Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal

Yuzhu Li Mestrado em Ciências do Consumo e Nutrição Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto 2015 Orientador Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida, Professora Catedrática, FCNAUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 1 Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal Yuzhu Li Advisor: Professora Doutora Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto Porto, July 2015 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 2 Acknowledgements I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the Master course of Ciências do Consumo e Nutrição (Consumer science and Nutrition). First and foremost, I greatly appreciate to my advisor Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida for her aspiring guidance, friendly advice, invaluably constructive criticism and sustained motivation throughout my master project. It is my pleasure to study under her supervision. She is very helpful to give me truthful and illuminating views and suggestions whenever I have a problem on my study and no matter how busy she is. I am extremely grateful for an excellent example she provided as an industrious and successful professor. I also would like to express my warm thanks to Dr. Rui Poínhos for his guidance and suggestion regarding the data statistics and analysis of my thesis. I wish to thank professors from FCUP and FCNAUP, Prof. Dr. Luís Miguel Cunha, Prof. Dr. Pedro Moreira, Prof. Dr. Jorge Queiroz, Prof.ª Dr. Ada Rocha, Prof.ª Dr. Sara Rodrigues, Prof. Dr. Mário Cunha, etc., for all the acknowledge and experience you provided me and your commitment to scientific research give more enthusiasm and energy to my study. Additionally, I would like to thank all the Chinese immigrant interviewees of my thesis. Your comprehension and cooperation are essential to this study. I would like show my appreciation to all my classmates. Thank you for helping me integrated into the unfamiliar Portuguese society no matter in my study or in my life. In addition, I wish to express my sincere thanks to my friends, Haixia, Zhangke, Wenchao, Yin Li, Li Xin, Nisong, Bizhu, Jianjian, etc. I am deeply grateful for yours companionship in these two years. I extremely enjoy our party, travel and conversation about study and life. Especially, I would like to thank my Portuguese-learning partner, Rui and Sandra, whose help are really useful. Most importantly, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my family for all they have done for me during my life: my parents, Liyao and Limei, my grandparents, Wenjun and Songduan, who have always supported my decisions and provided me suggestions when I have hesitation. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 3 The completion of my Master study could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of so many people whose names may not all be mentioned. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. Yuzhu Li Porto, July 2015. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 4 Abstract Background Emigration is defined as the behavior of leaving one's homeland or country with the intention to work either settling down permanently or temporarily in another country [1]. The Chinese emigration history experiences a development of thousand years. Nowadays, the globalization and global consciousness have contributed to a high level of migration influenced by economic and political factors. Accordingly, the number of Chinese people moving out from China to other countries experienced a substantial growth and Chinese immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing populations overseas [2]. Under this circumstance, Chinese immigrants face many challenges and need to adapt the new environment and to a different culture. Besides, the diet pattern influences directly the health status of immigrants. Portugal is a country in southern Europe, whose diet pattern is considered to be Mediterranean, therefore a healthful and nutritional diet. In addition, Portugal is a gastronomy-loving nation, and enjoying delicious food is an essential part of the people’s daily life. The Chinese notion “food is the paramount necessity of the people” happens to coincide with the Portuguese one. To our best knowledge the food habits of Chinese immigrants in Portugal have never been investigated and therefore constitute my research topic. Results Food habits change has been assessed by the means of a frequency of consumption questionnaire. For several Portuguese typical dishes, the consumption frequency has a linear relationship with five main parameters: age, length of residence in Portugal, education level, length of residence of their spouse in Portugal and degree of selfreported integration in Portuguese society. For Chinese typical dishes, the consumption of soup, starters (Wined chicken and Jellyfish salad), all the traditional Chinese main dishes, staple food (excluding steamed rice), however, were differently consumed before and after migration. Moreover, an increased frequency of consumption is observed for bread, boiled potato, fried chips, yoghurt, milk, meat (white and red), olive oil, lemon, cherry, orange, milk and chocolate desserts, wine, natural juice and coffee. Based on the results of daily food intake, sleeping time of Chinese immigrants after immigration has reduced sharply and as a consequence meal time is postponed around one hour and an increase in the average number of daily meals from 3.2 in China to 3.7 in FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 5 Portugal. Around 40% of the Chinese immigrants have Portuguese style lunch and prefer to eat snacks during coffee break. Key words: Chinese immigrants, Portugal, food intake, food habits, integration, satisfaction Resumo Entende-se por emigração o comportamento de deixar a terra natal ou o país com a intenção de trabalhar, quer de forma permanente ou temporária em outro país. A história da emigração chinesa regista um desenvolvimento de milénios. Hoje em dia, a globalização e a consciência global têm contribuído para um nível elevado de migração influenciada por fatores económicos e políticos. Consequentemente, o número de chineses que se deslocam para outros países cresceu substancialment e a população chinesa imigrante tornou-se uma das populações que mais crescem no estrangeiro. Nessa circunstância, os imigrantes chineses enfrentam muitos desafios e precisam de se adaptar ao novo ambiente e a culturas diferentes. Além disso, o padrão alimentar influencia diretamente o estado de saúde dos imigrantes. Portugal é um país do sul da Europa, cuja dieta é considerada Mediterrânica, e portanto saudável e nutritiva. Além disso, Portugal é uma nação amante da gastronomia, e desfrutar de comida e deliciosa é uma parte essencial da vida diária das pessoas. A noção chinesa "comida é a necessidade primordial do povo" coincide com a Portuguesa. Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, os hábitos alimentares dos imigrantes chineses em Portugal nunca foram investigados e, portanto, constituem o meu tema de investigação. Resultados A mudança de hábitos alimentares foi avaliada por meio de um questionário de frequência de consumo. No caso de vários pratos típicos portugueses, a frequência de consumo tem uma relação linear com cinco parâmetros principais: idade, tempo de residência em Portugal, escolaridade, tempo de residência do cônjuge em Portugal e grau de integração na sociedade Portuguesa. No caso de pratos típicos chineses, o consumo de sopa, entradas (frango com vinho e salada de medusa), todos os pratos principais tradicionais chineses, alimentos básicos (excluindo arroz cozido em vapor), no entanto, são consumidos com uma frequência significativa diferente nos pedidos antes da imigração e depois da emigração. Por outro lado, observa-se aumento do consumo FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 6 de pão, batata cozida, batatas fritas, iogurte, leite, carnes (brancas e vermelhas), azeite, limão, cereja, laranja, leite e chocolate de sobremesa, vinho, sumo natural e café. Baseado nos resultados da ingestão diária de alimentos, verifica-se uma redução das horas de sono depois da imigração e a hora das refeições é adiado cerca de uma hora. O número médio de refeições diárias aumenta ligeiramente, passando de 3,2 na China para 3,7 em Portugal. Cerca de 40% dos imigrantes chineses almoça tipo Português e prefere comer lanches. Palavras-chave: imigrantes chineses, Portugal, ingestão de alimentos, hábitos alimentares, integração, satisfação FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 7 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 2 Abstract Background ................................................................................................................. 4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 4 List of Figures .................................................................................................................. 9 List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 12 History of emigration .................................................................................................. 14 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 18 Research methodology ................................................................................................. 18 Sample collection procedure ...................................................................................... 18 Methods of data collection ......................................................................................... 19 Data analysis ............................................................................................................. 20 Results Personal characteristics and food habits .................................................................... 21 Analysis of Portuguese typical dishes consumption ................................................... 49 Analysis of Chinese typical dishes consumption ........................................................ 50 Analysis of specific food consumption ........................................................................ 55 Daily food intake ........................................................................................................ 61 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 63 Typical Chinese dishes .............................................................................................. 63 Grain products ........................................................................................................... 65 Dairy products ........................................................................................................... 65 Egg, meat and fish group ........................................................................................... 65 Oils and fats ............................................................................................................... 66 Vegetables................................................................................................................. 66 Fruits ......................................................................................................................... 67 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 14 History of emigration Brief history of Chinese emigration China has a long history (more than a thousand years) of oversea emigration. The reasons behind this can be summarized in two groups [13]: non-economic ones and economic ones. The most influential non-economic reasons are deterioration of living environment and political persecutions caused by war or change of dynasties. Southeast Asia is the major destination for this kind of Chinese migrants. The economic reasons include the willingness of improving living conditions, aspiration for higher business interest, etc. Those migrants consist of merchants, freelancers, laborers and farmers. Most of the first two kinds were voluntary emigration, while a large number of laborers and famers were forced to leave China. Recent data shows that between 1990 and 2013 the numbers of Chinese emigrants increased from 408.6 ten thousand to 934.25 ten thousand (Figure 1). Fig. 1 - Statistics of the overseas Chinese population (1990-2013) (Unit: Ten thousand) The history of Chinese immigration in Europe The history of Chinese immigration in Europe experienced several stages. The first stage occurred during the period of First Opium War (1839-1841). The Qing government was compelled to open its domestic market to western countries. A lot of cheap labors chose northern Europe as their destinations of settlement, such as Germany, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The second stage is during the First World War, during which plenty of cheap Chinese labors were employed for war relate business. The next stage appeared after the Second World War, thousands of Chinese migrants, 408.6 549.39 876.36 934.25 0200 400 600 800 1000 1990 2000 2010 2013 Population (Ten thousand) FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 15 especially from Hong Kong, migrated to the United Kingdom and its neighboring countries. A majority of them dedicated themselves in catering business, such as Chinese restaurants and Chinese fast-food stores. In 1949, People’s Republic of China established, a declining number of Chinese migrants was observed due to the harsh terms of travelling abroad. In the late 1980’s, appreciating the economic reform and “open door” policies, a new generation of Chinese migrants came