Issue on applied human bioclimatology in memory of Henrique Andrade

Finis e a, XLiX, 98, 2014, pp. 3-14 iSSUE oN appLiED HUMaN BioCLiMaToLoGY iN MEMo Y oF HEN iQUE aND aDE Ma ia João alco o ado1 1. issUe P esen a iOn his issue o Finis e a is dedica ed mos ly o human bioclima ology and u ban clima ology, as hese we e he main esea ch opics o ou la e colleague Hen ique and ade, o whom his issue is dedica ed. u he mo e, hese opics a e o cu en in e es and can be o use o applied pu poses. Hen ique passed away las yea (Janua y 9 h 2013) and a sho no e on his li e has al eady been published in his Jou nal (Finis e a, XLViii, 95:9-13, a ailable online). He augh a he Geog aphy Depa men o he acul y o Le e s o Lisbon Uni e si y, om 1991 un il 2008, and la e a he newly ounded ins i u e o Geog a- phy and spa ial Planning (iGO ) a he same Uni e si y. H. and ade was membe o he boa d o he Cen e o Geog aphical s udies (CeG) and o he execu i e Com- mi ee o Finis e a om 2003 o 2006. He was deeply in ol ed in esea ch wi hin he CliMa esea ch g oup, a he Cen e o Geog aphical s udies o he Uni e si y o Lisbon. He also collabo a ed wi h se e al o eign colleagues, wi h whom he had se e al ongoing esea ch p ojec s. his p esen a ion will include b ie commen s on he pape s w i en by au ho s who wo ked wi h Hen ique and ade. he pape s a e o ganized in o ou g oups: Biocli ma ology – F om Tempe a e o T opical En i onmen s; U ban Clima ology and Biocli ma ology o Lisbon; Tou ism Bioclima ology and En i onmen al Impac s, demons a ing he di e si y o H. and ade’s wo k. he esea ch ha he ca ied ou in each opic will be b ie ly depic ed and some o his bibliog aphy is included in he e e- ence sec ion below. he cu en ex does no in end o make an exhaus i e accoun o Hen i que and ade’s whole scien i ic ca ee , bu only o show he ela ionship be ween his esea ch and he pape s w i en by some o his colleagues and co-wo ke s. 1 edi o o inis e a, ull P o esso o he iGO /Uni e sidade de Lisboa ( e i ed), o me head o he CliMa esea ch g oup, membe o he Zephy us esea ch g oup, Cen e o Geog aphical s udies, ed. da aculdade de Le as, alameda da Uni e sidade, 1600-214, Lisboa. email:[email p o ec ed] 4Ma ia João Alco o ado in addi ion o he p esen a ion o his issue a ibu e o Hen ique and ade is paid by Vi ia o so omenho-Ma ques, a Philosophe and Uni e si y P o esso , wi h whom he augh a cou se on En i onmen in Eu ope o s uden s o eu opean s udies, a he acul y o Le e s o he Uni e si y o Lisbon. he ex ha Vi ia o w o e sho ly a e Hen ique’s dea h1 depic ed ou colleague so accu a ely, ha we asked him o adap i o his homage. 1.1. Bioclima ology: F om Tempe a e o T opical En i onmen s he i s main sec ion con ains h ee pape s on bioclima ology in empe a e, sub opical and opical a eas. Bioclima ology s udies a e si ua ed in he in e sec- ion be ween a mosphe e and li e sciences (and ade, 2000) and biocli ma e is equen ly accessed by means o indices ha a e con inuously being imp o ed and modi ied. he i s pape was w i en by and eas Ma za akis and co-au ho s. a. Ma za aki s is a Me eo ology P o esso a he Uni e si y o eibu g, in Ge many, wi h whom he Cen e o Geog aphical s udies has had scien i ic collabo a ion o se e a l d ecades; u he he was a membe o he ju y o Hen ique’s PhD in 2004. Ma za akis and co-au ho s compa e he applica ion o eibu g o he Physiological equi alen empe a u e (Pe ) and o he Uni e sal he mal Com o index (U Ci). Pe was i s p oposed by Höppe and Maye in 1987 and U Ci by Jend izky, in 2012. hey we e o en applied