Perception of thermal comfort by users of urban green areas in Lisbon

Finis e a, XLiX, 98, 2014, pp. 113-131 pE CEpTioN oF THE MaL CoMFo T BY USE S oF U BaN G EEN a EaS iN LiSBoN Sand a oliVei a1 e eSa Vaz2 hen ique and ade3 abs ac – G een u ban a eas a e a po en ial ou is ic a ac ion, p o iding oppo u- ni ies o ec ea ion and social in e ac ion. in his s udy, wo g een a eas in Lisbon we e selec ed o in es iga e hei in luence on he he mal en i onmen in and ou side hem and o analyse he usage o hese pa ks in iew o he pe cep ion o he mal com o , he p e e- ences and pe sonal cha ac e is ics o he isi o s. Measu emen s o empe a u e and ela- i e humi di y we e ca ied ou o se e al successi e weeks in summe and in win e , in di e en loca ions a ound and inside he g een a eas. empe a u e di e ences be ween he g een spaces and he su ounding a eas we e g ea e in ho e condi ions and eached up o 7ºC di e ence a ce ain imes on pa icula days. his cooling e ec p o ided by g een a eas has a po en ial ole in mi iga ing clima e change impac s. in o de o analyse he pe cep ion o he mal com o and use s’ p e e ences, ace- o- ace in e iews we e ca ied ou simul aneously wi h measu emen s o wea he pa ame e s. in summe , a posi i e co - ela ion be ween he measu ed alues o empe a u e and ela i e humidi y wi h people’s pe cep ion was obse ed. a signi ican associa ion be ween indi idual’s cha ac e is ics and ype o usage o he pa ks was also e ealed, pa icula ly ela ed o age and gende . Unde s anding he ela ionship be ween wea he pa ame e s, people’s pe cep ion and isi- o s’ p e e ences is pa amoun o c ea e g een a eas mo e a ac i e and bene icial o he u ban en i onmen . Keywo ds: U ban g een a eas, pa k cool island, pe cep ion, he mal com o , ou ism, Lisbon. esumo – pe cepção do con o o é Mico peloS u ilizado eS de eSpaçoS Ve deS de liSBoa. Os espaços e des melho am o ambien e u ba no e são po enciais a acções u ís icas. in es iga-se a in luência de dois espaços e des de Lisboa nas con- ecei ed: Ma ch 2014. accep ed: sep embe 2014 1 niCi , aculdade de Le as, Uni e sidade de Coimb a. La go da Po a é ea, 3004-530 Coimb a. e-mail: [email p o ec ed] 2 Cen o de es udos Geog á icos do ins i u o de Geog a ia e O denamen o do e i ó io, Uni e sidade de Lisboa. e-mail: [email p o ec ed] 3  1960-2013- Cen o de es udos Geog á icos do ins i u o de Geog a ia e O denamen o do e i ó io, Uni e sidade de Lisboa 114 S. Oli ei a, T. Vaz and H. And ade dições é micas em edo ; e i ica-se ambém se a pe cepção do con o o é mico dos isi an es, as suas p e e ências e ca ac e ís icas indi iduais condicionam o uso desses espaços. ealiza am-se medições de empe a u a e humidade ela i a, no Ve ão e no in e no, e calcula am-se des ios é micos en e á eas e des e uas ci cun dan es. es es pode m a ingi 7ºC em de e minados dias e ho as (maio es di e enças com empe a u as al as). es a “ilha de escu a” dos espaços e des em um papel impo an e na mi igação dos impac es das al e ações climá icas nas cidades. Pa a analisa a pe cepção do con o o é mico e p e e ências dos u ilizado es, ealiza am-se en e is as p esenciais em simul â- neo com medições dos pa âme os me eo ológicos. Ve i icou-se uma co e lação posi i a en e a pe cepção dos isi an es e os alo es de empe a u a e humidade ela i a nos meses de Ve ão e ambém uma associação signi ica i a en e as ca ac e ís icas dos indi- íduos, pa i cula men e o géne o, a idade, e o ipo de u ilização dos espaços e des. a in es igação da elação en e pa âme os me eo ológicos, u