to Europe. These immigrants demonstrated a variety of skills and had a better educational background [14]. Most of them were international exchange students, foreign labor exporters, familybased immigrants, etc. During this period, the new migrants accounted for about one fifth of total Chinese overseas (10 million). A huge number of Chinese migrants are living in Europe with the purpose of improving their economic status. This brings a different but meaningful cultural influence to the host (or adopted) countries in various aspects, such as beliefs, values, customs, goods, language and established recognizable communities [15]. Their major business sectors include catering, import-export business, wholesale, and retail business. Between 1980 and 2007, a dramatic increase of the number of overseas Chinese population in EU was observed from 0.622 million in 1980 to 1.454 million in 2000, and finally to 2.15 million in 2007 [16]. Several important factors regarding the sustainable increase of Chinese immigrants in EU are worth noticing: the vigorous growth of international trade between China and Europe; the increase of oversea purchasing power of Chinese population; family reunion; the relaxed restriction of European’s immigration policy and the stronger intention to pursue higher education. The history of Chinese immigration in Portugal In recent decades, several new destinations for Chinese migrants arose, most of which are southern European countries, for instance, Portugal. During 1990’s, the process of economic liberalization (as a consequence of Portuguese entrance to the European Union in 1986) render the development of several domestic strategies aimed at increasing the flexibility of the labor market. This led to a new upsurge in Chinese immigrant labor recruitment [17]. Additionally, China and Portugal have a long relationship in history (more than 400 years) since Portuguese began to reside in Macao. It is clear that Macao plays a crucial role in the immigration between China and Portugal; however, the influence of Macau is vanishing in recent years. Instead, the impact of FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 16 economy and education become more and more important. Almost all the private Chinese entrepreneurs in Portugal are entirely dependent on family members and coethnic members, no matter in Chinese restaurant or Chinese clothes store. The main reasons to this phenomenon are the insufficient fluency in Portuguese and lack of trust in foreign workers. The recruitment of family members, friends, relatives and other coethnic members directly lead to the constant increase of Chinese immigrants. In addition, in recent four years, total Chinese investment accounted for 45% of the total foreign investment in Portugal. In 2011, China’s Three Gorges Corporation acquired 21% shares of Portuguese Energias de Portugal, the country’s dominant power utility; China’s State Grid acquired 25% shares of Ren, the National Grid operator, and co-founded an Energy Research Center; the shares acquisition of Caixa Seguros (a Portuguese insurance group) by Fosun International in 2014, etc. [18]. The entrepreneurial cooperation between China and Portugal not only increase the job opportunities for Portuguese people, but also for Chinese people. With respect to the education sector, there exist educational cooperation between Universities in China and Universities in Portugal. For instance, the department of Portuguese of University of Macau continuously offers exchange programs with Universities in Portugal, including the University of Lisbon, the University of Porto, University of Coimbra, University of Minho, the University of Aveiro and the University of Beira Interior. All students during their third year of BA studies are strongly encouraged to spend at least one semester studying in these Universities, some students even choose to study abroad for two semesters [19]. In addition to the programs between Universities, Portuguese government may spend 1.4 billion euro a year on educational services to foreign students by 2020, estimated by consultants at McKinsey [20]. These educational development and cooperation may encourage Chinese students to immigrate to Portugal. According to the statistics of immigration in Portugal, there is an increasing number of overseas Chinese migrants both to Porto and Lisbon as illustrated in Figure 2, while the overall immigration in Portugal is decreasing (as shown in Figure 3). The total amount of overseas Chinese migrants in Portugal implies a steady upward trend, from 13331 in 2008 to 18637 in 2013, which constitute a 39.8% increase in 5 years. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 17 Fig. 2 - Statistics of overseas Chinese in Portugal, in Porto and in Lisbon Source: Data was obtained from the statistics of Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Immigration and Borders Service) of Portugal (http://sefstat.sef.pt/home.aspx) Fig. 3 - Statistics of immigrant populations in Portugal (Porto, Lisbon) (2008-2013) (Unit: Ten thousand) Source: Data was obtained from the statistics of Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Immigration and Borders Service) of Portugal (http://sefstat.sef.pt/home.aspx) 13.331 14.396 15.699 16.785 17.447 18.637 1.761 1.965 2.001 2.010 2.006 2.193 5.038 5.357 5.788 6.341 6.655 7.336 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Population(x1000) Year Overesas Chinese in Portugal Overseas Chinese in Porto Overseas Chinese in Lisbon 44.028 45.419 44.526 43.682 41.704 40.132 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 x 10000 Immigrant populations in Portugal FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 18 The Chinese community in Portugal has never been studied in what their adaptation to Portuguese society namely their dietary habits are concerned. The need to understand how settling down in Portugal has affected their food habits, health and well beings drove us to conduct this investigation. Objectives  To appraise the eating habits and food preference of Chinese immigrants living in Porto and Lisbon.  To identify the differences of eating habit of this population after they have immigrated to Portugal.  To identify the relationship between the consumption of Portuguese typical dishes and different demographic characteristics.  To find and analyze the reasons that influenced the changes of consumption in Chinese typical dishes and specific food items by Chinese immigrants. Research methodology Sample collection procedure The participants were recruited by a number of channels from Chinese immigrants living in Porto and Lisbon. The participants of this study were limited to Chinese immigrants over 15 years of age, living in Porto or Lisbon for at least one year. At the beginning, I interviewed the shopkeepers of the Chinese restaurants and retail stores around the city center, and some of them were willing to participate in the investigation, but 8 immigrants (17.8%) refused to cooperate due to the lack of interest in answering the questionnaire or being too busy to complete it. The number of Chinese immigrants investigated in the city center was small. Therefore, in a second step, I contacted some of my Chinese friends who have lived in Portugal for several years. I asked them to distribute the questionnaire to other Chinese immigrants, because they have a large social network in Portugal. Such sampling method is called a “snowball” procedure. This kind of approach is usually used if the sample is difficult to find to reach [21]. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 19 In the third step, I made a survey in the Chinese communities. Before the beginning of the formal survey, I visited the Chinese immigrants in these communities in order to understand the size of the communities, the distribution and general characteristics of the immigrants. From this basic information, I then interviewed each of the sellers in the numerical order of their address. Most of the sellers are engaged in clothing or commodity wholesale, some of them are too busy on their business to make the interview face to face, I therefore left the questionnaires in their stores, and retrieved them afterwards. The Chinese community in Lisbon was investigated following the same approach. Finally, 110 Chinese immigrants (58 males and 52 females) accepted to participate as participants and their responses were collected. These participants were divided into three groups according to their age, 16-25 (42 respondents), 26-39 (35 respondents), and 40-74 (33 respondents). Length of residence in Portugal was also evaluated in three levels: less than 5 years, between 5 and 10 years, and more than 10 years. Methods of data collection The data was collected by the means of a questionnaire specially designed for the research objectives. It is organized in 3 major sections. The general information, such as socio-demographic characteristics, cooking and food consumption, and health status, was collected in the first section. In this section, a large number of questions are open-ended ones while some are single-choice ones. The second section is a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). This part is designed to assess habitual diet and used to measure the change of eating habits by means of inquiring the consumption frequency of specific food items, traditional Chinese and Portuguese food before and after migration. FFQ consists of 83 food items (categorized into 9 groups), 19 Portuguese traditional dishes and 41 Chinese traditional dishes. Portuguese dishes were selected by examining menus in Portuguese restaurants and canteens, and the selected dishes were confirmed by native Portuguese in order to verify if they are typical and popular among Portuguese. One basic characteristic of the Chinese immigrant population is that most of them came from the south part of China and due to the fact that the Chinese traditional ingredients and cooking styles varies FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 20 among different regions, 41 typical southern China dishes were selected. The frequency of consumption is categorized into five groups: once or more than once per day, 3-6 times per week, 1-2 times per week, 1-3 times per month and never or less than once per month. The participants were required to choose exactly one of these five options for each food/ dish. The third section of the questionnaire consists of a 24-hour recall to assess the food intake in Portugal followed by the food intake of a typical day in China. Meal times and composition were registered in both cases. The questionnaire was presented both in paper and electronic version. Since some young respondents were too busy to be interviewed face to face and they preferred to fill in the questionnaire online, I sent them the link to the questionnaire in Google Forms. The respondents, who were available to be interviewed, were interviewed face to face in their store under undisturbed circumstances. The original version of the questionnaire was written in mandarin and translated to English (see in appendix). Translation was verified by a trained teacher proficient in both languages. Data analysis The data collected was transferred to SPSS to conduct statistical analysis. The variable parameters are determined according to their statistical characteristics. The first part of questionnaire is analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient with a confidence level of 95% or 99%. Cross analysis between different personal basic information was performed and the results are presented as percentage. For each of the food/ dish items of FFQ, the value scaled from 1 to 5, indicating that consumption frequency varies between at least once per day and never or less than once per month. In order to compare and analyze the changes in food consumption, the values of consumption frequency in Portugal were subtracted by the values in China. A positive result means that the frequency of consumption has increased, and a negative result indicates a decreasing tendency; otherwise, the frequency is unchanged. Wilcoxon's Sign Rank Test with a confidence level of 95% was used to identify whether there are significant differences between food consumption frequency in Portugal and in China. . FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 21 To identify the relationship between the consumption frequency of typical Portuguese dishes and several characteristics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient with a confidence level of 95% or 99% were also used. Results Personal characteristics and food habits Tab. 1 - Personal data of respondents Results of personal data of respondents are explained in Table 1. The demographic characteristics of respondents are described in the following. Place of residence: 18 respondents reside in Lisbon and 92 respondents reside in Porto. Age: All participants are between 16 - 74 years old, with an average of 32.83 years old. Place of birth: Just one respondent was born in Italy and all the others were born in China. Among the participants born in China, 53.6% of them come from Zhejiang Province, in the south part of China, and more than half of these respondents are living in Lisbon. The other 51 respondents (46.4% of total) come from Shandong Province (12.7%), Fujian Province (5.5%), Shanghai (5.5%), etc. No. Percentage (%) No. Percentage (%) No. Participants 110 100 Civil status Sex Single 61 55.5 Male 58 52.7 Married 48 43.6 Female 52 47.3 Divorced or