by Ma za akis who de eloped he Rayman ee so wa e ha pe o ms a as calcula ion o he wo indices. he au ho s conclude ha bo h Pe and U Ci a e app op ia e o ho condi ions, bu ha U Ci gi es mo e de ails in cold si ua ions. Hen ique and ade began o use Pe ollowing a s udy isi o he Uni e si y o eibu g, whe e he was wo ked wi h Helmu Maye and and eas Ma za akis, in he ame o a p ojec be ween he Ge man academic exchange se ice O ice (DaaD) and he Po uguese Council o ec o s (C UP). One o his pape s was on he appli- ca ion o Pe o summe condi ions in Lisbon (and ade, 1998), a a ime when his index was ha dly known and applied in Po ugal. he ea e he used Pe in his PhD hesis (2003), and la e in se e al o he pape s, such as and ade and alco o ado (2008) and and ade e al. (2008). in he las ones (Oli ei a e al., 2007; and ade e al,. 2011 and Oli ei a e al., his issue), H. and ade and co-au ho s decided o e i y i he Pe h esholds de ined by a. Ma za akis we e well adap ed o he Po - uguese popu la ion by conduc ing ques ionnai es simul aneously wi h i ine an me eo o logical measu emen s in Lisbon g een a eas. ano he o his aims was o e i y he impo ance o adap a ion h ough he he mal pe cep ion o indi iduals li ing in pa i cula clima ic en i onmen s ( zu-Pin e al., his issue). he nex pape looks in o d y opical en i onmen . an ónio Lopes, ezequiel Co eia ( wo colleagues o and ade, since 1986), he ec o o he Uni e si y o Cape Ve de, J. n. nascimen o and P. Caná io, one o his PhD s uden s, w i e abou he u ban bioclima e o he ci y o P aia, in Cape Ve de a chipelago. in he 2009, 5 Issue on applied human bioclima ology in memo y o Hen ique And ade H. and ade coo dina ed a esea ch p ojec p oposal o s udy he u ban bioclima e o ano he opical ci y, Mapu o (Mozambique), which un o una ely is s ill wai ing o be e alua ed. Wi h he same aim o s udying opical en i onmen s, an ónio Lopes (cu en leade o Zephy us CeG esea ch G oup, ha has me ged he o me CliMA and an eCC g oups) is launching a p ojec wi h he Uni e si y o Cape Ve de, oge h e wi h ezequiel Co eia, who w o e his mas e hesis in 1994 on san iago islan d. in his pape , Lopes and co-au ho s s udy he mal com o o P aia (san iago island). he ecen in ense u ban g ow h has modi ied bioclima ic condi ions ei he in “planned” o “spon aneous” ci y-dis ic s o P aia. acco ding o Pe h esholds, he e is a pe iod o ex eme hea s ess (Pe om 29 o 40ºC) om augus o Oc obe ( he ho e and mo e humid season), while du ing he o he mon hs only mode a e o no hea s ess occu s. Pa o his s udy was ca ied ou a a mic oscale and he e y de ailed Pe maps p oduced can be easily applied o p ac ical pu poses (e.g. u ban planning). i is clea om he maps, ha sun exposed and shel e ed s ee s ha e s ill highe Pe alues and need in e en ions o amelio a e he he mal com o o P aia inhabi an s. zu-Pin Lin and H. and ade me equen ly a con e ences and had begun a join esea ch abou he compa ison o he mal bioclima e in Po ugal and aiwan. hey used ield su eys o me eo ological pa ame e s (in o de o compu e Pe ), oge he wi h ques ionnai es abou “ he mal sensa ion” o inhabi an s o he ci ies o Lisbon and aichung. zu-Pin Lin and co-au ho s concluded ha people in Lisbon a e less sa is ied wi h high Pe alues han hose o aichung (mo e accus omed o hea s ess), bu ole a e be e high wind speeds, which a e equen in Lisbon. he au ho s show he in luence o adap a ion o pa icula wea he condi ions on he mal pe cep ion and u he ecommend ha he design o ou doo s u ban a eas should ake in o accoun he p e e ences o local people and no only index alues. 