With or without you: models of urban requalification under neoliberalismo in Portugal

Wi h o wi hou you: models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in Po ugal Sónia Al es Rosa B anco 19. 458 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in in oduc ion Goals ha unde pin policies in he ields o housing and u ban equali ica ion, as well as he policy ins umen s h ough which hese policies a e ca ied ou , ha e been p oblema ised om nume ous pe spec i es. Rega ding he misma ch be ween policy goals and hei ou pu s, Elsinga (2017, 149) a gues ha “many cu en housing policies a e based on w ong (explici o implici ) assump ions”, while, in a s udy o he Po uguese case, Al es (2017a) ques ions he a ionali y o policies ha in coun ies wi h high le els o income inequali y and po e y suppo he commodi ica ion o housing and he de elopmen o deb -d i en owne ship. Likewise, Mendes (2014) and Quei ós (2015) ques ion he mo ali y o s a egies o u ban enewal ha , unde ad e se socio-economic ci cums ances, use housing as an in es men asse wi hin a globalised inancial ma ke . The ela ionship be ween housing and social exclusion has been analysed om di e en pe spec i es, o example, psychological, economic, poli ical, o ideological. On he one hand, he expe ience o housing a ec s e e y aspec o well-being. Room (1995, 105), who claims ha he no ion o social exclusion ocuses p ima ily on ela ional issues such as inadequa e social pa icipa ion (e. g. in e ms o social, poli ical o ci il igh s), iden i ies se e al o ms o social exclusion ha go beyond me ely ma e ial ac o s and in ol e aspec s o democ a ic empowe men . Ande son and Sim (2000), Ha ey (2003), Le eb e (1996) also pu o wa d he need o a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o how ulne able g oups a e excluded and ma ginalised; as well as unde wha condi ions he denial o he undamen al igh o a decen house occu s, and he denial o he- igh - o- he-ci y. In o he wo ds, he igh o no be displaced and excluded om one’s p e ious loca ion, social ne wo ks e c. In e ms o globalisa ion and capi alism, in which he e is an inc easing commodi ica ion o housing, and widening social and economic di isions, housing and u ban policies ha e o be sc u inised in ela ion o he ou comes hey p oduce. A e hey gene a ing jus and inclusi e ou comes? To wha ex en a e hey p o iding o he igh o a o dable, adequa e and secu e housing enu e? Al es’ (2017b) s udies con i m he exis ence o o ms o ins i u ional disc imina ion agains people pe cei ed o belong o di e en acial o e hnic g oups, o ha lack ma e ial and symbolic powe . As indica ed by Madanipou , Ca s and Allen (1998), social exclusion can models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 459 bes be unde s ood a he mic o-le el by loca ing indi iduals in hei social con ex and unde s anding how policies and ins i u ional p ac ices a ge ing neighbou hoods can a ec hei homes, he buil en i onmen , social ne wo ks and e e yday li es. Se e al s udies con i m ha a ea-based ini ia i es can con ibu e o he u he ma ginalisa ion and impo e ishmen o al eady ulne able amilies/ g oups (Knox and Pinch 2010; Al es 2017c). To add ess hese issues, and he impac s o policies and ins i u ional p ac ices on neighbou hoods and hei esiden s, he a icle is o ganised in he ollowing manne . The i s pa p esen s a li e a u e e iew on he opics o gen i ica ion, en ep eneu ialism and displacemen . The second pa summa ises he heo e ical insigh s d awn om an empi ical s udy on he implemen a ion o he s u (Sociedades de Reabili ação U bana) model in he municipali y o Po o. The Ca dosas ope a ion was he speci ic ocus, d i en by eli e p io i ies, while dis ega ding he needs and expec a ions o si ing enan s. The hi d pa jus i ies he choice o i le, d awing upon discussion o he ole o u ban and housing policies as an inequali y ac o in ela ion o housing policy and he housing ma ke . This esea ch p esen s wo main heo e ical con ibu ions. On he one hand, i illus a es how u ban equali ica ion policies based on public- p i a e pa ne ships and a laissez- ai e app oach o he housing ma ke cause widesp ead displacemen o o me si ing enan s, uelling