separated 1 0.9 Age (32.83*) Education (years)/Age group 13.67* 16-25 42 38.2 Age 16-25 12.83* 26-39 35 31.8 Age 26-39 15.60* 40-74 33 30 Age 40-74 12.70* Place of birth Length of residence (years) Zhejiang Province 59 53.6 [0,5[ 38 34.5 Shandong Province 14 12.7 [5,10] 40 36.4 Fujian Province 6 5.5 >10 32 29.1 Shanghai 6 5.5 Average years Other regions 25 22.7 7.7 (Std. 5.9) *Mean Demographic characteristics FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 22 Civil status: 55.5% of the respondents are single, 43.6% are married, and only one respondent is classified as divorced or separated. More than half of respondents in Porto are single, while the situation in Lisbon is the opposite. Experience of change of residence: After examining the birthplace and the place where they lived before they came to Portugal, we observe that 26 (23.6%) respondents left their birthplace, 13 of them had already been living abroad before they immigrated to Portugal, and the participant born in Italy and had been living there. Length of residence in Portugal: 65.5% of total participants have resided in Portugal for at least 5 years. Among this population, the longest duration is 35 years. There is no obvious difference on average value of length of residence in Portugal between the populations in Porto and Lisbon, but the maximum interval in Porto was larger than in Lisbon by 17 years. Educational level: On average, respondents studied for 13.67 years. In China, primary schools lasts six years, junior high schools three and high school, three years. A bachelor's degree normally takes 4 years (some majors should be completed in 5 years, like Medical Specialty), a master program takes 3 years and a doctor degree needs more or less 3 years. Comparing the educational level between these three age groups, the young group and the old group have an average of 12.87 and 12.70 years of education, respectively. The respondents in middle group have a higher level of education compared with the respondents in other two groups, and the mean value is 15.6 years. Respondents from Porto have a higher level of education than those in Lisbon. 52.2% of the participants from Porto possess at least a bachelor’s degree, while in Lisbon, this rate is only 5.6%, but the percentage of high school degree reached 83.3% compared with 18.2% in Porto. Change of occupation: After migration, 57 respondents (51.8%) changed their jobs, 20 of them were students in China but started to work after they have immigrated to Portugal. In Portugal, a majority (40.0%) of the respondents is engaged in wholesale industry, but the number in China was 18.1%. In the young age group, 88.1% of respondents were students in China and this value reduced to 57.1% in Portugal, and most of others work as shop assistants. Half of the participants in middle age group started their own business after they immigrated to Portugal. 38.9% of the entire group of participants from Lisbon is engaged in commerce, and the proportion of shop assistant FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 23 and student is the same 16.7%. However there are more students in Porto (29.3%) among other occupations, followed by shop assistant (14.1%) and business man (12%). 50.6% of respondents from Porto were student when they were in China, while the number for participants from Lisbon is 33.3%. Purpose of immigration: Half of respondents in Lisbon immigrated to Portugal in order to increase their income, while only 18.5% of respondents in Porto have the same purpose. The most popular motivations of respondents living in Porto are to broaden their horizons, learn new skills, reunite family and studies overseas. Table 2 illustrates the interrelationships between the characteristics of Chinese immigrants. Next, there will be a detailed explanation of each pair of relationship. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 30 However, from the overall perspective, 35.5% of immigrants could only understand and speak simple Portuguese words, and 40% of them could communicate with Portuguese on the basic level. “Portuguese language skill” & “Sex”: Sex has an important impact in Portuguese language skills. We observed that females are more proficient than males on learning Portuguese. As shown in Figure 8, 71.15% of female respondents could use Portuguese language at least in daily communications and the percentage for males declines to 44.82%. Fig. 8 - Relationship between "Portuguese language skills" and "Sex" “Portuguese language skill” & “Age”: Figure 9 illustrates a negative relation between language skills and age. The participants who can use Portuguese at least in daily communication accounted for 66.67%, 54.29% and 48.48% in these three age groups, respectively. 6.90 7.69 48.28 21.15 34.48 46.15 8.62 21.15 1.72 3.85 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Male Female I understand nothing about Portuguese language I can understand and speak some simple words Basically, I can use Portuguese language on daily communication I can grasp and control Portuguese language and communicate fluently with the native speakers I am proficient in Portuguese-speaking FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 31 Fig. 9 - Relationship between "Portuguese language skills" and "Age" “Portuguese language skill” & “Length of residence”: The length of residence in Portugal has a positive relationship with Portuguese language skill, as observed in Table 3 and Figure 10. Those immigrants who have lived in Portugal for a long time are more capable of speaking Portuguese. 11.90 8.57 21.43 37.14 51.52 38.10 42.86 39.39 21.43 11.43 9.09 7.14 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 16-25 26-39 40-74 I understand nothing about Portuguese language I can understand and speak some simple words Basically, I can use Portuguese language on daily communication I can grasp and control Portuguese language and communicate fluently with the native speakers I am proficient in Portuguese-speaking Age FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 32 Fig. 10 Relationship between "Portuguese language skills" and "Length of residence" Education degree: “Education degree” & “Length of residence”: A negative relationship between education degree and length of residence is observed. The immigrants who have resided in Portugal for a long time are generally aged and this group of people has a relative low degree of education (see Table 3 and Figure 11). 18.42 2.56 36.84 30.77 39.39 34.21 43.59 42.42 7.89 17.95 18.18 2.63 5.13 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Less than 5 years Betwen 5 and 10 years (include 10 years) More than 10 years I understand nothing about Portuguese language I can understand and speak some simple words Basically, I can use Portuguese language on daily communication I can grasp and control Portuguese language and communicate fluently with the native speakers I am proficient in Portuguese-speaking FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 33 Fig. 11 - Relationship between "Length of residence in Portugal" and "Education degree" “Education degree” & “Frequency of eating outside”: Table 3 expresses a positive relationship between educational degree and frequency of eating out of home. It means that immigrants with high education degree are more likely to eat outside than others. Degree of Satisfaction: In total, 60.9% of the respondents are satisfied with their present lives in Portugal. “Degree of satisfaction” & “Age”: As we can see from Figure 12, the ratio of satisfaction in young group is 80.95%, which is higher than middle group (62.86%) and old group (33.33%). 15.79 26.32 34.21 13.16 10.53 2.56 25.64 28.21 38.46 2.56 2.56 6.06 21.21 42.42 18.18 9.09 3.03 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Below junior high school degree Junior high school degree High school degree Bachelor degree Master degree PhD degree Education degree Less than 5 years Betwen 5 and 10 years (include 10 years) More than 10 years FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 34 Fig. 12 - Relationship between "Degree of satisfaction of present life in Portugal" and "Age" “Degree of satisfaction” & “Health status”: Seeing from Figure 13, we observe that 60.58% of respondents who regard their health status very good are satisfied with their present life in Portugal and, conversely respondents who feel to be unhealthy are very dissatisfied with their present life. Therefore, we conclude that health status and degree of satisfaction with life are also interrelated (see Table 3). 2.38 7.14 9.52 76.19 4.76 2.86 34.29 48.57 14.29 42.42 24.24 24.24 9.09 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Nor dissatisfied nor satisfied Satisfied Very satisfied Degree of satisfaction of their present life in Portugal Age 16-25 Age 26-39 Age 40-74 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 35 Fig. 13 - Relationship between "Degree of satisfaction" and "Health status" “Degree of satisfaction” & “Length of residence”: Figure 14 illustrates that 81.57% of the immigrants who have lived in Portugal less than 5 years are satisfied with the present life, whereas the value is only 42.42% for the immigrants who have lived in Portugal longer. 100.00 7.69 18.18 84.62 81.82 76.92 62.50 7.69 23.08 37.50 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Nor dissatisfied nor satisfied Satisfied Very satisfied Degree of satisfaction of their present life in Portugal Bad Not good Not bad Very good FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 36 Fig. 14 - Relationship between "Degree of satisfaction of present life in Portugal" and "Length of residence in Portugal" Frequency of eating outside: “Frequency of eating outside” & “Age\Length of residence”: We first examine the relationship between the frequency of eating outside and age. As indicated in Figure 15, these two variables are negatively related. Since the length of residence is positively related with age (see Table 3), therefore it is also negatively related with the frequency of eating outside. However, this result might be misleading in the sense that eating habit normally coincide with one’s age and living conditions. Additional justification is that, in each of these three age groups, the ratio of length of residence over age is not related with the frequency of eating outside. We therefore may conclude that the frequency of eating outside is related with age rather than the length of residence. 7.89 10.53 73.68 7.89 15.38 28.21 46.15 10.26 3.03 27.27 27.27 33.33 9.09 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Nor dissatisfied nor satisfied Satisfied Very satisfied Degree of satisfaction of present life in Portugal Less than 5 years Betwen 5 and 10 years (include 10 years) More than 10 years FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 37 Fig. 15 - Relationship between "Frequency of eating out per week" and "Age" Place of dining out: In regard to the place of dining out, 70.83% of respondents prefer Portuguese restaurant and 43.75% of respondents usually choose Chinese restaurant. The percentage of immigrants who eat out in canteen accounted for 35.42%. The value is only 12.50% and 14.58% for coffee bar and fast food restaurant, respectively (see Figure 16). Note: percentage exceeds 100 as each respondent could give more than one answer. Fig. 16 - Places of dining out 15.00 30.00 25.00 15.00 15.00 12.12 33.33 36.36 12.12 6.06 45.45 48.48 6.06 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Seldom 1-5 times every lunch outside 8-14 times Every meals Frequency of eating out per week Age 16-25 Age 26-39 Age 40-74 35.42 70.83 43.75 12.50 14.58 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Canteen Portuguese restaurant Chinese restaurant Coffee shop Fast food restaurant FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 38 We observed that the frequency of eating out is negatively related with age, and the most popular destination of eating out is Portuguese restaurant. Accordingly we conclude that aged immigrants go out less to eat in Portuguese restaurant. Several reasons may contribute to this result. Firstly, aged immigrants generally have more spare time to cook at home. Secondly, they have already formed the Chinese eating habit and it is not easy to change. Moreover, their degree of adaptation to Portuguese society is also low. Change in body weight: The change of participants’ height and weight after moving to Portugal are evaluated. Except the height increase of some young people due to the normal physical development, no other significant change of height is observed. Regarding the difference of weight, 56 immigrants believed that their weight had increased accounting for 50.9% of total participants, and 8 immigrants admit a large increase of weight after immigration. Only 8.2% immigrants lost their weight, and 40.9% maintained it. “Change in body weight” & “Sex”: Female immigrants showed a higher percentage of change in body weight than male, 63.46% compared with 55.17% of male. Notably, 13.47% of women lost weight after moving to Portugal, while the value for men is only 3.44% (see Figure 17). Fig. 17 - Relationship between "Change in body weight" and "Sex" 8.62 43.10 44.83 1.72 1.72 5.77 44.23 36.54 9.62 3.85 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Heavier a lot than before Heavier a little than before Remained the same weight Lost a little weight Lost a lot of weight Male Female FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 39 “Change in body weight” & “Length of residence”: Immigrants who have lived in Portugal for longer weigh more than before migrating. Seeing from Figure 18, 66.66% of respondents from the middle length of residence group and 60.61% of respondents from the longest residence group report increase of weight after immigration, whereas, the value for the shortest residence group is only 26.31%. Fig. 18 - Relationship between "Change in body weight" and "Length of residence in Portugal" Economic situation: Regarding the change of economic situation, participants’ answers are divided into three categories: improved, worsened and remained. Among all the immigrants, 52.7% of them consider their economic conditions are improved and only 10% of respondents believe their economic situation are worsened. “Economic situation” & “Age”: Most immigrants (65.71%) from the middle age group express an improved economic situation. The old group has the highest ratio (27.27%) of non-satisfaction about their economic situations, while only 10% of all immigrants consider their economic situations deteriorated (see Figure 19). 