ilização dos espaços e des e p e e ências dos isi an es, é undamen al pa a c ia á eas mais a ac i as e bené icas pa a o ambien e u bano. Pala as-cha e: espaços e des u banos, ilha de escu a, pe cepção, con o o é mico, u ismo, Lisboa. ésumé – pe cep ion du con o he Mique pa leS uSage S deS eSpaceS Ve S de liSBonne. Les espaces e s u bains amélio en l’en i onnemen u bain e cons i uen des a ac ions ou is iques. On a é udié deux espaces e s à Lisbonne, a in de dé e mine leu in luence su les condi ions he miques en i onnan es e pou analyse l’in luence de la pe cep ion de con o he mique su leu usage pa des isi eu s de di e ses ca égo ies. On a éalisé des mesu es de empé a u e e d’humidi é, en é é e en hi e , an dans les espaces e s qu’au ou d’eux. À ce aines heu es e à ce ains end oi s on a en e- gis é des di é ences he miques allan jusqu’à 7ºC, su ou quand il ai ès chaud. L’e e « îlo de aîcheu » pou ai joue un ôle impo an , en cas de sensibles al é a ions clima- iques. Pou analyse l’imp ession de con o he mique e les p é é ences des u ilisa eu s, on a éalisé simul anémen des en e ues e des mesu es de pa amè es mé éo ologiques. Pendan l’é é, on cons a e une co éla ion posi i e en e les aleu s de empé a u e e d’hu- midi é e leu pe cep ion pa les isi eu s, ainsi qu’une associa ion signi ica i e en e les ca ac é is iques indi iduelles des u ilisa eu s (sexe e âge) e le ype d’usage qu’ils on des espaces e s. Ces connaissances pe me on de c ée des espaces e s plus a ac i s e amélio e on ainsi l’ambiance u baine. Mo s-clés: espaces e s u bains, îlo de aicheu , pe cep ion, con o he mique, ou isme, Lisbonne. 115 The ole o u ban g een a eas in he mal com o i. in ODUC iOn G een a eas a e ecognized as impo an elemen s in u ban a eas, as hey con- ibu e o imp o e he u ban en i onmen (shimoda, 2003; Geo gi and Dimi iou, 2010; Cohen e al., 2012; Gago e al., 2013). G een spaces help o egula e he u ban clima e and o mi iga e he U ban Hea island (UHi) by c ea ing a cooling e ec (Lin e al., 2011; Oli ei a e al., 2011; Choi e al., 2012; Lopes e al., 2013) ha can also mode a e he consump ion o ene gy. u he mo e, hese a eas con- ibu e o he educ ion o ai pollu ion and noise le els, p o ide habi a s o di e- en species and inc ease biodi e si y in ci ies, besides p omo ing social con ac be ween inhabi an s, hus ha ing a posi i e in luence on human heal h (Jau egui, 1990; Upmanis e al., 2001; Dimoudi and nikolopoulou, 2003; ang and Ling, 2005; Geo gi and Za i iadis, 2006; Pa és- anzi e al., 2006; yu and Hien, 2006; La o ezza e al., 2009; na do e al., 2010; Haq, 2011; Cohen e al., 2012; Home e al., 2012; ). G een a eas can also ha e an impo an ole in clima e change adap- a ion; he expec ed global changes may accumula e wi h he u ban he mal e ec s, inc easing he ulne abili y o u ban a eas o he impac s o clima e change (Pa z e al., 2005; Wilby and Pe y, 2006; alco o ado and and ade, 2008). in his con- ex , he mic oclima ic in luen ce o g een a eas in he su ounding a eas, pa i- cula ly he cooling e ec in ho e seasons (La o ezza e al., 2009; Zoulia e al., 2009; Oli ei a e al., 2011; Cohen e al., 2012), can mi iga e he e ec s o he es i ma ed inc ease in empe a u es and hea wa es, whose equency and in ensi y a e expec ed o ise (san os and Mi an da, 2006; Pa y, 2007; alco o ado and a nd ade, 2008); mo eo e , u ban ege a ion, pa icula ly ees, also con ibu e o CO2 up ake (akba i, 2002). addi ionally, g een a eas play an impo an ole in ec ea ion, p o iding noise p o ec ion and