social and economic inequali y wi hin he ci y. On he o he , i suppo s he claim ha c isis and aus e i y should no be used as an alibi o he o ma ion o neolibe al s a egies, which dis ega d people’s igh s and p e e ences. I should a he demand he sea ch o a middle-g ound s a egy, such as he inclusiona y housing model equi ing de elope s o se aside, in ma ke - a e de elopmen , a ce ain pe cen age o dwelling uni s o sale o en o low- income households (Tulumello 2016). heo ies o gen i ica ion, en ep eneu ialism and displacemen Much li e a u e has been published on he opic o gen i ica ion, a signi ican pa o which a emp s o explain he mechanisms ha unde lie he ans o ma ion o adi ionally esiden ial wo king-class a eas in o middle-class 460 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in neighbou hoods. The deba e on he concep o gen i ica ion1 has mos ly e ol ed a ound he causes and consequences o his phenomenon when he e a e unequal powe ela ions be ween he s a e, he ma ke and ci izens. The i s academic s udies ypically ocused on he causes o gen i ica ion by looking a he cha ac e is ics o he gen i ie s and he gen i ied a eas (Vázquez 1992). Mo e ecen s udies, howe e , ha e ied o ela e gen i ica ion p ocesses o, on he one hand, a b oade se o ans o ma ions ope a ing in economic and occupa ional s uc u es (Hamne 2004); and, on he o he , o he ole o he s a e and o neolibe al policies ega ding social s uggles o e u ban space. In he li e a u e e iew, i is possible o dis inguish di e en explana o y heo ies ha es ablish he connec ion be ween gen i ica ion and o he con empo aneous p ocesses. The phenomenon o gen i ica ion has been explained: (i) by he ansi ion om an indus ial socie y o a pos -indus ial socie y, in which he social s uc u e o he indus ial ci y (domina ed by manual wo ke s wi h weak economic esou ces) gi es ise o a social s uc u e domina ed by employees o inancial se ices and he public sec o (Hamne 2004); (ii) by changes ha occu a he le el o p oduc ion, ela ed o he decision o ein es in he ma ke , aiming o cap u e he en -gap ha exis s in ce ain a eas, ha is, he di e ence in alue be ween he ac ual and he expec ed p o i able en 2; and (iii) by changes ha occu a he le el o consume p e e ences, ela ed o changes in alues and li es yles o a new middle class. The ela ionship be ween neolibe al u banism, p ope y-led enewal, and gen i ica ion as ega ds globalisa ion and inancialisa ion o home-owne ship, has also been highligh ed by se e al au ho s, who claim ha gen i ica ion is an in eg al pa o u ban policies wo ldwide (Ui e ma k and Loopmans 2013; Janoschka, Seque a and Salinas 2014). Wi h na ional and local adminis a o s emphasising he ele ance o ma ke -based solu ions o sol e social and u ban p oblems, gen i ica ion, ypically used as an economic ool o p omo e u ban enewal, is explained no simply as an economic phenomenon esul ing om 1 The concep o gen i ica ion was o mula ed by sociologis Ru h Glass in 1964 o desc ibe he in asion o wo king-class London neighbou hoods by he middle-classes. Sociologis s and geog aphe s in Po ugal ha e used he e ms “nobilização” (nobilisa ion), “a is oc a ização” (a is oc a isa ion) and ou is i icação ( ou is i ica ion) (Rod igues 2010; Mendes 2012) as synonyms o gen i ica ion. 2 The en -gap heo y con inues o be seen as a use ul means o explain gen i ica ion, as i looks a cycles o in es men and disin es men in he buil en i onmen , and speci ically a p ocesses o economic dep ecia ion o eal es a e alue ha lead o he possibili y o p ocesses o p o i able ein es men (Smi h 1979, 1987; an Loon and Aalbe s 2017). models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 461 he exis ence o a en gap, bu as a poli ical phenomenon, wi h mains eam media and poli icians cons uc ing gen i ica ion as a p ac ical solu ion o deal wi h u ban decline (Chum 2015; Sla e 2009). Laue mann (2016) claims ha he ‘en ep eneu ’ o he en ep eneu ial ci y is a municipal go e nmen ha has in e nalised neolibe al impe a i es and mo i a ions ha a e close o p o i , speci ically: “in es ing public unds wi h simul aneous objec i es o achie ing public policy goals and expanding public e