7.89 18.42 57.89 10.53 5.26 7.69 58.97 30.77 2.56 6.06 54.55 33.33 3.03 3.03 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Heavier a lot than before Heavier a little than before Remained the same weight Lost a little weight Lost a lot of weight Less than 5 years Betwen 5 and 10 years (include 10 years) More than 10 years FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 46 Consumption of pre-cooked food: We can see from Figure 26 that 12.96% of respondents used to buy pre-cooked food. There are 8 kinds of pre-cooked food which are consumed quite often by Chinese immigrants: canned fish and sausage, sandwich or hamburger, pizza, instant noodles, quick-frozen food, roast meat (chicken), soup and prepared vegetables. Fig. 26 - Situation of buying pre-cooked food Foods for festivals: Food and eating have also a strong cultural meaning, especially in festivals, as they are seen as a medium to celebrate the festivals. When asking about the food consumed during Portuguese traditional festivals, 39% of respondents consume Chinese food, 30.9% of immigrants consume the foods as usual, and only 12.7% of participants would choose Portuguese food for festival. “Food for festival” & “Age”: We can find that the immigrants of old group pay more attention to food in festival celebration (see Figure 27). Concerning the Chinese traditional festivals, 81.8% of immigrants select typical Chinese food. However, for the population aged between 16 and 25, the percentage of no consumption of typical Chinese food during festival reach up to 30.95%. This means that young people don’t really care about the diet custom of traditional festivals (see Figure 28). 12.96 87.04 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yes No FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 47 Fig. 27 - Relationship between "Food for Portuguese traditional festival" and "Age" Fig. 28 - Relationship between "Consuming Chinese traditional food during Chinese festivals" and "Age" Influence on health after eating Portuguese food: For the influence on health after eating Portuguese style food, we consider three categories: positive influence, negative influence and no obvious influence. 70% of participants believe that no influence on health is observed. “Influence on health after eating Portuguese food” & “Sex”: Those who consider their health situation is influenced by Portuguese style food, 8.62% of male and 23.08% 11.90 23.81 7.14 57.14 11.43 45.71 17.14 25.71 15.15 51.52 30.30 3.03 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Portuguese style food Chinese style food Mixture of portuguese and chinese food Nothing special Age 16-25 Age 26-39 Age 40-74 69.05 30.95 85.71 14.29 93.94 6.06 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% I eat Chinese food during Chinese festival I don't eat Chinese food during Chinese festival Age 16-25 Age 26-39 Age 40-74 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 48 of female hold a negative influence. No big difference between male and female is indicated regarding the positive influence (see Figure 29). Positive influence principally refers to several aspects below. Firstly, participants consider their physical conditions are strengthened, this positive change maybe benefit from a balanced intake with an increase of consumption of fresh vegetables salad and cheese after immigration in Portugal. A lot of Portuguese dishes are salty and rich in energy, grilled food is frequently fatty and desserts are excessively sweet. These characteristics can increase the risk of obesity and cardiovascular related disease. Fig. 29 - Relationship between "Whether there is an influence on health after eating Portuguese style food" and "Sex Regarding physical exercise, 12.3% of respondents express an increase on duration of physical exercise but 38.5% of respondents indicate a decrease. The increase of physical activities could be explained by more opportunities to walk. Porto and Lisbon are not as big as most of the cities in China. A majority of Chinese immigrants in Porto and Lisbon live near the work or study place. Therefore, walking is regarded as the best form of transportation [22]. The decrease of physical practice may due to the busy work and study, and therefore they don’t have enough spare time to do physical exercise. 13.79 8.62 77.59 15.38 23.08 61.54 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Positive influence Negative influence Almost no influence Male Female FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 49 Analysis of Portuguese typical dishes consumption Within the Food Frequency Questionnaire, 19 Portuguese typical dishes were listed to assess its frequency of consumption. According to the results of Spearman Correlation, the consumption frequency of nine Portuguese typical dishes are associated to immigrants’ age, length of residence in Portugal, education level, duration in which their spouse has lived in Portugal and degree of self-reported integration in Portuguese society. In general, correlation coefficient scatter between 0 and 0.25 means no or minor related, between 0.25 and 0.5 means a fair degree, while coefficient scatter between 0.5 and 0.75 indicates a moderate relationship, above 0.75 represents an excellent correlation [23]. As age of immigrant increases, the consumption frequency of rissóis (patties), feijoada à portuguesa (stews in Portuguese style) and pudins caseiros (homemade puddings) decreased. Immigrants who have lived longer in Portugal have a lower consumption frequency of feijoada à portuguesa, rissóis, bacalhau (codfish), filetes de peixe-espada (sword-fish fillets) and crepe. But these immigrants consume more grilled salmon. Education degree relates positively with consumption frequency of bacalhau, Filetes de Peixe-Espada, grilled salmon and crepe. The duration that spouse of immigrant accompany has a negative relationship with the frequency of consumption of rissóis. The respondents who integrate deeply in Portuguese society express a relative high consumption frequency of feijoada à portuguesa, sardinha assada (grilled sardines) and bolos caseiros (homemade cakes) (see Table 5). FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 50 Tab. 5 - Spearman's Correlations between Portuguese dishes and Chinese immigrants Analysis of Chinese typical dishes consumption Soup Regarding the group of soup, immigrants experience a significant decrease in frequency of consumption of four kinds of soup (see Figure 30) after immigration. Particularly, 48% (53) of total participants indicate a downward trend on frequency of consumption of fish soup. Age Years in Portugal Education degree Years of their spouse lived in Portugal Integration degree Correlation Coefficient -.540** -.346** -.088 -.298 .295** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .363 .066 .002 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.866** -.536** -.119 -.426** .277** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .217 .007 .003 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.202*-.114 -.050 .169 -.059 Sig. (2-tailed) .034 .236 .603 .303 .538 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.057 -.352** .692** -.239 .024 Sig. (2-tailed) .552 .000 .000 .144 .805 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.038 -.211*.236*.076 -.001 Sig. (2-tailed) .696 .027 .013 .646 .990 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient .277** .193*.277** .004 -.030 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .044 .003 .982 .752 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.225*-.134 .056 .162 .204* Sig. (2-tailed) .018 .164 .562 .325 .032 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.202*-.017 .018 -.068 .597** Sig. (2-tailed) .034 .860 .855 .681 .000 N110 110 110 39 110 Correlation Coefficient -.344** -.453** .228*-.195 -.096 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .017 .240 .320 N109 109 109 38 109 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Bacalhau Filetes de PeixeEspada Salmã Grelhado Sardinha assada Bolos caseiros Crepes Correlations Spearman's rho Feijoada à portuguesa Rissóis Pudins caeiros FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 51 Fig. 30 - Changes in consumption of Chinese typical soup Cold dishes In terms of the cold dishes, frequency of consumption of Wined chicken and Jellyfish salad indicate a significant decrease after immigration. Especially for jellyfish salad, 54% of Chinese immigrants express a decreasing trend of consumption (see Figure 31). Fig. 31 - Changes in consumption of Chinese typical cold dishes 48% 25% 28% 25% 45% 74% 65% 66% 7% 2% 6% 9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Fish soup(p<0.001) West lake beef soup(p<0.001) Soup with crabs and tofu(p<0.001) Seafood soup(p=0.005) Decreased Maintained Increased 54% 28% 34% 43% 55% 58% 3% 16% 8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Jellyfish salad(p<0.001) Vegetable salad(p=0.789) Wined chicken(p<0.001) Decreased Maintained Increased FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 52 Main dishes The frequency of consumption of 22 typical Chinese main dishes was also assessed before and after migration. Statistically significant differences in the frequency with which each dish was included in the participant’s food habits were found for all of them (see Figure 32). There was a general downward tendency for the participants’ frequency of consumption of most dishes as 24% to 42% of respondents decreased the consumption of 18 (out of 22) dishes. For only consumption of 4 dishes (Stir-fried dried yellow croaker with spinach, Spicy stir-fried razor clam, Huadiao boiled crab and Fried periophthalmus) there were only between 16% and 21% of respondents who decreased their consumption frequency. On the other hand, in only 6 cases did the frequency increased with migration (Homestyle tofu, Stir-fried fungus, Steamed scallops with garlic and fensi, Fresh soup with fish ball, Steamed mandarin fish andWest lake fish in sweet sour sauce). FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 53 Fig. 32 - Changes in consumption of Chinese typical main dishes 16% 19% 19% 21% 24% 24% 24% 24% 25% 26% 27% 28% 28% 28% 30% 33% 33% 35% 35% 39% 40% 42% 81% 78% 77% 74% 72% 72% 72% 71% 70% 65% 69% 59% 68% 61% 64% 55% 63% 59% 55% 53% 49% 42% 3% 3% 4% 5% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 9% 4% 13% 4% 11% 6% 12% 4% 6% 10% 8% 11% 16% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Stir-fried dried yellow croaker with spinach(p=0.011) Fried Periophthalmus cantonensis with Spiced salt(p<0.001) Spicy stir-fried Razor clam(p=0.002) Huadiao boiled crab(p=0.002) Wenzhou fish cake(p<0.001) Dried/ fried Coilia mystus(p<0.001) Raw Crab(p<0.001) Stir-fried vegetables(p=0.004) Stewed duck with Tea and Bamboo shoot(p<0.001) Three knocking shrimp(p=0.007) Fried Eel Slices(p<0.001) West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Sauce(p=0.010) Stir-fried clams with Chinese chive(p<0.001) Steamed scallops with garlic and Fensi(p=0.015) Steamed Crab with tofu(p<0.001) Fresh soup with fish ball(p<0.001) Barnacles(p<0.001) Small-dried-shrimps stir - fried vegetables(p<0.001) Stir-fried fungus(p<0.001) Stir-fried bamboo shoots(p<0.001) Home-style tofu(p<0.001) Steamed mandarin fish (Sea Bass, Croaker)(p=0.018) Decreased Maintained Increased FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 54 Staple food Staple food always plays an important role in Chinese daily diet for centuries, although most of the foods are made with rice and wheat flour, and they are cooked in various styles. According to the results of this study, we can found that only the frequency of consumption of steamed rice doesn’t show a significant difference after immigration. As for other staple foods, the frequency of consumption of Wenzhou noodles and Wonton decreased significantly. Qingtian dumplings have more in common with wonton on the aspect of stuffing and experience a decrease in consumption in Chinese immigrants (see Figure 33). Fig. 33 - Changes in consumption of Chinese typical staple food Snacks and Desserts We can observe from the results that all of the snacks and desserts are consumed less often by Chinese immigrants after immigration, although 77% of respondents maintain their habits on consumption of Qingtian sugar cake (see Figure 34). 