acili ies o hei use s (Haq, 2011), ei he locals o ou is s. he a ai labili y o ameni ies in he g een a eas is a ele an pa ame e o ou ism ac i i ies in ci ies (Çalişkan and Ma za akis, 2013; Cianga and Popescu, 2013). u he mo e, he image o a des ina ion is in luenced by he wea he condi ions, pa icula ly when a ec ing ou doo ac i i ies (de ei as, 2003; and ade e al., 2006; Çalişkan and Ma za akis, 2013), hus he clima ic imp o emen s ha g een a eas p o ide o he u ban en i onmen ep esen an asse o ou ism de elop- men . hese spaces c ea e mic oclima ic condi ions ha enable ou is s o spend mo e ime ou doo s, con ibu ing o he social and economic dynamics o he ci y (Haq, 2011). se e al s udies ha e analysed he in luence o wea he and clima e in ou ism (de ei as, 2003; Gómez Ma ín, 2005; sco e al., 2009). addi ionally, he ecen emphasis in clima e change encou aged he de elopmen o s udies ocused on he po en ial in luence o u u e clima ic p ojec ions on ou ism ac i i ies, i s impac s, mi iga ion and adap a ion s a egies (nicholls e al., 2006; sco e al., 2009; e ndle and Ma za akis, 2011; Kaján and saa inen, 2013; Ma za akis e al., 2013). 116 he u ban ou ism in cen al and sou he n eu ope is also expec ed o be in luenced by clima e change, due o he p ojec ed inc ease o hea wa es, and he dec ease in ai quali y in u ban a eas (nicholls e al., 2006; La o ezza e al., 2009). as he mos impo an e ec s o clima e on ou ism occu a he mic o scale (Ma za akis, 2001), g een spaces, e en he smalle ones, can play a ele an ole in he adap a- ion o u ban a ea s o clima e change impac s. he main pu pose o his s udy was o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween wea he condi ions and g een a eas, in ela ion o he mic oclima ic e ec s o g een a eas in he su ounding en i onmen and he pe cep ion o he mal com o by he use s. he speci ic objec i es o his s udy we e: i) o in es iga e he he mal e ec s o small g een spaces in he su ounding a ea, in di e en seasons; ii) o assess he pe cep ion o bioclima ic com o o use s in di e en g een a eas o Lisbon; iii) o analyse he p e e ences o use s in iew o hei cha ac e is ics and he condi ions o he g een spaces ( ege a ion, acili ies, mic oclima ic condi ions); i ) o in es iga e he ole o he he mal en i onmen in he use o u ban g een a eas. ii. Ma e iaLs anD Me HODs 1. S udy a ea his esea ch was ca ied ou in Lisbon, he la ges ci y o Po ugal. Loca ed on he edge o he a lan ic Ocean, Lisbon’s clima e is ypically Medi e anean, wi h ho and d y summe s and mild win e s (alco o ado e al., 2006, 2009; O li ei a e al., 2011). he he mal pa e n o he ci y is de e mined by he combina ion o di e en ea u es, pa icula ly he p oximi y o he a lan ic Ocean and o he agus i e , he i egula elie and he u ban mo phology (alco o ado, 1993; alco o ad o and and ade, 2006). he UHi has i s maximum in ensi y in he sou h o he ci y and occu s mo e equen ly du ing he summe (2ºC by nigh and 1.8ºC by day), when wind speeds ange om 2 o 6 ms-1 (Lopes e al., 2013). e en wi h weak egional winds he u ban neighbou hoods nea he i e a e in luenced by he e s ua ine b eeze s ha p oduce a cooling e ec (alco o ado e al., 2006, 2009). in la e mo ning and ea ly a e noon in summe , hese a eas can ha e empe a u es ha a e, on a e- age, 3.5ºC lowe han he ci y cen e (Vasconcelos and Lopes, 2006; Lopes e al., 2013). he combina ion o he es ua ine b eezes and he weak egional wind, makes he co e o he UHi mo e o he no h o he ci y (alco o ad o e al., 2009). S. Oli ei a, T. Vaz and H. And ade 