enue” (Laue mann 2016, 7). He claims ha use o he label “en ep eneu ial” is ele an because i o e s a mo e p ecise desc ip ion o he ype o go e nance p ac ice ha is co ela ed bu no iden ical o neolibe alism (Laue mann 2016, 8). Mo eo e , he explains ha con empo a y en ep eneu ial ci ies deploy well-es ablished en ep eneu ial oolki s, such as public-p i a e in es men en u es, municipal eal es a e specula ion, place-b anding and in e -u ban compe i ion. Ponzini (2016) obse es he ela ionship be ween c ises and neolibe alism, no ing ha : “when bo h public and p i a e esou ces become sca ce, policymake s end o lowe he s anda ds o egula ion, o s ip-o planning powe s and au ho i ies, o y o de-poli icise and s eamline choices and p ojec s, o p omo e new s a egies” (Ponzini 2016, 1238). The nega i e e ec s o he use and p omo ion o gen i ica ion as an u ban s a egy ha uses public money o pu sue ma ke in e es s ha e been ex ensi ely se ou . I is a gued ha gen i ica ion is likely o ha m he in e es s o he poo (Pugalis 2016) and, mo e b oadly, i can damage he social ab ic (Pa on and Coope 2016). The upg ading and eplacemen o exis ing building s ock, namely o low- en housing by expensi e housing, has an impac on di e en o ms o displacemen (Shaw and Hagemans 2015). Ma cuse (1986) dis inguishes be ween di ec and indi ec o ms o displacemen . While ‘di ec displacemen ’ ep esen s a p ocess in which enan s mo e because o en inc eases o p essu e om landlo ds, “exclusiona y displacemen ”, an indi ec o m o displacemen , e lec s he inabili y o low-income esiden s o mo e in o gen i ied neighbou hoods because o changing condi ions in he housing ma ke , o example, highe en s o a educ ion in he numbe o a o dable en al dwellings (Hochs enbach and an Gen 2015). As emphasised by Shaw and Hagemans (2015), he me e p esence o middle-class people in a gen i ying neighbou hood ep esen s he loss o a o dable housing s ock and he ongoing educ ion o housing op ions, a ou ing displacemen . We con ibu e o his deba e by examining how, unde neolibe alism and aus e i y, and wi h he wi hd awal o he s a e in a ou o he p i a e sec o , 462 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in he municipali y o Po o has p omo ed u ban go e nance modes in he ield o housing equali ica ion, a ou ing gen i ica ion and displacemen p ocesses (Sequei a 2011). In his ega d, i is wo h no ing ha , in Po o, he ela ion be ween gen i ica ion, en ep eneu ialism and displacemen has been analysed om di e en pe spec i es. Fe nandes (2011) claims ha ou ism has b ough new economic alue o he his o ic pa s o ci ies, and his new economic alue encou ages ein es men ela ed o ou ism (gues house accommoda ion, ho els and hos els, es au an s and ca és, c a shops). Quei ós (2013), b inging class ela ions and inequali ies in o ocus, claims ha models o neolibe al u ban go e nance ha e played a decisi e ole in displacing o me si ing enan s o low socio-economic s a us and p omo ing eal es a e specula ion ela ed o “comme cial gen i ica ion” (an exp ession also used by Douce 2014, 127). models o u ban equali ica ion and ci y cen e e i alisa ion in po ugal Wi h a poo ly de eloped wel a e s a e sys em, Po ugal, like o he sou he n Eu opean coun ies, has expe ienced low le els o public spending on housing3 and has chosen models ha mainly a ou he cons uc ion o new housing a he expense o housing equali ica ion, and ma ke -d i en housing p o ision o pu chase, a he han o en al and by non-p o i housing o ganisa ions. This p edominan (libe al) concep ion ha he ma ke is he bes p o ide o housing and ha in e en ion should be es ic ed o indi iduals wi h g ea e and means- es ed needs, has played a c ucial ole in Po uguese housing policy o wo easons. Fi s , he p o ision o social housing was insu icien o espond o he needs o a la ge pe cen age o he popula ion ha needed housing in ci ies ( he main des ina ion o he u al exodus), leading o he non-planned and non-au ho ised cons uc ions, wi h p eca ious housing condi ions becoming e iden in many ci ies.4 Second, be ween 1987 and 2011, he s a e spen mos public unds on housing o suppo in e es a e subsidies 3 Figu es on go e nmen spending show ha le els o s a e expendi u e a e e y low, equi alen o only 0.1% o he gdp in 2015 ( ms 2017). 