1.2. U ban Clima ology and Bioclima ology o Lisbon he ollowing g oup o pape s e e s o Lisbon. Using his deep knowledge o e e y Lisbon’s ci y-dis ic and his ondness o na u e, Hen ique and ade de o ed g ea a en ion o Lisbon’s u ban en i onmen , pa icula ly o he u ban a mosphe e as i a ec s di ec ly he com o , heal h and he quali y o li e o u ban dwelle s. a e his mas e hesis abou ai pollu ion in Lisbon (and ade, 1994 and 1996), H. and ade s udied he he mal aspec s o he u ban en i on men , ei he o he ci y as whole, o a he mic oclima ic scale ( a ou ing he s udy o g een a eas). Due o he lack o u ban me eo ological in o ma ion in Lisbon, Hen ique and a de concei ed and buil in 2001 he emb yo o he p esen CeG “mesoscale ne wo k”, equipped wi h mode n shel e s since 2004. He was in cha ge o his ne - wo k un il his dea h. he ne wo k is s ill wo king, hanks o he e o s o an ónio Lopes (Zephy us leade , as men ioned be o e) and o se e al gene a ions o s uden s who help collec ing da a and checking he de ices. in he i s pape o his g oup (alco o ado e al.), a s a is ical s udy o Lisbon’s U ban Hea island (UHi) was 6Ma ia João Alco o ado ca ie d ou based on and ade’s me hodology (and ade, 2003; and ade, 2005) bu using up-da ed da a. he au ho s concluded ha he UHi is mo e in ense in he summe (maximum UHi in ensi ies up o 6.3ºC) han in win e (up o 3.8ºC) and highe a nigh han du ing he day. he ela ionship wi h he wind is in e es ing as some a eas emain ho e due o he shel e e ec s (mos ly om he p e ailing no h winds), whe eas o he s a e coole due o he in luence o he es ua y and ocean b eeze s. he opics o UHi and Pe , pa icula ly i mapped a a de ailed scale, can be o use o applied pu poses, such as u ban planning. H. and ade wo ked ac i ely in di ulging he indings o academic wo k o s akeholde s, ei he in he CliMa s u dies on clima e guidelines o planning (e.g. alco o ado e al., 2009a; alco o ado e al., 2012), as well as p oducing bookle s wi h basic u ban clima e in o ma ion and lis s o bes p ac ices o achie e high clima e quali y ci ies (alco o ado e al., 2009b). so ia Bal aza de eloped a me hodology o cons uc de ailed Pe maps o an u ban a ea du ing he cou se o he hesis supe ised by Hen ique and ade and an ónio Lopes; he ci y o Lisbon was he case-s udy. he maps a e e y in e es ing becaus e hey show ha o selec ed “wea he - ypes”, he e is a g ea spa ial and em- po al di e ence in Pe alues and co esponden s ess class. o example, in “cold win e nigh s”, he en i e ci y is unde ex eme cold s ess, al hough he dense a eas a e no so cold. Con e sely in “ho summe days”, he e is a g ea e spa ial a ia ion o hea s ess classes: he ci y cen e and he eas e n ci y-dis ic s a e unde ex eme hea s ess, while in sW Lisbon, subjec o ocean b eezes, only sligh hea s ess occu s. Besides hei impo ance in planning issues, hese maps a e also being used by biologis s in an a emp o shed ligh on he ela ionship be ween he dis ibu ion o epiphy e species (lichens and b yophy es) and Lisbon u ban clima e. Lichens and b yophy es p o ide an in eg a ed esponse o he clima ic changes occu ing in u ban a eas and may be used as ins umen s o e alua e he UHi. Du ing he s ay in Lisbon, in 2011, ago a szucs discussed wi h H. and ade he bes way o compu e he Mean adian empe a u e (M , a pa ame e needed o calcula e Pe ) and hey s a ed a esea ch on ha opic. in hei pape , a. szucs and co-au ho s p esen he main esul s ob ained using a ious so wa es, such as RayMa n, SOLWEIG and ENVI-me