117 Lisbon has a popula ion o ci ca 540,000 (ine, 2011), dis ibu ed in an a ea o some 85 km2. he ci y includes 1,349 ha o g een spaces dis ibu ed in 65 pa ks, ep esen ing 16% o he o al a ea o he municipali y (schilling, 2010). he Mon- san o Pa k is he la ges g een a ea and occupies 900 ha. Lisbon has an a e age o 26.8 m2 o g een a eas pe capi a (soa es and Cas el-B anco, 2007) and he small g een a eas o he ype o a “neighbou hood pa k” a e p edominan (soa es, 2006). as o ou ism ac i i ies, he good wea he , he sea on posi ion and he his o ical and cul u al he i age make o Lisbon a desi ed des ina ion o ou is s om all o e he wo ld. in he summe mon hs he low o ou is s inc eases subs an ially, ollo- wed by a sp ing “peak” (Za ili and B i o, 2013). wo small g een a eas we e selec ed o his s udy: he pa k eó ilo de B aga, in Campo de Ou ique (g een a ea a), and he pa k B aancamp ei e, in Campo dos Má i es da Pá ia (g een a ea B) ( ig. 1). hese g een spaces a e loca ed in buil -up a eas o he ci y and ha e dis inc cha ac e is ics, as desc ibed below: a) Pa k eó ilo de B aga (g een a ea a) is loca ed in a densely buil -up a ea wi h an o hogonal geome y. i has a su ace a ea o 2,400 m2, a ec angula shape and no h-sou h o ien a ion. ees p e ail o e o he ypes o ege a ion, such as sh ubbe y and he baceous plan s, and he dominan ee species a e, amongs o he s, Cel is aus alis, Gingko biloba, Tilia o men osa, Aesculus hippocas anum and Me o side os excelsia. he la e is a classi ied species due o i s cha ac e is- ics and “public in e es ”. he pa k has a playg ound, ables and benches acing di e en di ec ions and a small lake. i is su ounded by all buildings (15-25 me e s high) wi h a ied shapes, colou s and cons uc ion ma e ials, which a e used o esiden ial o comme cial pu poses. b) Pa k B aancamp ei e (g een a ea B) is loca ed in a densely u banized a ea, in he wa e shed be ween he alleys o wo main a enues o he ci y. i has a su ace a ea o 22,600 m2, in a no h-sou h o ien a ion and an i egula con igu- a ion, being c ossed ans e sally by a oad. i has a lake, whe e a ious bi d species a e ound. simila ly o Pa k eó ilo B aga ees p e ail o e o he ypes o ege a ion, he domi nan ee species being Sopho a japonica, Tilia o men- osa, Ficus benja mina, Ace negundo, Cho isea speciosa, Gingko biloba, G e il- lea obus a, Me o side os excelsia, among o he s. he pa k has di e en ypes o acili ies, namely a spo s camp and a playg ound in he no he n pa and a es- au an and a pa ed squa e wi h a s a ue in he sou he n pa , as well as ables and many benches along he pa k. i is su ounded by buildings o 10 o 20 me e s high and wi h a ied colou s and shapes, which a e used o esiden ial, comme - cial o social pu poses. The ole o u ban g een a eas in he mal com o 118 G een a ea a Pa k eó ilo de B aga G een a ea B Pa k B aancamp ei e ig. 1 – Loca ion o he g een a eas (Ga) in he ci y o Lisbon. Fig.1 – Localização dos espaços e des (EV) na cidade de Lisboa. 2. Field da a collec ion 2.1. Wea he condi ions in g een a eas and hei su oundings in o de o cha ac e ize he seasonal wea he condi ions o he s udy a ea and o i s su oundings, se e al he mo-hyg ome e s iny ag 433–7841 (Gemini Da a-logge s, Chiches e , UK), we e placed on lamppos s o e andas inside and a ound he g een a eas, a an app oxima e heigh o 3 m, acco ding o he speci ic condi ions o each g een space ( ig. 2). ai empe a u e ( a) and ela i e humidi y ( H) we e measu ed e e y 10 min o a leas 30 successi e days. in G een a ea B (Ga-B), he de ices we e placed in win e ( eb ua y 2007) and summe (July – sep embe 2007), whe eas in G een a ea a (Ga-a) only summe measu emen s could be ob ained (June-July 2006). 