4 In he 1970s a la ge pe cen age o pe manen housing accommoda ion in Po ugal s ill had no basic acili ies, such as unning wa e (47% o o al housing s ock), ba h o showe (32%), sani a ion (58%) and sewe s (60%) (Al es 2017a). models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 463 on bank loans o he cons uc ion and pu chase o homes (abou h ee- qua e s o all public spending in his domain); a he expense o housing equali ica ion, which ecei ed only 1.7% o he o al unding (ih u 2015). As a esul , owne -occupancy became he dominan enu e, wi h 73% o all pe sons li ing in a p i a ely-owned dwelling (ine 2011). Owing o housing policies ha mainly suppo ed he p oduc ion o new buildings, and o land-use planning policies ha a ou ed he expansion o u ban sp awl o he pe iphe ies ( h ough he ans o ma ion o u al a eas in o buil -up a eas), he his o ic cen es o Lisbon and Po o – whe e he implemen a ion o he so-called i s gene a ion o en con ols (Ha ne , Elsinga and Hoeks a 2012) was p olonged o e ime-, c ea ed u ban decline. The physical and demog aphic decline o he his o ic cen e o Po o is a es ed o by s a is ical da a. Be ween 1991 and 2011, he popula ion o he his o ic cen e o Po o ell om 20,342 o 9,334 indi iduals, a loss o abou hal o he o al esiden popula ion (ine 2011). In 2011, he sha e o acan buildings was abou 19% o all housing s ock and much o his was in a poo s a e. O he 1,800 buildings in he his o ic cen e o Po o in 2011, 34% we e in poo condi ion, equi ing majo wo ks, while 51% equi ed small and medium-scale epai (ine 2011). A he same ime, he p i a e en al sec o dec eased ab up ly be ween 1981 and 2011: in Po ugal om 40% o 20%, a educ ion om 1 074 590 o 545 710 dwellings (ine 2011), in he municipali y o Po o dec eased om 67 373 o 43 302 dwellings. In 2011, when 43 302 con ac s o p i a e en al we e egis e ed, hal o hese dwellings (equi alen o 21 084) s ill had en s below 100 eu os. In con as , he segmen o con ac s signed a e 1990 has been inc easingly domina ed by highe en s, which has aised issues o a o dabili y o middle and low-income amilies. Following legal e o ms in en egula ion (U ban Lease Ac Law n . 31/2012) aiming o elimina e enan secu i y unde new leases, and he ansi ion om he old (p e-1990) lease con ac s o a new egime o en s, he s a e has c ea ed a si ua ion in which he in e es s o landlo d and enan could be mo e e ec i ely balanced, bu also in which emaining si ing enan s a e exposed o a ious o ms o displacemen . The cu en pe iod o libe alisa ion, which we name “a p o-gen i ica ion phase” comes a e an an i-gen i ica ion phase (1974-1998); and a g adual shi owa ds gen i ica ion (1999- 2004), in which i was no longe possible o he ulne able amilies o emain in he a ea/p ope ies a e equali ica ion. 464 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in he an i-gen i ica ion phase (1974-1998) Du ing his phase, public policies clea ly sough o main ain and assis popula ions ins alled in he his o ic dis ic s. Social and physical objec i es we e closely associa ed, as ini ia i es aimed o imp o e he housing si ua ion o wo king-class amilies, while a oiding o ced emo al and displacemen . Decisions we e aken by municipali ies wi h he pa icipa ion o local esiden s. The Local Suppo Ambula o y Se ice (Se iço de Apoio Ambula ó io Local – saal, 1974-1976) is a good example in his ega d as well as he “P og amme o U ban Requali ica ion” (1985) ha c ea ed Gabine es Técnicos Locais (g l) o de elop in eg a ed plans o u ban equali ica ion. In addi ion, o suppo he equali ica ion o p i a e en ed dwellings wi h old con ac s and poo housing s anda ds, he cen al go e nmen launched se e al p og ammes, such as he ec ia (Po uguese ac onym o Special Reimbu semen Scheme o he Reco e y o Leased P ope y), o he ehabi a (Regime o Suppo Housing Reco e y in Ancien U ban A eas) ha p o ided unding o landlo ds ( o suppo he upg ading o buildings) and housing allowances o si ing enan s ( o co e en inc eases ollowing housing equali ica ion). In some cases, municipal housing se ices p o ided housing o he empo a y eloca