6% 36% 66% 26% 24% 89% 56% 28% 65% 67% 5% 8% 5% 8% 9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Steamed Rice(p=0.614) Wenzhou noodles(p<0.001) Wonton(p<0.001) Qingtian dumplings(p=0.001) Tian-fish stir-fry with dry powder(p=0.003) Decreased Maintained Increased FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 55 Fig. 34 - Changes in consumption of Chinese typical snacks and desserts Analysis of specific food consumption Grain products Except the rice and breakfast cereal items, the frequency of consumption of other grain products presents a significant difference, especially for chips or French fries, bread and corn. The numbers of immigrants who increased the intake of chips or French fries and bread with cereals occupy 45% and 44%, respectively. 60% of respondents consumed more often white bread after immigration. As for boiled potato, 32% of immigrants indicate an increase of consumption after immigration (see Figure 35). 20% 40% 35% 44% 45% 42% 36% 77% 55% 61% 55% 52% 57% 63% 3% 5% 4% 1% 3% 1% 1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Qiangtian sugar cake(p<0.001) Dried squids(p<0.001) Dried Mustard(p<0.001) Air-dried bamboo shoot(p<0.001) Dried Myrica rubra(p<0.001) Dried fish(p<0.001) Dried shrimp(p<0.001) Decreased Maintained Increased FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 62 Fig. 43 - Relationship between "Number of meals which respondents consumed yesterday in Portugal" and "Sex" Regarding the place of eating breakfast, 38.9% of immigrants have breakfast at home, but this figure increased to 65.5% after immigration. In Portugal, bread, milk, coffee, cheese, ham, biscuit and yoghurt usually served for breakfast, however in China, soya bean milk, boiled eggs, dumplings, porridge and Chinese vegetable pancake were eaten by most respondents. Before lunch, 8 respondents had the habits of eating snacks in Portugal, like several piece of nuts, a cup of coffee or tea. On the contrary, only two immigrants registered this preference when they were in China. Respecting lunch in China, all respondents chose Chinese style either consumed in school canteen or workplace. Nevertheless, only 57.7% of immigrant selected Chinese style dishes for lunch when they live in Portugal and two respondents had unusual lunch the day before they did the questionnaire, like kebab, bread, but normally, they also consumed Chinese dishes. Respondents who study or work in university usually consume Portuguese dishes in canteen of university. Additionally, almost all immigrants put off lunch time around one hour compared with the time in China, this may due to the acculturation [24]. After immigration, 40% immigrants eat snack during coffee break in afternoon, including fruit, biscuit, and coffee and simple pasta cooked in Chinese style. Respecting dinner in Portugal, 18.6% of immigrants are not used to eat meat or fish but give place to vegetables, fruits and dairy products. However, the situation in China was converse and the data increased to 45.5%. 1.79 46.43 44.64 5.36 1.79 9.62 28.85 34.62 15.38 11.54 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 2 3 4 5 6 Number of meals Male Female FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 63 Discussion To our knowledge this is the first research carried out in Portugal aiming to assess food habits and food habit change of the Chinese immigrant community. This exploratory study indicates the degree of adaptation to the Portuguese society in association to the degree of satisfaction and self-reported integration, self-perceived economic situation, health status and length of residence of a sample of Chinese living in Portugal. Other researchers have found that young Chinese immigrants living in New York City have a higher Western dietary preference [25]. A research on changes of dietary pattern of Korean American in Los Angeles area concluded similarly that female consumed higher total numbers of servings of food than male [26]. The food habit change may due to the acculturation, which means a process of cultural change and psychological change including beliefs, religion, and language between individuals who have different cultural backgrounds [27]. Typical Chinese dishes First of all, foods and ingredients for Chinese dishes are limited in Portugal, although some of them may exist in Chinese supermarket. In Porto, there is only one ethnic supermarket located near Lapa, the center of city; in Lisbon, 3 supermarkets exist in Martim Moniz area. Whereas, other destinations of Chinese migrants, as the Unites States, England, Canada and Spain, there are more Chinese ethnic supermarkets and stores, which increases the opportunity to obtain Chinese foods. For example in Canada, various selections of Chinese food are available in big Chinese supermarkets like T&T, and there is an overabundance of smaller Chinese ethnic stores like the Lucky Moose [8]. The downward trend consumption occurred on various types of food. When cooking fish soup in Chinese style, several traditional condiments are essencial and all of them are only sold in Chinese supermarket. Wine chicken is a kind of famous chinese cold dish and the Shaoxing yellow wine is absolutely necessary in cooking process. This kind of wine is only produced in Shaoxing area and has its own particular feature. Additionally, availability of jellyfish in Portuguese market is a challenging task. The unobtainable raw materials also have a major influence on the decrease of Chinese main dishes, for instance, bamboo shoots, barnacles, eel slices and crabs, which are foods widely available and popular. However, they are hard to find in Portugal. Qingtian dumplings and wonton are two important staple foods, rich in Chinese distinguishing features and FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 64 are very popular among people from south of China. The stuffing is a mixture of various ingredients, including several kinds of vegetables, meat and condiments. Furthermore, it is really difficult to access some materials, like taro, starch and leek, even if the Chinese ethnic supermarkets are located in the city. Regarding traditional snacks and desserts, myrica rubra and mustard are materials which also really difficult to obtain in Portuguese market. Secondly, some cooking process is complicate and it usually needs a relatively long period of time. Normally, fish soup needs more or less 1-2 hours to cook for the purpose of fully penetration of flavor and nutrient into soup. The preparation of cooking Qingtian dumplings and wonton also requires certain skills. The dried myrica rubra and mustard are home-made traditional snacks, with the main ingredient dried in the sun, salted and then dried again. This procedure usually takes 5 to 6 days. According to the survey regarding the time spent on cooking, only 10.3% of participants spend more than 1 hour to prepare lunch or dinner. Therefore lack of time to prepare several typical dishes may contribute to its decreased consumption. In addition to these two factors, some other reasons also play major a role in changing frequency of dishes consumption. The decreased consumption of fish soup probably due to the species of fish sold in Portuguese market which are different from the fish in Chinese market or are not familiar by Chinese consumers. In China, most people buy fresh vegetables, fish and seafood in country fair near home, as demonstrated by the 70% of Chinese immigrants who usually go the country fair in China. Besides, almost all the fish from river displayed in country fair are alive and are perfect main materials to cook fish soup. However in Portugal, due to few country fairs, a majority of immigrants need to go to supermarket or hypermarket which may be quite far away from their home and the fish is always dead. As staple food are concerned, the consumption of rice doesn’t show a significant difference, because the rice is also considered as an important food to consume together with main dish in Portuguese daily diet, even though almost all of respondents presented the preference of rice which is grown in China. When it comes to the dessert Qingtian sugar cake, although 20% Chinese immigrants express a downward trend of its consumption, still 77.3% of total respondents maintained the consumption frequency due to the view that Qingtian sugar cake is generally consumed during special festivals, like spring festival or New Year’s Day, and the fact that 81.82% of respondents prefer Chinese typical foods during traditional festival as in China. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 65 Grain products There is an old saying in China that breakfast is the most important meal of the day and should include various kinds of food, like congee, Chinese pie, eggs, vegetables, fruits and so on. Bread may be an alternative choice for young people who rush to work in the morning. On the contrary, in Portugal and other western countries, bread is always considered as a main and essential food in breakfast and coffee break time. This is the main reason that the consumption of bread shows a significant increase. Corn is a kind of coarse cereal and considered as an important staple food by Chinese people, especially among the elderly. Corn is widespread and used in various ways, including corn porridge, corn pie and corn juice. Corn porridge, for example, is usually consumed for breakfast and this form of corn is regarded as the most popular corn food in China. In Portugal, corn is mainly consumed as a type of bread called broa, but it is not as popular as other grain food. French fries and boiled potato are very common foods in Portugal and usually serve as a side dish in traditional Portuguese diet. So the increase of consumption of these foods in Portugal can be easily understood. Dairy products In China, demand for dairy products is lower than in Portugal or other western countries and the relative price of dairy products compare with the level of consumption in China is higher than the price in Portugal. Additionally, the safety of dairy products also influences its consumption. In Portugal, we can easily find whole milk, low-fat milk and skimmed milk. However, milk sold in most of the Chinese supermarkets is whole milk. These reasons may contribute to the upward trend on dairy product consumption of Chinese immigrants in Portugal. Egg, meat and fish group Considering the Chinese diet culture, in Europe, some uncommon foods like animal organs can be cooked as a delicious dish by Chinese people, especially those from the south of China. In Chinese traditional menu, spinach stir-fried liver of pig, stir-fried kidney, fried heart of chicken with salt and pepper are very popular. One of reasons that pig liver is so popular is its reasonable price [28]. After immigration, part of the FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 66 consumption of organs is replaced by meat due to their universality, high quality and reasonable price. This may be also the reason of the upward consumption of white meat and red meat after immigration. Another reason may be the absence of raw materials in most markets in Portugal. Oils and fats Several main reasons of consumption frequency changes on butter are described as follow. Chinese consumer marketing of butter is relative small. The types and brands are also limited in most of the markets or supermarkets. This results in an absence of competition and a high price of butter. Moreover, the fact that butter is not used in Chinese cuisine also influences the change of consumption frequency of butter. Rape seed oil, peanut oil and corn oil are used frequently by most Chinese families. Not only because of low prices, but they are easy to found in markets. In addition, the original ingredient of oil is planted almost everywhere in China. All of these reasons lead to a wide consumption in China. Olive oil in Portugal is very popular by both Portuguese and Chinese immigrants. By contrast, the consumption of olive oil in China is lower than in Europe. In China, olive oil is relatively expensive, especially the one imported from abroad. Additionally, the quality of olive oil varies from supplier or brands and consumers may have difficulty in choosing the best product. All of these reasons above can explain clearly the changing of consumption frequency of oils and fats. Vegetables Olive products are more common in Portugal, and 38 respondents increased their consumption of olives in Portugal. The edible sea vegetables commonly refer to seaweed and kelp; water lettuce such as lotus root and chufa; tuber vegetable for example, sweet potato, Chinese yam and taro. These kinds of food cannot be found easily in Portuguese markets, but only in Chinese ethnic shop. The difficulty of access explained well the obvious decrease of consumption. The melon-vegetable for instance are cucumber, loofah and pumpkin. Cucumber is common in China and Portugal, but the variety of cucumber is totally different. Most cucumbers in Portugal have a thick skin with less moisture and Chinese immigrants prefer the variety of cucumber that they used to consume in China. Pumpkin is a kind of vegetable that grows in a cool climate with lower FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 67 temperature, so it is commonly planted in north of China. People from the south are not used to consume pumpkin and southern typical dishes include pumpkin. In Portugal, sometimes pumpkin can be found in supermarkets, but it is not as popular as other vegetables. The taste of loofah is light and fresh, and it’s popular in China but rare in Portugal. Fruits Lemon is included in several Portuguese dishes as a seasoning or may accompany roasted meat to relieve its greasy taste. Due to the great demand of lemon, it is very convenient to obtain lemon with high quality in Portuguese markets. On the contrary, in China, lemon is not an important ingredient in most Chinese traditional dishes. Chinese people don’t drink a large quantity of red wine as well. The percentage of 48.2 of Chinese immigrants that increased the consumption of lemon in Portugal can be understood easily. Lychee is a kind of subtropical fruit originate in the south of China and is a welcome fruit for Chinese people in summer. However in Portugal, it almost cannot be found in most supermarkets, neither in Chinese supermarkets. 