows; 2. Learn to control the visibility of elements and all the various ways to hide/ show objects. Understand the levels of detail and the restrictions of the software to achieve the set of deliverables in the most fluent way. Anecdotal evidence – 38 sections through the same spot (every time a new one); the mystery of the disappearing revision cloud (on a switched off revision set); modelling of the structural reinforcing by an architectural technician in the concept stage of a project; 3. Learn how to create, edit, sort and filter schedules/ data spreadsheets to monitor the actually present information in the model. Discriminate between the various annotative options – which preserve cross-referencing, and which not. Learn how to use the power of shared parameters to tag and schedule custom items. Anecdotal evidence – trying to create a room schedule without creating first the rooms; drawing a coloured scheme plan with regions; placing ‘flying’ elements away from the model; ‘tagging’ doors with text and expecting it to update Curriculums 1.+2.+3.+ research on historical performance of similar projects= (give) sufficient confidence to select that particular model structure, which best fits the mapped project route, and allows delivery at the required speed and consistency level – avoiding the foreseeable bottlenecks from the onset. Anecdotal evidence – 8 linked models with sheets to publish in each of them and no view templates nor ‘link by view’ setup vs. ‘documenting model’ with over 700 sheets and 15 people working in it simultaneously before the deadline; 2.1. The outcomes: When the leading designers in a company have learned how to use and manage the tools, they were able to achieve substantial modelling expertise within a relatively short period and could outperform any trainee or technician, using the model to develop the design on the spot – without the lengthy discussions and sifting of information through various levels of hierarchy, characteristic for the more traditional route. The speed and quality of vital project decisions rose substantially and the team efficiency improved by a third, as the ‘head’ knew where to lead them. A trained Project Manager was able to deliver a package alongside his team, improving their speed by a good 10%. 119 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research 3. CONCLUSION To achieve sustainable system and consistent results we need the whole team on board with the leaders taking the first steps. They still have some psychological obstacles when it comes to new techniques or concepts, as their leadership seems questioned, but overcoming the traditional mindset proves highly beneficial. People are always more inclined to look for advice among their peers and colleagues [1](p.14) – hence the educative sessions should take place in-house, ideally in informal atmosphere. The training should provide essential skills and respond to project-particular issues. Those in charge should be able to take informed decisions and participate in the programme delivery in real terms throughout the process. Keeping the system integrity in check, the team should actively search for improved methods to deliver [3](p.214). A flattened team structure with regular round tables improves substantially the level of involvement and responsibility of the team members. Speaking the same language and sharing fairly the agenda of deliverables avoids the unnecessary operations and increases the mutual trust. Feeling a stronger link with the process, people are more inclined to give opinions, report a problem or suggest a solution, which greatly lightens the managers’ task. Cooperation begins with willingness to work together and to the same end – enhanced efficiency can only help. 4. References [1] NBS National BIM Report 2014. Available at (www.thenbs.com). Accessed 06/2014. [2] P. Teicholz, C. Eastman, K. Liston, R. Sacks. BIM Handbook. Chichester, John Wiley & sons, 2011. [3] F.Jernigan. BIG BIM, little bim. Salisbury, 4SitePress, 2007. 126 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| Nick Allen UK Metz Architects 1. Introdução Unlike in the UK, in many countries in the EU (and beyond) BIM uptake has been relatively slow as clients and consultants fail to grasp the benefits of the process or think that BIM is too complex and expensive for them to adopt and deliver real improvements in their own working processes and deliverables. Nothing could be further from the truth with readily available tools like Sketchup, bringing affordable BIM straight to architects using simple new workflows with software they already know how to use, and with it, the ability to collaborate with clients, cost estimators and other members of the design team right from the very start of a project. In many countries the architect is also required to provide cost information as well as design information right from the inception of a project. New, simple BIM processes offer the opportunity to do this at greater accuracy, automatically and at significantly reduced timescales. 