ion o si ing enan s du ing pe iods o housing equali ica ion, which was conside ed a g ea incen i e o landlo ds o ehabili a e hei p ope ies (Cos a 2010). In Po o, he go e nmen agency c ua b (Po uguese ac onym o Commi ee o he U ban Reno a ion o he Ribei a/Ba edo A ea) was c ea ed in he mid-1970s (a e he implemen a ion o democ acy) o ensu e ha he wo king-class popula ion which inhabi ed he his o ic cen e o Po o “ o a long ime, in he wo s condi ions o housing and exploi a ion” could emain in he a ea (Al edo 1997, 78). The goal was o a oid e ic ing he poo because o ising p ope y alues de i ing om he equali ica ion o buildings. Fi s as a go e nmen agency, la e as a g l, and subsequen ly as a municipal o ice, he c ua b wo ked o o e 30 yea s o de elop an app oach based upon: (i) buying deg aded p ope ies, h ough nego ia ion o exp op ia ion5; (ii) de eloping ehabili a ion a chi ec u al enginee ing 5 The exp op ia ion o buildings was jus i ied, allegedly because p i a e landlo ds did no in es in he main enance o hei p ope ies, al hough hey we e legally obliged o do so. The e o e, he public sec o had o ac in o de o p e en he deg ada ion o he his o ic cen e. models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 465 p ojec s; and (iii) implemen ing hem. This model allowed he p o ision o many e u bished en al uni s wi h en s below ma ke alues. Howe e , i also had se e al d awbacks, such as he lack o esou ces o sus ain he cycle o exp op ia ion, equali ying and en ing. In ac , only a lack o esou ces explains why many o he exp op ia ed buildings had been no e u bished o decades and ha mos o he si ing enan s who li ed he e we e e en ually ehoused on subu ban housing es a es (Al es 2010). In his ega d, i is wo h no ing ha in he 1990s, ollowing he accession o Po ugal in o he Eu opean Union in 1986, he coun y began o ecei e Eu opean unding o suppo na ional and local in es men in se e al domains, such as slum clea ance, conse a ion o his o ic monumen s and si es, p o ision o social in as uc u e e c. Howe e , as esponsibili y o housing policies emained a na ional and – o a lesse ex en – municipal ma e and he eu had no di ec compe ence (no unding a ailable) o his policy, a ea-based ini ia i es suppo ed by he eu had only indi ec in luence on housing enewal. The his o ic cen e o Po o pa icipa ed, o example, in he ini ia i es Po e y iii and U ban Pilo P ojec s (launched by he Eu opean Commission in 1996) ha add essed a wide ange o u ban p oblems, such as a ic conges ion, was e managemen , de elic buildings ( esiden ial buildings we e no eligible o unding), economic decline e c. P ojec s in his phase ended o adop an in eg a ed app oach o ackle hese p oblems, combining ha d in as uc u e wi h en i onmen al, social and economic suppo measu es. Ta ge a eas and popula ions we e clea ly de ined, along wi h in e en ion measu es. Fo example, in he disad an aged neighbou hood o Mo o da Sé, in an a emp o p omo e he ci izens’ quali y o li e, he U ban Pilo P ojec alloca ed esou ces o ain he long- e m unemployed, suppo o child en and senio s a isk o po e y e c. Ac i i ies and se ices subs an ially inc eased he quali y o li e o esiden s, and se e al o ms o pa icipa ion and empowe men we e implemen ed (G os 1993). he shi owa ds gen i ica ion (1998- 2004) The g owing unde s anding ha a 100% publicly unded in e en ion would no be enough o sol e he p oblems o physical de elic ion, which we e ex ensi e in he his o ic cen es, led o he ecogni ion ha : (i) i would be necessa y o pu he ma ke o housing equali ica ion and p i a e en al o 472 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in he ca dosas ope a ion This sec ion discusses he main ideas, assump ions and discou ses associa ed wi h he Ca dosas Ope a ion. Fi s , e ision o he s a egic o icial documen s ha suppo ed he ope a ion show ha he need o a comp ehensi e es uc u ing o he Ca dosas qua e , loca ed in he hea o Po o ci y cen e, was jus i ied bo h by he le els o physical deg ada ion o he a ea, and he po en ial o le e aging a wide a ea in cen al Po o. The in en ion o a ge a mo e a luen popula ion, i possible ou is s and in es o s in e es ed in a second home, is