47.3% of Chinese migrants reduced the frequency of consumption of lychee. Pear is planted in a big scale in China and it is easy to find different varieties of pear with a lower price in Chinese markets. Besides, pear is considered as an ingredient of therapeutic diets to treat cough in traditional Chinese medicine. Although Portugal is one of the main producers of pear in Europe, only few varieties of pear can be found in markets. The reasons above may cause the decrease of consumption. Cherry is mainly produced in Eurasia, America, Italy, Spain and Chile. Although Portugal produces cherries, a large quantity of cherry are imported from Chile and Spain. Compared to Portugal, cherry in China yields poorly. When cherry is sold in a large scale in market, the relative price compared with the salary in Portugal is lower than the price in China. This may explain why 55.5% of respondents demonstrate an increase consumption of cherry in Portugal. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit and are very popular both in China and Portugal. According to the statistic of the largest production of orange in 2012, Brazil, United States and China are the top three countries FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 68 of the production, among that, China produced 6.5 million tons in 2012 [29]. Although the orange is fruitful in China, distribution in various areas and province is not considerable and the quality of every variety cannot always be guaranteed. In Portugal, orange seems to occupy a large and conspicuous area in fruit zone in supermarkets, and is frequently promoted in packs of which can stimulate effectively consumption. Besides the direct consumption of oranges, drinking fresh orange juice is very common in Portugal. Therefore, the significant increases of consumption on orange can be explained well. Further explanation of consumption frequency regarding fruits is the type of market organization. From the perspective of consumer’s psychology, more space means more acquisition and therefore consumption. In western type supermarkets, consumers are free to choose and pick fruits and vegetables, whereas in country fairs, the seller keeps an eye on the products and even do not allow consumers to choose and pick the products. This may decrease purchasing desire and fruits consumption. Nuts like peanuts, cashews and pistachios are most preferable in Chinese eating habits. These nuts can be found easily in supermarkets or country fairs and nuts contribute the main snacks consumed by Chinese people in China. Due to the influence of environment, Chinese immigrants started to eat bread or sweat cakes instead of nuts during coffee break time. Moreover, nuts in Portugal are not as popular as in China, and people can buy nuts in bulk in several big supermarkets or packaged nuts with a higher value in others supermarkets. Only during the Christmas, nuts are sold in a large scale as they are regarded as an important Christmas food in Portugal. Therefore, an obvious decline on nuts consumption is shown. Jujube originates in the central and south of China. It is preferably eaten dried as a snack, and also can be used as a medicinal material in Chinese medicine. Nevertheless jujube is grown in south of Europe, but it is difficult to find them in Portuguese market. Therefore, the Chinese immigrants who have the habit of eating jujube give up its consumption in Portugal. Sweets and cakes According to my observation and personal experience, I realized that a lot of bread are consumed together with cheese or ham but less with jam in Portugal, in other words, when selecting the food that accompany with bread, cheese is usually considered before jam. In China, jam is not very competitive as well. Firstly, there are abundant Chinese traditional foods which can replace jam, like fermented bean curd and homemade salted FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 69 vegetables. Secondly, in general, Chinese people prefer salty foods to sweet ones. Just like the Figure 44 shows that only 19.44% of respondents prefer sweet food to salty food and 13.89% of immigrants like both of them. Considering the influence of sex, only 25.86% of men prefer sweet food. That’s why most (68.2%) of participants did not change their consumption frequency of jam after immigration. Fig. 44 - Relationship between "Preference of taste of food" and "Sex" Dairy dessert can be found easily in coffee bars in Portugal. The pastéis de nata is one of the most representative desserts in Portugal and it is the best when accompanied by a cup of espresso. Except the pastéis de nata, other desserts made with milk are also popular during coffee break time or consume as a dessert after meals in Portugal. Besides, most desserts in Portugal are cheap for the majority of people. In China, milk desserts become more and more popular, although did not yet reached the popularity level of western countries. Generally, milk desserts are served in western-style bakery or coffee bar with a relative high price compared with the average wage. Therefore, they are more acceptable by young people and the population who has a preference for western culture. Cocoa was introduced in Europe in 16th century. Nowadays, chocolate or chocolate desserts are attractive for Portuguese people and Chinese immigrants regardless of age and sex. In Portuguese markets, we can find various types and brands of chocolate with 25.86 41.38 13.79 18.97 12.00 62.00 14.00 12.00 19.44 50.93 13.89 15.74 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Prefer sweet food Prefer salty food Prefer both sweet food and salty food Prefer neither sweet food nor salty food Male Female Total FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 70 a reasonable price. Chocolate and chocolate desserts also served as a snack during coffee break time. In Portugal, there are a lot of chocolate with a content of cocoa solids more than 60% and they are imported from different countries. However in China, on supermarket shelves, a great amount of chocolate is chocolate with additive, such as chocolate with milk and chocolate with nuts and fruits, just a small quantity of chocolate with high content of cocoa, and they are sold in imported foods area of supermarket. Generally, the foods which are imported from other countries are usually more expensive. These facts contribute to a low amount of consumption of chocolate in China and an increase frequency of its consumption in Portugal. Drinks The dramatic increase in consumption frequency of wine can be explained by the Portuguese active wine markets. Wine industry is one of the important pillar industries of Portugal. The wine produced in Portugal possesses a high quality due to the favorable climate and soil conditions. Portuguese wine, particularly the port wine and vinho verde, are attractive not only by native population, but also by Chinese immigrants. China is a country which has a long history of drinking culture, but Chinese wine markets developed slower than Europe. Although there are various Chinese wine in market, most of them has a medium quality, and high quality wines are usually imported with a relative high price. Despite the demand of wine consumption increases, only the population in good economic conditions can afford these wines. On the contrary, in Portugal, the high quality wines are relative inexpensive, and wine can be consumed as a part of daily expenses without a great burden for majority of habitants. On the other hand, boost of consumption of wine probably because the Portuguese wine drinking culture. When it comes to consumption of natural juice, the situation in China is different from Portugal. In the past 10 years in China, consumption of natural juice continued to grow and become gradually a kind of fashion. The consumption of natural juice concentrated mostly in catering industry, especially in restaurant or stars hotels, it accounted for 3% to 8% of the consumption value of catering industry. Natural juice sold in restaurants is relative expensive compared with other drinks. It is also not common to use machine to squeeze fruit at home for great majority of Chinese people, and to sell natural juice are not widely available. Therefore, the consumption of natural juice is not yet a part of daily life of Chinese people [30]. By contrast, in Portugal, it is common to drink a glass of FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 71 natural juice with a reasonable price. Furthermore, machines to extract natural juice are also used at home by Portuguese people. The popularity of natural juice stimulates the increase of consumption of Chinese immigrants. Chinese have several thousand years of history in drinking tea. Drinking tea is therefore a habit in Chinese daily life. Although there are various types of tea bags in Portuguese market, Chinese people would not like to choose them, because the tea which is packed in a small convenient bag normally doesn’t possess a relative high quality. That’s the reason that 38.2% of respondents decreased the consumption of tea after immigration. Coffee was introduced formally to China since 1980’s. As mentioned earlier, China has been known widely by tea drinking and owned a tea culture with a long history instead of coffee. In modern society, worldwide coffee consumption is huge. Every individual who drink coffee consume an average of 120 cups per year, but the data for Chinese people is less than one cup and even less than 5 cups in urban areas of China, although coffee market share is growing by 30% annually compared with the rate of 2% worldwide. From the general perspective, the population who has a strong awareness of westernization or an experience of living abroad probably prefers coffee consumption. In Chinese coffee market, the instant coffee is still a predominant coffee product comparing with fresh coffee, accounted for more than 90% of market share in 2009. The relatively high expense and low availability of machine also attribute to the fact that low consumption of fresh coffee for Chinese people. In China, fresh coffee is consumed frequently by the young and emerging middle class in coffee bar or restaurant. There exist few private coffee bars but coffee chains in China, such as Starbucks presently possess more than 300 outlets in mainland of China. Such kind of coffee outlets, Starbucks or Costa, is considered as a favorable hang out for coffee break of the population who has a relative strong purchase power [31]. In Portugal, fresh coffee drinking is an essential part of Portuguese daily life just like mineral water can be consumed everywhere. Due to the influence of Portuguese coffee drinking habits and the Chinese coffee consumption situation, a great increase of coffee consumption after immigration by Chinese immigrants was presented. Soya bean milk is one of traditional drinks in China and is consumed since 2000 years ago [32, 33]. Soya bean milk is regarded as an important food in breakfast. Although not everyone has a machine at home, it is easy to buy outside. In Chinese diet concept, the FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 78 31. Bantiwalu, E.A., Factors Influencing Current Coffee Consumption Preference and Behavior in China. INNOVATION AND MANAGEMENT, 2012. 32. Liang, W., et al., Soy consumption reduces risk of ischemic stroke: a casecontrol study in southern china. Neuroepidemiology, 2009. 33(2): p. 111-116. 33. Zhang, M., et al., Soy and isoflavone intake are associated with reduced risk of ovarian cancer in southeast China. Nutrition & Cancer, 2004. 49(2): p. 125130. 34. Sanchez-Vaznaugh, E.V., et al., Differential effect of birthplace and length of residence on body mass index (BMI) by education, gender and race/ethnicity. Social Science & Medicine, 2008. 67(8): p. 1300-1310. 35. Solomon, B., McDonald's, KFC Snagged By New Food Safety Scandal In China. Forbes.com, 2014: p. 19-19. 36. Feng, M., P.R. Brewer, and B.L. Ley, Framing the Chinese baby formula scandal: a comparative analysis of US and Chinese news coverage. Asian Journal of Communication, 2012. 22(3): p. 253-269. 37. Trienekens, J. and P. Zuurbier, Quality and safety standards in the food industry, developments and challenges. International Journal of Production Economics, 2008. 113(1): p. 107-122. 38. Ventura-Lucas, M.R. Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards food safety in Portugal. in 84th EAAE Seminar ‘‘Food safety in a dynamic world. 2004. 39. Dallman, M.F., N.C. Pecoraro, and S.E. la Fleur, Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2005. 19(4): p. 275-280. 40. Torres, S.J. and C.A. Nowson, Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition, 2007. 23(11): p. 887-894. 41. A partir de dezembro, os rótulos dos alimentos vão mudar. 2014. 20 novembro 2014; Available from: http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=4251072. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 79 Appendix 1 Questionnaires in English version Appendix 1.1 Questionnaire of personal characteristics and food habits No.________ Date: _____/_____2014 SECTION I Socio-demographic Characteristics Aim of this section of questionnaire: to understand the basic socio-demographic information of a Chinese immigrant living in the area of Porto and Lisbon, in order to understand their personal data, economic and social status. Personal Data: 1. Sex: F_______ M________ 2. Age: _____years 3. Place of birth_______________ 4. Civil status: Single_____ Married_____ Divorced/ Separated_____ Widowed 5. Where were you living before you came to Portugal? ______________________ 6. How many years have you lived in Porto/Lisbon? __________________ 7. Have you lived in another city of Portugal? Yes_____ No _____ If yes, how many years have you lived there? _______________ 8. Have you lived in another country (in addition to China and Portugal) for longer than one year? Yes _____ No _____ 9. What’s the maximum degree that you have completed? _____Below junior high school degree _____Junior high school degree _____High school degree _____Bachelor degree _____Mater degree _____PhD degree 10. What’s your occupation? ______________  Is it the same occupation as in China? Yes_____ No _____  If not, what was your previous occupation in China? ________________ 11. What was/ were the reason(s) that prompted you to come to live in Portugal? _________________________________________________________________ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 80 _________________________________________________________________ 12. Did you come alone? Yes_____ No _____  If you are married, does your spouse live in Portugal now? If yes, how many years has she/ him been lived in Portugal? ______________________________________________________________ 13. Considering the overall aspects, do you think yourself to be integrated in Portugal? (Such as living conditions, local culture, eating patterns, etc.) (Please answer this question with using a scale from 1 to 5, 1 means not integrated at all, and 5 means fully integrated) Not integrated at all 1 2 3 4 5 Fully integrated 14. How about your Portuguese language skills? _____ I understand nothing about Portuguese language _____ I can understand and speak some simple words _____ Basically, I can use Portuguese language on daily communication _____ I can grasp and control Portuguese language and communicate fluently with the native speakers _____ I am proficient in Portuguese-speaking Economic and social status: 15. How do you evaluate your present economic status when it is compared with the one you had in China? Has it get improved or worsened? _________________________________________________________________ 16. Do you provide economic support to your family or relatives who lived in China? _________________________________________________________________ 17. Do you have your own house in Portugal? _________________________________________________________________ 18. Do you satisfied with your present living status (including economic and social aspects)? Why? _________________________________________________________________ 19. In general, how often do you usually back to China? When did you back to China last time? Generally, how long do you usually stay in China? _________________________________________________________________ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 81 _________________________________________________________________ 20. Would you like to return to China forever? If yes, when do you expect to return? And why? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ SECTION II Cooking and food consumption characteristics Aim of this section of the questionnaire: to understand the attitude and habit on food consumption of Chinese immigrants in Portugal. 1. In general, who is responsible for cooking in your home in Portugal? And in China? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Who is usually in charge of buying food in Portugal and in China? _______________________________________________________________ 3. Where do you usually obtain the foods for consumption in Portugal? Supermarket (such as Froiz) Hypermarket (such as Continente) Mini-market/grocery/specialist shops Country fair(Market) Ethnic shop (Chinese store/ supermarket) Obtain directly from manufacturer Obtain directly from my own fields 4. Where do you usually obtain the foods for consumption in China? Supermarket Hypermarket Mini-market/grocery/specialist shops Country fair(Market) Obtain directly from manufacturer FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 82 Obtain directly from my own fields 5. Generally, how long do you usually take on food preparation for one meal (including breakfast, lunch and dinner)? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. Do you like eating ready or pre-cooked food? And do you usually buy them? If yes, how often and what kind of this type of food do you prefer? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 7. Regarding the question of the extent of the changes in eating habits (it means the changes from Chinese style to Portuguese style) since moving to Portugal, please evaluate yourself from your own perspective. (Please answer this question with using a scale from 1 to 5, 1 means not changed at all, and 5 means changed totally) Not changed at all 1 2 3 4 5 Changed totally  What kind of food do you prefer now? Chinese food or Portuguese food? And why? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 8. In general, how many traditional Chinese meals do you consume per week? And why? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 9. Approximately, how many times do you eat out per month? What kind of place (Example: canteen, restaurant, café, etc.) and food (Chinese food, Portuguese food, etc.) do you usually choose to eat? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ During some Portuguese traditional festivals (ex: O Natal), do you have some special meals or foods to celebrate the festival? Which kind of food do you prefer? Chinese style or Portuguese style? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 10. During some Chinese traditional festivals (ex: Spring Festival), do you usually have the Chinese traditional meals or foods to celebrate the festival? FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 83 _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 11. Do you like to eat salty foods? And sweet foods? Is there any change since you moved to Portugal? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 12. Are you used to eat snacks between meals? What kind of snacks you prefer to consume? In China and in Portugal, respectively. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ SECTION III Health Status Aim of this section of questionnaire: to understand the physical health status of Chinese immigrants in Portugal, and evaluate the changes of their state of health since they moved to Portugal. 1. Could you please describe your present health status? _____ Worse _____ Not good _____ Not bad _____ Very good Compared with the health status when you lived in China, does it become better or worse? If there are changes, could you please describe them? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Could you tell me your weight and height? And are there any changes comparing with the ones you have in China? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Do you think the foods you consume in Portugal have some influences on your health? If so, could you please specify the influences you referred? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. How often do you usually exercise? What kind of the physical exercise do you prefer? And how much time do you spend for each exercise? In China and in Portugal? FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 84 In China: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ In Portugal: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Appendix 1.2 Food frequency questionnaires Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are designed to assess habitual diet by asking about the frequency with which specific food items are consumed by the Chinese immigrants who live in Portugal. This questionnaire consists of 9 food groups. Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month White bread Bread with cereals Pasta, Spaghetti, Noodle, chinese pie Muesli and breakfast cereals Corn product (Broa, etc.) Rice or congee Chips or French fries Boiled potatoes 1. Grain Products（eating frequency in Portugal） The average intake frequency FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 85 Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month White bread Bread with cereals Pasta, Spaghetti, Noodle, chinese pie Muesli and breakfast cereals Corn product (Broa, etc.) Rice or congee Chips or French fries Boiled potatoes The average intake frequency Grain Products（eating frequency in China） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 86 Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Whole milk or cheese Lowfat (2%) milk Nonfat (skim) milk Yogurt Flavored yogurt Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Whole milk or cheese Lowfat (2%) milk Nonfat (skim) milk Yogurt Flavored yogurt The average intake frequency The average intake frequency 2. Dairy Products（eating frequency in Portugal） Dairy Products（eating frequency in China） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 87 Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Boiled egg Fried egg Red meat (Pork, beef, lamb, rabbit) White meat (Chicken, duck, goose, turkey) Organs of animal Sausage Fish (including fish canned in water) Shellfish or other seafood (include shrimp) 3. Egg, Meat and Fish Group（eating frequency in Portugal） The average intake frequency FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 94 Cherry Jujube Strawberry Blueberry Plum Tangerine Jackfruit Grapefruit Lemon Mango Other fresh fruits Nuts Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Biscuit Chocolate (bar or powder) or chocolate desserts Milk desserts(Puding, etc.) Jam Honey Candy Ice-cream 7. Sweets and cakes（eating frequency in Portugal） The average intake frequency FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 95 Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Biscuit Chocolate (bar or powder) or chocolate disserts Milk disserts(Puding, etc.) Jam Honey Candy Ice cream Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Water Water with gas Coffee Soya-bean milk Tea Carbonated soft drinks (coke, 7-up) Natural juices Beer Red wine White wine The average intake frequency 8. Drinks（eating frequency in Portugal） The average intake frequency Sweets and cakes（eating frequency in China） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 96 Port wine Whisky, vodka Other drinks Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Water Water with gas Coffee Soya-bean milk Tea Carbonated soft drinks (coke, 7-up) Natural juices Beer Red wine White wine Port wine Whisky, vodka Other drinks In the food item of "Water", if set a bottle of mineral water (500mL/bottle) as an unit, in China, how many bottles do you usually drink?____________________ Drinks（eating frequency in China） The average intake frequency In the food item of "Water", if set a bottle of mineral water (500mL/bottle) as an unit, in China, how many bottles do you usually drink?____________________ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 97 Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Humburger Pizza Others Food Item once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Humburger Pizza Others The average intake frequency 9. Fast Foods（eating frequency in Portugal） The average intake frequency Fast Foods（eating frequency in China） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 98 Appendix 1.3 Questionnaires of consumption frequency of Portuguese and Chinese typical dishes Portuguese typical dishes Soup once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Portuguese soup with potato and vegetables Portuguese soup with meat and potato Main dishes once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Arroz de marisco Arroz de lulas Bacalhau Filetes de Peixe-Espada Polvo Grelhado com Batatas Salmão Grelhado Sardinha assada Carne assada Feijoada à portuguesa Leitão assado Coelho estufado Rissóis Tripas à Moda do Porto The average intake frequency The average intake frequency FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 99 Chinese typical dishes Snacks and disserts once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Bolos caseiros Pudins caeiros Leite creme Crepes The average intake frequency Soup once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Fish soup West lake beef soup Soup with crabs and tofu Seafood soup Soup once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Fish soup West lake beef soup Soup with crabs and tofu Seafood soup Consumption frequency in Portugal Consumption frequency in China FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 100 Cold dishes once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Jellyfish salad Vegetable salad Wined chicken Cold dishes once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Jellyfish salad Vegetable salad Wined chicken Main dishes once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Three knocking shrimp West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Sauce Steamed mandarin fish (Sea Bass, Croaker) Fresh soup with fish ball Wenzhou fish cake Dried/ fried Coilia mystus Consumption frequency in China Consumption frequency in Portugal Consumption frequency in Portugal FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 101 Fried Periophthalmus cantonensis with Spiced salt Fried Eel Slices Barnacles Steamed Crab with tofu Raw Crab Huadiao boiled crab Stir-fried clams with Chinese chive Spicy stir-fried Razor clam Steamed scallops with garlic and Fensi Stewed duck with Tea and Bamboo shoot Stir-fried bamboo shoots Stir-fried dried yellow croaker with spinach Stir-fried vegetables Stir-fried fungus Home-style tofu Small-dried-shrimps stir - fried vegetables FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 102 Main dishes once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Three knocking shrimp West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Sauce Steamed mandarin fish (Sea Bass, Croaker) Fresh soup with fish ball Wenzhou fish cake Dried/ fried Coilia mystus Fried Periophthalmus cantonensis with Spiced salt Fried Eel Slices Barnacles Steamed Crab with tofu Raw Crab Huadiao boiled crab Stir-fried clams with Chinese chive Spicy stir-fried Razor clam Steamed scallops with garlic and Fensi Consumption frequency in China FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 103 Stewed duck with Tea and Bamboo shoot Stir-fried bamboo shoots Stir-fried dried yellow croaker with spinach Stir-fried vegetables Stir-fried fungus Home-style tofu Small-dried-shrimps stir - fried vegetables Staple food once or more than once per day 3-6 times per week 1-2 times per week 1-3 times per month never or less than once per month Steamed Rice Wenzhou noodles Wonton Qingtian dumplings Tian-fish stir-fry with dry powder Consumption frequency in Portugal FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 110 在中国： _____________ 3. 