2.2. Pe cep ion o he he mal com o by use s and hei p e e ences in he bioclima ic unc ions o g een spaces, he modi ica ion o all he a mos- phe ic pa ame e s ha a ec he human body ene gy balance should be conside ed: ai empe a u e ( a), mean adian empe a u e ( m ), wind speed ( ) and ai humi- di y (and ade, 2003; Oli ei a and and ade, 2007; Pa sons, 2010). When hese pa a- me e s change, g een spaces can in luence he he mal com o o he g een space use s. he pe cep ion o bioclima ic condi ions by he use s and hei p e e ences o S. Oli ei a, T. Vaz and H. And ade 119 ig. 2 – Loca ion o he mo-hyg ome e iny ag in g een a ea a, on op, and g een a ea B, bo om. in Ga-a, some iny ags we e disabled and he da a los be o e he end o he measu emen pe iod. Only da a om loca ions aG, a2, a3 and a5 a e p esen ed. Fig.2 – Localização dos e mo-hig óme os Tiny ag no espaço e de A, no opo, e no espaço e de B, em baixo. No EV A alguns iny ags o am desac i ados po azões écnicas an es do im do pe íodo de medições. Só o am a ados dados pa a os pon os AG, A2, A3 e A5. The ole o u ban g een a eas in he mal com o 120 usage wi hin he g een a eas we e analysed in ela ion o hei pe sonal cha ac e is- ics and he in luence o he wea he condi ions. o a ain his pu pose, i ine an measu emen s o he me eo ological pa ame e s ha accoun o human com o we e pe o med simul aneously wi h ace- o- ace in e iews, ca ied ou wi h andomly selec ed adul s passing by o si ing inside he g een a ea. he i ine an mea su emen s we e made using es o p obes: a was measu ed wi h an n C he mos a wi h an accu acy o 0.2°C, whe eas wind speed ( ) was measu ed using a he mal anemome e (wa m bulb) wi h an accu acy o 0.3 m/s a 22°C and a ime o esponse o 4 s. hese measu emen s we e aken e e y 30 seconds, a he same ime as he in e iews. sola (K) and in a ed (L) adia ion we e measu ed e e y 20 minu es, using a py anome e CM21 Kipp & Zonen and a py geome e CG1 Kipp & Zonen, espec i ely (Kipp & Zonen, Del , he ne he lands), ollowing he p ocedu e des c ibed in Oli ei a and and ade (2007). he in e iew included ques ions in a sho -answe o ma , ela ed o h ee di e en ma e s: i) he pe sonal cha ac e is ics; ii) he p e e ences and habi s when using he g een space; iii) he pe cep ion o he me eo ological condi ions and bioclima ic com o a he momen o he in e iew. he selec ion and s uc- u e o he ques ions we e based on p e ious s udies (nikolopoulou and s eeme s, 2003; s a ho poulos e al., 2004; Knez and ho sson, 2006; Oli ei a and and ade, 2007), as des c ibed below: i) he opening sec ion o he ques ionnai e su ey aims o collec da a on pe sonal cha ac e is ics o he indi idual and is di ided in wo subsec ions. he i s , collec ed by he in e iewe , conce ns a ious elemen s ha can in luenc e he pe son’s he mal sensa ions and expec a ions, such as exposu e (sun o shade); company (alone o accompanied); ype o clo hing; physical cha ac e- is ics (e.g. pale skin, da k skin, a , hin); he ac i i y be o e he in e iew ( es , ead/w i e, alk); he posi ion (s anding, si ing o lying down) and he place (bench, g ass, g ound). he secon d subsec ion collec s in o ma ion on age, gen- de , place o bi h, esidency, pe manency, educa ion le el, p o essional ac i i y and smoking habi s. ii) he second pa included i e ques ions conce ning he use o he g een a ea s: he du a ion o he isi ; mo i a ions o he use o ha pa icula g een a ea; equency o isi s; a el dis ance (in ime) om esidency, anspo a ion used and he p e e ences on season, weekday and ime o isi ing he g een space. iii) he hi d pa o he in e iew was dedica ed o he pe cep ion o he w ea he condi ions and hei ela ionship wi h he use o he pa k; he pe cep ion o he me eo ological condi ions was assessed h ough a nominal scale di ided in 4 le els, applied o each o he a iables moni o ed (ai empe a u e, ela i e humi- di y, sola adia ion and wind), and he use s we e asked how hey we e pe cei ing each wea he pa ame e a he momen o he in e iew. inally, he use s we e asked in which wea he condi ions hey isi ed he pa k and hei p e e ed places inside he g een a ea unde di e en wea he condi ions. S. Oli ei a, T. Vaz and H. And ade 127 2.3. Pe cep ion o he wea he pa ame e s a signi ican co ela ion was ound be ween ac ual Pe cep ion Vo e (aPV) o empe a u e and he alues o a, as measu ed by he Pea son co ela ion coe icien ( =0.66, p<0.01) and be ween aPV o humidi y and he alues o H ( =0.33, p<0.01) o he summe da a. Win e da a didn’ show any signi ican ela ion wi h aPV. he e was no signi ican co ela ion be ween aPV o wind and he measu ed alues o wind speed. he s onge co ela ion ound o empe a u e may indica e ha people associa e hei gene al he mal eeling o empe a u e, al hough i in e- g a es he in luence o se e al pa ame e s, as people a e no able o pe cei e isola ed pa ame e s (Pa sons 1993; and ade e al., 2011). 2.4. Pe sonal cha ac e is ics and p e e ences o use o he g een a eas he indi idual cha ac e is ics o people and hei expec a ions in luence hei use o he g een a eas (Lin e al., 2012). signi ican ela ionships be ween speci ic pai s o a iables ha ep esen pe sonal ea u es we e ound, as shown in able ii. able ii – esul s o he C ame es and he associa ion be ween a iables. Quad o II – Resul ados do es e C ame e da associação en e a iá eis. Va iables C ame p- alue associa ion Gende Company 0.252 <0.01 alone: 65% men, 40% women age P e e ed loca ion 0.282 <0.05 > age, benches unde he shade age eason 0.266 <0.05 elde ly: es and p omenade younge : mee iends, walk he dog age Dis ance o esidence 0.206 <0.05 elde ly: li e close o he g een a ea Company ac i i y 0.546 <0.01 alone: walking, es ing Company: alking, es ing Company Dis ance o esidence 0.284 <0.01 alone: people who li e u he away he e ec o company (i he pe son is alone o no ) showed in e es ing esul s; he highes alue was ound be ween he company and he ac i i y being pe o med, ollowed by he ela ionship be ween company and dis ance o he esidence, wi h people alone coming om u he away. Gende is also ela ed o company, wi h men being ound alone mo e o en han women in he u ban g een a eas. al hough signi ican , he alue o he associa ion be ween he a iables is a he weak, p obably due o he complexi y o he pa ame e s analysed; u he in es iga- ion on his issue, which is ou side he scope o his s udy, is equi ed. ne e heless, i is impo an o conside he ela ionships be ween pe sonal cha ac e is ics and he usage o g een a eas, as his will also in luence he ole g een a eas can play in he imp o emen o he u ban en i onmen . The ole o u ban g een a eas in he mal com o 128 iV. COnCLUsiOns U ban g een a eas a e impo an asse s in ci ies, con ibu ing o imp o e he u ban en i onmen , p o iding leisu e oppo uni ies and social con ac be ween peo- ple, among o he bene i s. small g een a eas (“neighbou hood” ype) a e common in Lisbon, whe e Medi e anean clima