explici ; whils he p oduc ion o a o dable housing a con olled cos s and o en al was ne e en isaged by he documen . The decision o eloca e he exis ing popula ion elsewhe e was jus i ied by he ac ha si ing enan s would no be able o a o d he “highe s anda d” quali y housing ha was en isaged o he a ea (Po o Vi o s u 2007, 21). Second, ega ding modes o implemen a ion, a public-p i a e pa ne ship was c ea ed be ween Po o Vi o s u and wo p i a e pa ne s. A eal es a e The Ca dosas qua e in he his o ic cen e Figu e 19.1 models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 473 in es men und, designa ed Fi s Opo o U ban Regene a ion Fund (4F), was in ol ed. The planning ag eemen signed be ween he pa s en isaged he equali ica ion o a luxu y ho el, a housing complex wi h 50 new luxu y dwellings (mos ly one- o wo-bed oom uni s), quali ied comme ce and se ices (on he g ound loo ), and an unde g ound ca pa k, ha aim o mee he needs o an a luen popula ion. Al hough he public pa ne suppo ed he cos s wi h exp op ia ions, demoli ion and cons uc ion o new buildings and semi-public spaces, de elope s we e no equi ed o se aside a pe cen age o dwelling uni s o sale o en o low-income households. Planning pe missions we e app o ed wi hou local au ho i ies equi ing a pe cen age o a o dable housing uni s in he new de elopmen om de elope s. As a esul o his “exclusiona y” s a egy, si ing enan s we e displaced and ehoused by local au ho i ies elsewhe e. As o implemen a ion on he g ound, in e iewees claimed ha he main pu poses o s u was/is he ehabili a ion o public spaces, he ehabili a ion o hei own buildings and, o emos , he acili a ion o p i a e in es men by cu ing back bu eauc acy and suppo ing hei p ojec s. The p e ailing iew o Po o Vi o s u’s ole in public-p i a e pa ne ships is ha i plays an ins umen al ole in he implemen a ion o p ojec s: “i se es as a me e ool o exp op ia e he p ope ies which we e no in he p i a e pa ne s’ possession so ha hey could execu e he wo ks” (ps1). Acco dingly, he in e iewees’ iew on s a egies and goals seems o a ou p i a e in es o s’ in e es s: “ he owne can b ing ideas in o he p ojec o an in es o can appea who is no he o iginal owne and has a gi en p ojec in mind and all his is lexible. We ha e changed a ious si ua ions acco ding o ma ke dynamics” (ps1). When asked abou he need o mo e di e se social composi ion o he qua e , in e iewees dis ega ded inclusi eness. In one case, i was a gued ha he inclusion o o he social g oups (low-income g oups) occu ed in a nea by qua e – “50m om he Ca dosas we ha e he Mo o da Sé” (ps3), a dis ic whe e he in e en ion o Po o Vi o s u a ge ed low-middle income amilies. Rega ding ou comes, i is undispu ed ha he Ca dosas Ope a ion ans o med he p o ile o he qua e ’s housing s ock in e ms o enu es and ypology s uc u e, en alues, he s a e o conse a ion o he buildings and esiden s’ socio-economic p o iles. 474 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in Whils some in e iewees a emp ed o legi ima e he s a egies and ope a ional choices made by s u bu eauc a s, o he s ques ioned he a ionale and esul s o he ope a ion in e ms o bene i s, cos s, and disad an ages. One pa icula aspec was pa adigma ic o he lack o in e en ion om public pa ne s ega ding he social exclusion aspec s o he in e en ion: he p i a isa ion o he open a ea o he qua e , a ga ed condominium ha is closed by nigh . Whils admi ing ha his is undesi able, all s u s a membe s conside ed i necessa y o p ese e he new esiden s’ in e es s. conclusion Social exclusion is a mul i ace ed p ocess by which indi iduals and hei communi ies become pola ised, socially di e en ia ed and unequal (Le i as 2006). Social exclusion can ha e p o ound e ec s on some aspec s o social pa icipa ion. In his chap e , he in e p e a ion o social exclusion in ela ion o housing is de eloped h ough he analysis o discou se and na ional and local policies; in o he wo ds, analysis o hei embedded a ionali ies, aims, and ou comes. The i le o he pape e e s o he need o e alua e policies om a mo e humani a ian pe spec i e, om ha o he impac hey ha e o migh ha e on people’s li es/ ajec o ies. A e policies p omo ing he