o compu e M , as opposed o using measu ed alues. he esea ch was ca ied ou in g een a eas o Lisbon and he main conclu- sions a e ha Rayman and SOLWEIG a e p e e able in case o di ec sola exposu e, whe eas in shaded a eas enVi-me p o ided he bes esul s Vic o Ba adas, P o esso a he Uni e si y o Mexico Ci y, spen one yea in Lisbon a he CliMa esea ch g oup and began a join esea ch wi h H. and ade, whose esul s he planned o p esen in his pape “ he day ime ene gy budge o small pa ks in Mexico Ci y and Lisbon, Po ugal, as de i ed by ee sap- low measu- emen s and anspi a ion modelling”. Un o una ely, V. Ba adas was unable o pa i cipa e in his homage olume, bu he pape has been accep ed o p esen a ion a he 9 h in e na ional Con e ence in U ban Clima e (iCUC9), ha will be held in oulouse, in July 2015. some mon hs be o e his dea h H. and ade a ended he 7 Issue on applied human bioclima ology in memo y o Hen ique And ade iCUC8 in Dublin; a no e on his li e and ca ee was published in he “U ban Clima e news”, he qua e ly newsle e o he in e na ional associa ion o U ban Clima e. One o he p e e ed subjec s o H. and ade was he s udy o g een a eas. oge he wi h . Viei a he w o e abou clima e o he Gulbenkian Pa k in Lisbon (and ade and Viei a, 2007) and he coo dina ed a ask on u ban g een a eas wi hin he U bklim P ojec (2008-2011). sand a Oli ei a was a g an -holde in his p ojec who wo ked in close and p oduc i e collabo a ion wi h he senio CliMa esea ch- e s. o his issue, sand a Oli ei a and . Vaz ha e wo ked ou addi ional da a col- lec ed du ing he p ojec and ha e w i en abou he pe cep ion o he mal com o and use ’ s p e e ences o wo small g een a eas o Lisbon. he au ho s e i ied ha di e ences be ween e en a small g een a ea and he su ounding s ee s a y b e ween 2 and 7ºC and a e g ea e in summe han in win e . hese di e ences a e highe be ween 10am and 4pm. his cooling e ec o g een a eas may ha e an impo an ole in mi iga ing clima e change impac s. he pape also highligh s he impo ance o pe sonal cha ac e is ics o people on hei “pe cep ion o e”, exp esse d du ing ace- o- ace ques ionnai es. 1.3. Tou ism Bioclima ology he hi d g oup includes wo pape s on clima e and ou ism issues. since 2004, Hen ique and ade showed in e es in his opic (alco o ado e al., 2004), became a membe o he Commission on Clima e, Tou ism and Rec ea ion o he In e na ional Socie y o Biome eo ology and published wo book chap e s in 2007 and 2008. in 2009, he became na ional leade o an in e na ional U bane P ojec − “U ban Tou ism and Clima ic Change”, pa icipa ed in a pape (B i o-Hen iques e al., 2010) and made se e al p esen a ions on he opic. he g an holde o his p ojec , aquel Mache e, became en husias ic abou hese issues, and is now w i ing a PhD hesis on Clima e Change and ou ism. aquel Mache e and co-au ho s p esen some esul s o he U bane p ojec , e.g. a pape on ou ism and clima e change in Lisbon, using a wea he - ype me ho- dology o assess cu en and u u e wea he adequacy o ou ism in Lisbon. Pe was included (as a he mal pa ame e ) in he daily wea he ype de ini ion and he he mal p e e ence o ou is s was used o de ine class h esholds. o he s udied pe iod (2000-2010), e en when he wea he was ca ego ized ex emely ho o uncom o able o ou ism, oom occupancy a es did no dec ease, which shows he impo ance o o he a iables (as oom p ices o he mal expec a ions).When makin g p ojec ions o 2020 and 2050 unde he a1B scena io, he g ea es di e ences con- ce n he minimum empe a u e no included in his wea he ype de ini ion (nex s ep in aquel´s PhD). Conside ing he maximum empe a u e, only a ew days a e expec ed o be unaccep ably ho in 2050 (and none in 2020). H. and ade had se e al scien i ic con ac s wi h K ysz o Blazejczyk, one o he leading au ho s in Biome eo ology and Bioclima ology. in hei pape , K. Blazejczy k and co-au ho sugges a new index o e i y he “adap a ion s ain” o ou is s a- 8Ma ia João Alco o ado elling om no he n and Cen al eu ope o he Medi e anean. hey conclude ha summe is he season wi h he g ea es spa ially di e en ia ed adap a ion s ain, bu in win e he need o adap a ion is g ea e han in summe o ou is s a i ing o Ba celona, ome and a hens. 1.4. En i onmen al impac s he las g oup includes wo pape s on en i onmen al impac s o ex eme cli- ma ic and me eo ological condi ions, one abou clima e and heal h issues and he o he on hyd o-clima ic haza ds. he opic “clima e and heal h” was he la es one in H. and ade’s esea ch, ha he unde ook a e his pa icipa ion in a small essay in 2007 (alco o ado and and ad e, 2007). He s a ed a s udy on he possible in luence o wea he and a mos- phe ic elec ic discha ges (aeD) on as hma c isis in child en, oge he wi h he phy- sicians o a pedia ic hospi al in Lisbon (Dona Es e ânia Hospi al). he s udy was included in he aiden P ojec coo dina ed by Ma celo agoso, a colleague o H. and ade since 1986. He had also s a ed ano he s udy wi h he Uni e si y o Coimb a in collabo a ion wi h Helena noguei a abou he ela ionship be ween cold and mo ali y in Po ugal. he i s pape o his g oup is ela ed o he p elimi- na y inding s o he esea ch in collabo a ion wi h Dona Es e ânia Hospi al. he au ho s a e Paulo Caná io, Ma celo agoso, Ca la Mo a and Helena noguei a. hey ha e in es iga ed he ela ionships be ween wea he pa ame e s and aeD, and he a iabili y o as hma c isis in child en a ending eme gency se ices a Dona Es e âni a Hospi al, using a sample o au umn days wi h hunde s o ms du ing he pe iod 2003-2009. hey concluded ha a dec ease in minimum empe a u e caused in ac an inc ease o as hma c isis, while no ela ionship has been ound so a be wee n aeD and as hma exace ba ion. as hese esul s a e no in ull ag eemen wi h o he s desc ibed in he li e a u e, he au ho s in end o con inue hei s udy based on longe samples. he las pape deals wi h an ex eme me eo ological e en . H. and ade was pa icula ly in e es ed in he mal ex emes, ei he due o hea o cold; he supe ised he mas e hesis o Jo ge Ma ques ( om he iPMa, Po uguese ins i u e o he Ocean and he a mosphe e) on his subjec , showing ha he widesp ead idea ha in a Medi e anean coun y he e would be no ela ionship be ween mo ali y and cold wea he is no co ec . João Vasconcelos, a o me g an holde a he CliMa G oup, also wo ked ou he ela ionships o mo bili y and cold wea he in Po ugal in his PhD a he new Uni e si y o Lisbon. Bu al hough in Po ugal win e mo ali y is cu en ly highe han in summe , ex emely ho wea he de e mines a ise in dea hs especially among he mo e ulne able people. Paulo Caná io was supe ised by Hen ique and ade du ing his PhD hesis (s ill ongoing) abou hea s ess and mo a- li y in Lisbon Me opoli an a ea, in oducing a spa ial con ex in his esea ch down o he ci il pa ish le el and pe mi ing o es ablish which ones a e mo e ulne able o hea - ela ed mo ali y haza d. 9 Issue on applied human bioclima ology in memo y o Hen ique And ade he pape by Ângela san os (CeG iskam esea ch g oup), susana Mendes (Uni e si y o Be gen) and João Co e- eal (Uni e si ies o É o a and Lusó ona) is abou he consequences o