e p e ails, and a e mainly used by elde ly peo- ple du ing he a e noon in summe ime. he use o hese g een spaces and hei bene i s also depend on he indi idual cha ac e is ics o he use s. in his s udy, empe a u e di e ences we e ound be ween he g een a eas and he o he measu emen loca ions. he g een a ea is in gene al coole . hese di e ences we e clea e in summe han in win e and be ween 10 am and 4 pm, anging o e all om 2 o 6ºC di e ence, depending on he loca ion whe e he measu emen was done. he ac ual Pe cep ion Vo e e ealed only signi ican co ela ion wi h empe a- u e and humidi y in summe measu emen s. i was also ound ha he pe sonal cha ac e is ics o people in luence he use o he g een a eas. Men a e mo e o en ound alone han women. elde ly people show a p e e ence o benches in he shade and hey come om a close loca ion. he use o g een spaces also changed wi h he season, conce ning he ime o pe manency, he ac i i y pe o med and he p e e ed loca ion inside he ga den. in ci ies wi h a Medi e anean clima e, like Lisbon, he exis ence o small g een a eas can ha e a posi i e con ibu ion o di e en aspec s o he ci y’s en i onmen , as con i med by he esul s o his s udy: a) P o ide “cool islands” wi hin he dense u ban ab ic, imp o ing he mal com o in he g een a ea and he nea es su oundings; bo h g een a eas showed he mal di e ences be ween he loca ions wi hin and ou side he pa k, depen- ding on he dis ance, he con igu a ion o he g een a ea and he p e ailing wea he condi ions; b) Mi iga e he po en ial e ec s o clima e change, expec ed o cause highe equen cy and in ensi y o hea wa es, since he cooling e ec o g een a eas is mo e e iden in ho e condi ions; in win e ime, he he mal di e ences be ween he pa ks and he su oundings we e less e iden and he majo i y o he use s p e e ed o isi he pa k in summe ; c) imp o e he u ban en i onmen by educing noise and pollu ion le els; he use s o bo h g een a eas men ioned he oppo uni y o elaxa ion and es ing as easons o hei use; d) P o ide oppo uni ies o social con ac among local people and wi h ou is s; e) Di e si y he ou is ic o e wi hin he ci y, which can a ac mo e people wi h di e en in e es s, hus ha ing posi i e e ec s in he social and economic dynamics o he u ban a ea. he in luence o g een a eas in he wea he pa ame e s, con i med by a cooling e ec ha is pa icula ly s ong in ho e condi ions, is a ele an bene i o he use s o hese spaces and he su ounding a eas. as he mic oclima ic in luence o g een S. Oli ei a, T. Vaz and H. And ade 129 The ole o u ban g een a eas in he mal com o a eas may ex end beyond he pa k, g een a eas also con ibu e o egula e he mal com o and mi iga e po en ial impac s o clima e change in he o e all u ban a ea. he a ailabili y and ype o g een a eas is a ele an c i e ion o ou ism ac i- i ies in u ban a eas. he knowledge o he p e e ences o usage and hei ela ionship wi h pe sonal cha ac e is ics and wea he pe cep ion is an impo an ool o design g een a eas sui able o local people and a ac i e o o he isi o s. aCKnOWLeDGMen s his s udy was ca ied ou in he amewo k o he U bKlim p ojec (POCi/GeO/61148/2004 – unded by he Ope a ional P og amme o science and inno a ion 2010 and by C ). We would like o hank P o . Ma ia João alco o ado o he suppo h oughou he de elopmen o his esea ch and o encou aging he p oduc ion o his pape and he anonymous e e ees o hei commen s ha ha e con ibu ed o imp o e he manusc ip . inally, we a e ex emely g a e ul o he la e P o . 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