economic, social, and poli ical pa icipa ion o indi iduals and g oups, o a e hey ins ead con ibu ing o p ocesses ha dis ance pe sons, g oups, and communi ies? By sc u inising he di e en phases o u ban policy a ge ing u ban decline, we ha e shown ha , a e an an i-gen i ica ion phase in which policies we e closely linked o he p o ision o decen housing o wo king-class popula ions and he igh agains po e y and social exclusion, a subsequen phase, ocusing upon he imp o emen o public spaces and he o ganisa ion o la ge cul u al e en s, pa ed he way o a mo e agg essi e phase o gen i ica ion which coincided wi h se e e aus e i y policies ha mainly a ec ed spending on housing and social policies. Neolibe al ideas, which we e dominan among policy-make s du ing his pe iod, amed he new legal and ins i u ional amewo k designed o boos housing equali ica ion. The s u model, speci ically ha implemen ed by Po o Vi o s u, di e ged om he undamen al p inciples and goals o p e ious models o u ban equali ica ion unde neolibe alism in po ugal 475 public ins i u ions (e. g. c ua b), whose s a egies ocused on equali ica ion o secu e a o dable housing in o de o main ain less esou ce ul amilies in he ci y cen e (Al es 2017a). In con as , he new wa e o en ep eneu ial neolibe al u banism de eloped by s u claims ha gen i ica ion is a necessa y u ban s a egy o b ing in es men and ac i i ies back o he ci y, dis ega ding social aspec s ela ed o displacemen and he inc easing commodi ica ion o housing. By looking a he discou ses and p ac ices o u ban equali ica ion policy in Po o Vi o s u, his esea ch illus a es how gen i ica ion and a new e anchis u banism has o e aken u ban policies in Po ugal so ha he s a e has gone om being a egula o o being an agen o p omo e o ma ke -led ini ia i es and inancialisa ion. The in e connec edness o global capi al and local housing ma ke s, along wi h neolibe al policy in Po o has also shown ha s u s a egies a e ein o cing a ising en pa e n, which is likely o in ensi y he po e y ap and unde lining inequali ies in Po ugal. The p e ailing ideology o libe alism a ou ed he c ea ion o public- p i a e pa ne ship ha , wi h he Po o Vi o s u go e nance, p o ided a ou able condi ions o ma ke -led in e es s. Resul s show ha na ional and local au ho i ies made no e o o limi p o i and o cap u e spill-o e s and he inc ease o alue ha esul ed om public spending on in as uc u e and licensing. Rede elopmen pe mission was no nego ia ed o secu e he p o ision o a o dable en al housing in si u, he c ea ion o mixed communi ies, and o egula e he use o dwellings o non-pe manen accommoda ion (e. g. sho en als o ou ism). Public policy should mi iga e a he han agg a a e po e y dynamics, as hey ein o ce social and spa ial inequali y. Public policy should suppo nego ia ions and legal ag eemen s wi h p i a e de elope s o p omo e enu e di e si ica ion, no o p oduce a landscape o gen i ica ion ha , by inc easing land and housing alues, exposes households o g ea e ma ke isks ela ed o indeb edness, in e es a e luc ua ions, and house p ice ola ili y. We a gue, wi h Ha ey (2003), ha he igh o he ci y should no be: “ he igh o access o wha he p ope y specula o s and s a e planne s de ine, bu an ac i e igh o make he ci y di e en ”. In o he wo ds, a ci y wi h inclusiona y zoning p ac ices equi ing a pe cen age o a o dable housing uni s o be buil on-si e, enabling he p o ision o a o dable housing wi h di e en p ice anges and enu es, acili a ing social inclusion. 476 ambiguous inclusions: inside ou , ou side in acknowledgemen s Wi hin he amewo k o a Ma ie Sklodowska-Cu ie Indi idual Fellowship, Sónia Al es is cu en ly de eloping he p ojec plana ho (planning o a o dable housing) a he Camb idge Cen e o Housing and Planning Resea ch, Depa men o Land Economy, Uni e si y o Camb idge. This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme unde g an ag eemen No. 747257. ____________________________________ sónia al es Ins i u o de Ciências Sociais, Uni e sidade de Lisboa and Camb idge Cen e o Housing and Planning Resea ch, Depa men o Land Economy, Uni e si y o Camb idge A . P o . 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