2. MATERIALS & METHODS Analysis of existing software tools (mostly American) have indicated that there is a gap in the market for affordable, easy to use software tools that capture clients requirements digitally, automatically generate, and then allow the user to manipulate 3D spaces into a concept design and apply cost information to the developing design from first principals. In the current concept design workflow there is no digital process for interrogating cost directly within the modelling environment, leading to costly redesign when project budgets are exceeded. Additionally, there is a disconnect between essential design workflows (thermal modelling for example) when these processes are undertaken too late in the design process which leads to significant amounts of redesign which is costly and time consuming. The existing ‘front end’ tools we investigated had significant deficiencies. Either the modelling interface was poor, the tools themselves were too complicated (too expansive and complex to learn), too expensive or a combination of the three. We also found that many designers did not like using Revit for concept design work preferring to use Sketchup (Revit being a predominantly technologists tool). As architects (and Revit & Sketchup users) we need to simplify our workflows to allow the front end designers to capture and manipulate clients requirements and develop concept models in their tool of choice (Sketchup), collaborate at the same time with cost estimators, and for this information to be transferable to Revit (or Archicad, or any IFC certified development tool) for detailed design development once concept work was complete. As no suitable software tool existed, we set about the task of building one which came to be known as Quarter 1 (as in a concept development tool for the first quarter of a project). 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Since one of the principal issues with the existing available front end tools is the lack of a suitable drafting interface we decided to start with the concept architects tool of choice which is Sketchup. So that part of the problem was easily solved. Sketchup has an open API and a manageable scripting language in Ruby script so it is ‘simply’ a matter of coding the functionality we required into sketchup. Sketchup, whilst quite a simple drafting tool, is not quite the ‘dumb’ tool people take it for. It has functionality in so far as one object (a cube for example) ‘observes’ its relationship to another object. So, a suitably experienced scripter, armed with the necessary algorithms, can give some quite complex features and functionality to Sketchup. Sketchup is not without fault and the current IFC exporter is woefully inadequate. So, in order to gain export functionality in IFC so that data and geometry can be successfully exported and then imported into other BIM authoring tools, we needed to Getting Started in BIM | The development of a concept design and cost plugin for architects, cost estimators & clients. 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research 127 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| write a new IFC exporter for Sketchup. The result of the process is a plug in for Sketchup (Quarter 1) built of some 20,000 lines of code which gives us the following functionality. 1 Gathering Clients Information and Developing a Spatial BIM We can automatically gather, manipulate and schedule spatial requirements for projects from a spreadsheet or ‘on the fly’. A spatial BIM. 2 Apply Cost Information to a Spatial BIM Early project cost build-ups can be achieved based upon the simplest of spatial information. 3 Use the Spatial BIM for Energy Performance Based Design A spatial BIM can be used to inform the earliest architectural design decisions on such matters as building orientation, facade glazing (solid and void), solar shading, daylight analysis and comparisons between building energy in use by passive and active building fabric and services options. Rationalising the design process to bring forward this principle to the concept design stage saves vast amounts of time, resources and money. 4 Use the Spatial BIM for Data Collation How you can use a spatial BIM to gather data for later use. For example (in the UK) populating the BIM with COBie 1 data and later exporting as a COBie spreadsheet. 5 Develop the Spatial BIM into a Concept Design How to develop spaces into a concept architectural design and how these can be reviewed (for massing studies for example) in Google Earth and how building elements can be simply classified for later functionality and export. 6 Refining Cost Estimates Use classification of the concept model, which linked to cost data (e.g. BCIS in the UK) can be used and manipulated to form simple Elemental Cost Plans. 7 Export Information for Detailed Design in other BIM tools Utilise the ‘One Key’ principal to move information and data on from concept design to detailed design development in the more complex mainstream BIM tools using IFC. 4. CONCLUSIONS 4.1 Conference Topic Area • BIM Technology and Interoperability • Architecture and Engineering 4.2 Learning Objectives • Gathering and manipulating clients requirements and developing the Building Brief / Programme digitally • Managing project cost from inception of the design • Refining design processes and saving time • Develop design concepts with reusable geometry and data via IFC 4.3 Target Audience • Architects • Quantity Surveyors • Owners / Public & Private The development of Quarter1 has allowed Metz to streamline its workflows, give clients better and earlier control of their spatial requirements and bring project cost into the early stages of the design process. 3.5 Conference Proceedings OpenBIM & Research 128 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 4. Social Events 129 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| 4. Social Events 130 2nd BIM International Conference Lisbon |2014| BIC 2014, LISBON, PORTUGAL