在葡萄牙，您通常选择一下哪个（些）地方或方式获取食材？ 超级市场(比如Froiz） 大规模超级市场（比如Continente） 小型市场/杂货店/特种商品商店 集市 民族商店（中国超市/商店） 直接从生产商处获得 直接从自家田地获得 4. 在中国，您通常选择一下哪个（些）地方或方式获取食材？ 超级市场 大规模超级市 场 小型市场/杂货店/特种商品商店 集市 直接从生产商处获得 直接从自家田地获得 5. 一般来讲，您通常花费多长时间来准备一顿正餐？（包括早餐、午餐和晚餐） ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. 您喜欢食用即食或预先烹饪好的食物吗？您经常购买它们吗？如果您经常购买， 平均多长时间购买一次？您更偏爱于这类食品中的那个（些）食品？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 7. 自从您移居到葡萄牙后，请您从您个人的角度评估一下您本人在饮食习惯方面 的改变（意思是指从中国饮食习惯到葡萄牙饮食习惯的改变）程度。 （请使用 1至5这个范围来回答这个问题，其中“1”代表“根本没有改变”， “5”代表“完全改变”） 根本没有改变 1 2 3 4 5 完全改变 中国式饮食模式和葡萄牙式饮食模式您更偏爱于哪一个？原因是什么？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8. 从大体上来讲，您平均每周食用几顿中餐？ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 9. 一般来说，您每月在外就餐几次？您一般会选择什么样的场所就餐？（例如： 食堂，餐厅，咖啡厅，等等）通常选择食用哪类食物？（例如：中餐，葡餐， 等等） ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 111 在葡萄牙传统节日期间（比如圣诞节），您会选择特别的食物来庆祝节日吗？ 您比较偏爱于哪些食物？中餐还是葡餐？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 10. 在中国的传统节日期间 （比如春节）， 您会选择食用该节日的传统食物来庆 祝吗？ ___________________________________________________________ 11. 您喜欢吃偏咸味和偏甜味的食物吗？自从您移居到葡萄牙后这种口味上的习惯 有所改变吗？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 在中国，两餐之间您有吃零食的习惯吗？您一般食用哪些零食？您移居到葡萄 牙后，这个习惯有所改变吗，所食用的零食种类有变化吗？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 第三部分：健康情况调查 此部分调查问卷的目的：了解葡萄牙华侨的身体健康状况，评估华侨自从移居 到葡萄牙后身体健康状况的变化。 1. 您可以描述一下你目前的身体健康状况吗？ 差 不太好 良好 很好 与您在中国居住时的健康状况相比较，现在的身体状况是有所改善还是恶化了？ 如果您的健康状况发生了变化，您能简单描述一下吗？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. 与您在中国相比，您现在的身高和体重较之前有变化吗？什么变化？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. 您觉得您在葡萄牙所食用的食物对您的身体健康有影响吗？如果有影响，您能 简单说明一下饮食对您的健康造成了怎样的影响吗？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. 您居住在中国和葡萄牙时，通常多长时间做一次运动？比较偏爱于哪类体育运 动？每次运动多长时间？ 在中国： ___________________________________________________________ 在葡萄牙： ___________________________________________________________ Appendix 2.2 Food frequency questionnaires FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 112 膳食摄取频率问卷 (FFQ) 通过向葡萄牙居住的华人询问在他们对某些特定食物的摄取频率来评估受访者饮食习 惯的改变，此问卷涵盖了 9类食物。 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 白面包 添加谷物的面包 中式面条、意大利面、或饼或馒 头 麦片或早餐谷物 玉面类食品（玉米、玉米粥或玉 米面糕点） 米饭或米粥 炸薯条或薯片 煮马铃薯 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 白面包 添加谷物的面包 中式面条、意大利面、或饼或馒 头 麦片或早餐谷物 玉面类食品（玉米、玉米粥或玉 米面糕点） 米饭或米粥 炸薯条或薯片 煮马铃薯 一、谷物类食品（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 谷物类食品（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 113 食品名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 全脂牛奶(Gordo)或奶酪 低脂或半脂(Meio Gordo) 牛奶（2%） 脱脂牛奶 酸奶 带风味的酸奶 食品名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 全脂牛奶(Gordo)或奶酪 低脂或半脂(Meio Gordo) 牛奶（2%） 脱脂牛奶 酸奶 带风味的酸奶 食品名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 煮鸡蛋 煎鸡蛋 红肉（猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、兔肉 等等） 白肉（鸡肉，鸭肉，鹅肉，火鸡 等等） 动物内脏 香肠 鱼（包括浸在水中的鱼罐头） 贝壳或其他类海鲜（包括虾） 食品名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 煮鸡蛋 煎鸡蛋 红肉（猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、兔肉 等等） 二、奶制品（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 奶制品（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 平均摄入次数 三、蛋、肉、鱼类食品（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 蛋、肉、鱼类食品（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 114 白肉（鸡肉，鸭肉，鹅肉，火鸡 等等） 动物内脏 香肠 鱼（包括浸在水中的鱼罐头） 贝壳或其他类海鲜（包括虾） 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 橄榄油 其他油脂（花生油、 豆油、菜籽油） 黄油 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 橄榄油 其他油脂（花生油、 豆油、菜籽油） 黄油 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 叶菜类（菠菜、生菜、白菜等 等） 洋葱和大蒜 瓜类蔬菜（黄瓜、丝瓜、南瓜、 冬瓜、苦瓜等等） 茄类蔬菜（番茄、青椒、辣椒、 茄子等等） 块茎类蔬菜（红薯、山药、芋头 等等） 根茎类蔬菜（萝卜、胡萝卜等 等） 豆类（豌豆、绿豆、黄豆、扁豆 等等） 食用菌类（蘑菇、木耳等等） 水生类（莲藕、荸荠、水芹等 等） 海生蔬菜（紫菜、海带等等） 西兰花或菜花 橄榄果 平均摄入次数 平均摄入次数 油和脂肪类食品（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 五、蔬菜类食品（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 四、油和脂肪类食品（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 115 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 叶菜类（菠菜、生菜、白菜等 等） 洋葱和大蒜 瓜类蔬菜（黄瓜、丝瓜、南瓜、 冬瓜、苦瓜等等） 茄类蔬菜（番茄、青椒、辣椒、 茄子等等） 块茎类蔬菜（红薯、山药、芋头 等等） 根茎类蔬菜（萝卜、胡萝卜等 等） 豆类（豌豆、绿豆、黄豆、扁豆 等等） 食用菌类（蘑菇、木耳等等） 水生类（莲藕、荸荠、水芹等 等） 海生蔬菜（紫菜、海带等等） 西兰花或菜花 橄榄果 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 苹果 梨 香蕉 桃子（季节性） 橙子 西瓜或甜瓜（季节性） 葡萄 猕猴桃 荔枝（季节性） 火龙果 椰子 菠萝 樱桃（季节性） 枣 草莓 蓝莓 李子 橘子 榴莲 蔬菜类食品（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 六、水果类（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 116 柚子 柠檬 芒果 其他类水果 干果 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 苹果 梨 香蕉 桃子（季节性） 橙子 西瓜或甜瓜（季节性） 葡萄 猕猴桃 荔枝（季节性） 火龙果 椰子 菠萝 樱桃（季节性） 枣 草莓 蓝莓 李子 橘子 榴莲 柚子 柠檬 芒果 其他类水果 干果 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 饼干 巧克力（棒、粉或巧克力甜品） 牛奶类甜品（比如布丁，等等） 果酱 蜂蜜 糖果 冰淇淋（季节性） 七、甜食与蛋糕类（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 平均摄入次数 水果类（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 117 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 饼干 巧克力（棒、粉或巧克力甜品） 牛奶类甜品（比如布丁，等等） 果酱 蜂蜜 糖果 冰淇淋（季节性） 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 水 带气的水 咖啡 豆浆 茶 碳酸饮料（可乐、七喜等等） 天然果汁（鲜榨或纯果汁类饮 料） 啤酒 红酒 白葡萄酒 波特酒 威士忌，伏特加 其他类饮料 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 水 带气的水 咖啡 豆浆 茶 碳酸饮料（可乐、七喜等等） 天然果汁（鲜榨或纯果汁类饮 料） 啤酒 红酒 白葡萄酒 平均摄入次数 甜食与蛋糕类（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 八、饮料类（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 饮料类（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 在饮料类中”水“的摄入情况一项中，如果以500毫升/瓶的矿泉水为单位，在 葡萄牙生活时您每日大概饮用______________瓶？ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 118 波特酒 威士忌，伏特加 其他类饮料 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 汉堡包 比萨 其他 食物名称 每天1或 多于1次 每周3-6 次 每周1-2 次 每月1-3 次 从不摄入 或每月少 于1次 汉堡包 比萨 其他 九、快餐类（在葡萄牙这边生活时的食用频率） 平均摄入次数 快餐类（以前，在中国生活时的食用频率） 非常感谢您的支持与配合！ 平均摄入次数 在饮料类中”水“的摄入情况一项中，如果以500毫升/瓶的矿泉水为单位，在 中国生活时您每日大概饮用______________瓶？ FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 119 Appendix 2.3 Questionnaires of consumption frequency of Portuguese and Chinese typical dishes 汤类 每天1或多于1次 每周3-6次 每周1-2次 每月1-3次 从不摄入或每月 少于1次 葡式土豆蔬菜汤 葡式土豆肉汤 主菜类 每天1或多于1次 每周3-6次 每周1-2次 每月1-3次 从不摄入或每月 少于1次 Arroz de marisco （海鲜 饭） Arroz de lulas （鱿鱼饭） Bacalhau （鳕 鱼） Filetes de PeixeEspada （炸剑 鱼片） Polvo Grelhado com Batatas （烤章鱼配土 豆） Salmão Grelhado （烤三 文鱼） Sardinha assada: （烤沙 丁鱼） Carne assada （烤肉） Feijoada à portuguesa （葡 萄牙乱炖） Leitão assado （烤乳猪） Coelho estufado （炖兔肉） Rissóis （小馅 饼） Tripas à Moda do Porto （波尔 图式炖猪肚） 食用频率 葡式菜肴食用频率 食用频率 FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 126 West lake beef soup: The soup is made with beef, tofu, mushrooms, ground pepper, parsley, sesame oil, egg whites, and starch. Soup with crabs and tofu: Main materials are crabs and tofu, and flavored by chopped fistular onion, parsley, ginger, cooking wine, sugar and vegetable oil. Seafood soup: Several kinds of seafood (clam, shrimp, etc.) boiled with water, and accompanied with vegetables, such as carrot, or add some tofu, depend on personal preference, small amount of salt and ginger. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 127 Cold dish: Chinese： Jellyfish salad: Mix the jellyfish with cucumber, salt, sesame oil, chili oil, vinegar and sugar. Vegetable Salad： Mix the various vegetables. Wined chicken: Boiled chicken with Chinese yellow rice wine. And cool down in refrigerator. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 128 Main dish: Portuguese: Arroz de marisco: Rice with seafood. Arroz de lulas: Boil the squid with onion, tomato pulp, garlic and white wine. Bacalhau cozido: Boiled codfish, accompanied with eggs and cabbages. This is a very typical and traditional Portuguese dish, especially for some festival, like Christmas day. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 129 Bacalhau à Brás: Desalted codfish with potatoes, eggs, peppers, onions, garlics and olive oil. Bacalhau à Braga: Codfish with onion, pepper and special sauce, accompanied with potato chips. Bolinhos de Bacalhau: Codfish ball. Fried desalted codfish and potatos. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 130 Filetes de Peixe-Espada: Fried fillets of swordfish, flour and eggs, accompanied with lemon and olives. Polvo Grelhado com Batatas: Grilled octopus with potatoes. Salmão Grelhado: Grilled Salmon with and lime juice. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 131 Sardinha assada: Grilled sardine. Carne assada: Roasted meat, pork or beef. Feijoada à portuguesa: Stewed pork, sausages with beans. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 132 Leitão assado: Roasted suckling pig, accompanied with fried chips and fresh vegetables. Coelho estufado: Stewed rabbit. Rissóis: Fired fish, meat, shrimp or other seafoods. Tripas à Moda do Porto: FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 133 Stewed tripes of pork and beans. Chinese： Three knocking shrimp: Fresh shrimps were selected as the major ingredients, cooked ham, cooked chicken breast, mushrooms, and green vegetable are auxiliary materials, and add some chicken soup, yellow rice wine, salt, and dry starch as condiments. West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Sauce: The fresh grass carp from the West Lake (the most famous lake in Hangchow) mixed with the special sweet and sour sauce, this kind of sauce is made with the local vinegar, wine, soy sauce and sugar. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 134 Steamed mandarin fish (Sea Bass, Croaker): Steam the fish with fistular onion, ginger, soy sauce, salt, and cooking wine or yellow rice wine. Steamed mandarin fish Steamed Sea Bass Steamed Croaker Fresh soup with fish ball: Mix the cubes of deep-sea fish, fat meat, sweet potato flour and glutinous rice, made them into a shape of ball, boiled the fish ball with water, and add some chopped fistular onion, ground pepper, vinegar or some green vegetables. Wenzhou fish cake: FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 135 The production process is similar to the dish of fish ball that mentioned above, but it need to be fried after the steam. Dried/ fried Coilia mystus: Semi dried fish served with fennel, pepper, tea and sugar, and refined into dried fish. Fry the dried fish with oil and salt. Dried Coilia mystus Fried Coilia mystus Fried Periophthalmus cantonensis with Spiced salt: Fried the fish with flour, anise powder, spiced salt, white pepper powder, chopped fistular onion, and ginger. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 142 Cooked taro mix with sweat potato, this mixture served as the dumpling skin, and the mixture of shredded turnip, shrimp, diced meat, chopped fistular onion, bamboo shoots, and tofu served as the stuffing of dumpling. Tian-fish stir-fry with dry powder: Tian-fish is a kind of carp which distribute in freshwater of Qingtian County. Fengan is a kind of noodle which made with rice. Fengan stir-fry with Tian-fish, and accompanied by carrot, green vegetable and eggs. It is a very typical dish of Qingtian County. Snacks and desserts: Portuguese: Bolos caseiros: Homemade cakes. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 143 Pudins caeiros: Homemade puddings. Leite creme: Milk and sugar based dessert. Pão-de-ló: Simple cake, made with flour and sugar. FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 144 Crepes: Thin pancake, made with flour, egges and milk, can also be added with sugar, chocolate or other ingredients. Chinese: Qiangtian sugar cake: It is a very typical dessert in Qingtian County. It is made with glutinous rice flour and sugar, can also add some peanuts, red beans, red dates and sweet-scented osmanthus, all depends on the personal preference. Dried squids: FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 145 Dried mustard: Air-dried bamboo shoot: Dried Myrica rubra: Dried myrica rubra served with sugar. Dried fish: FCUP Food habits of a Chinese immigrant population living in Portugal 146 Dried shrimp:  Note: The fistular onion mentioned above is a kind of Chinese onion.