ano he ype o ex eme e en , he s o m He cules ha hi Po ugal in Janua y 2014 and i s main impac s. i was a deep d ep ession in he lowe a mosphe e, cen e ed a ci ca 40º no h and associa ed wi h an occluded on al s ys em, igge ing s ong sea wa es. he s udy was ca ied ou h ough he analysis o documen a y and media sou ces, as well h ough compa ison o exis ing ield e idence be o e he s o m and wi h ieldwo k ca ied ou a e he s o m. al hough he wa e ain was es ic ed o a na ow coas al a ea, he au ho s e i ied ha i caused signi ican damage in beaches, on s ee s, po s and ma inas, showing he weaknesses o coas al planning managemen . as exp essed elsewhe e, Hen ique and ade’s absence has been di icul o deal wi h. We will always emembe him as he low-p o ile bu disce ning iend, and as he cul i a ed, ha dwo king and pe se e ing colleague, who had a c i ical a i ude owa ds us, bu mo e so owa ds himsel . i supe ised his Mas e and PhD hesis and i can es i y his eno mous scien i ic and human alue. se e al esea ch lines we e opened by him, se e al pape s we e le un inished. some o hese gaps a e illed in his issue o inis e a. in sho , in his dynamic academic ca ee , H. and ade launched many ideas and s a ed new esea ch opics wi hin ou esea ch g oup. We a e g a e ul o him and he Zephy us esea che s will pu sue and de elop his legacy in his memo y. 2. Main PUBLiCa iOns anD COn e enCe P OCeeDinGs O Hen iQUe anD aDe 2.1. in e na ional jou nals Bu ka K, Caná io P, B ei ne s, schneide a, sche be K, and ade H, alco o ado MJ, endliche W (2013) in e ac i e sho - e m e ec s o equi alen empe a u e and ai pollu ion on human mo ali y in Be lin and Lisbon. En i onmen al Pollu ion, 183: 54-63. DOi:10.1016/j.en pol.2013.06.002. and ade H, alco o ado MJ, Oli ei a s (2011) Pe cep ion o empe a u e and wind by use s o public ou doo spaces: ela ionships wi h wea he pa ame e s and pe sonal cha ac e is ics. In e na ional Jou nal o Biome eo ology, 55(5): 665-680. DOi: 10.1007/s00484-010-0379-0 Oli ei a s, and ade H, Vaz (2011) he cooling e ec o g een spaces as a con ibu ion o he mi iga ion o u ban hea : a case s udy in Lisbon. Building and En i onmen , 46(11): 2186-2194. DOi:10.1016/j.builden .2011.04.034 Mache e , e ei a C, B i o-Hen iques e, and ade H, Cou o J (2010) an icipa ing he impac s o clima e change on ou ism in Lisbon Me opoli an a ea - assessing ou is pe cep ions. Be ich e des Me eo o- logischen Ins i u s de Albe -Ludwigs-Uni e si ä F eibu g, 20: 346-351. Caná io P, and ade H (2010) Mo ali y spa ial a ia ions in a small scale du ing hea wa es in Lisbon - who is a isk? Be ich e des Me eo ologischen Ins i u s de Albe -Ludwigs-Uni e si ä F eibu g, 20: 225-228. alco o ado MJ, and ade H, Lopes a, Vasconcelos J (2009a) applica ion o clima ic guidelines o u ban planning. he example o Lisbon (Po ugal). Landscape and U ban Planning, 90(1-2): 56-65. DOi:10.1016/j.landu bplan.2008.10.006 10 Ma ia João Alco o ado and ade H, alco o ado MJ (2008) Mic oclima ic a ia ion o he mal com o in a dis ic o Lisbon ( elhei as) a nigh . Theo e ical and Applied Clima ology, 92(3-4): 225-237. DOi: 10.1007/s00704-007-0321-5 Oli ei a s, and ade H (2007) assessmen o he clima ic com o in an ou doo public space o Lisbon. In e na ional Jou nal o Biome eo ology, 52(1): 69-84. DOi 10.1007/s00484-007-0100-0 alco o ado MJ, and ade H (2006) noc u nal u ban hea island in Lisbon (Po ugal): main ea u es and modelling a emp s. Theo e ical and Applied Clima ology, 84(1-3): 151-159. 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