James Cook and Macaronesian Botany: Typification and nomenclature updates of the new species described by Johann R. Forster and J. Georg A. Forster

REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.SI.2020.03.03 Revista Scientia Insularum, 3; diciembre 2020, pp. 39-58; ISSN: e-2659-6644 JAMES COOK AND MACARONESIAN BOTANY: TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE UPDATES OF THE NEW SPECIES DESCRIBED BY JOHANN R. FORSTER AND J. GEORG A. FORSTER Javier Francisco-Ortega*, Kanchi N. Gandhi**, Maria Cristina Duarte***, Arnoldo Santos-Guerra◊, Mark A. Carine◊◊ & Maria M. Romeiras◊◊◊ Abstract Johann Reinhold Forster and his teenaged son John Georg Adam Forster (then 17) joined James Cook’s second voyage (1772-1775), as botanist and artist, respectively. Upon their return they described six species that are pertinent to the study of the Macaronesian flora. Previous typifications are revisited and we designate lectotypes for Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Aytoniaceae), Borago tristis G. Forst. (Boraginaceae), and Teucrium canescens G. Forst. (Lamiaceae). We designate epitypes for A. rupestris and Epibaterium pendulum J.R. Forst & G. Forst. Our study indicates that Teucrium betonicifolium Jacq. is the accepted name for this Madeiran endemic. Lectotypes, along with epitypes, are also designated for T. betonicifolium and T. betonicum L’Hér. Keywords: botanical history, Atlantic islands, plant taxonomy, botanical exploration, the enlightenment. JAMES COOK Y LA BOTÁNICA MACARONÉSICA: NOTAS NOMENCLATURALES DE LAS NUEVAS ESPECIES DESCRITAS POR JOHANN R. FORSTER AND J. GEORG A. FORSTER Resumen Johann Reinhold Forster y su hijo John Georg Adam Forster (entonces con 17 años) se unieron, respectivamente como botánico y artista, al segundo viaje de circunnavegación de James Cook (1772-1775). Aquí proporcionamos un estudio nomenclatural de las seis nuevas especies que ellos describieron para la Macaronesia. Se revisan tipificaciones anteriores y designamos lectotipos para Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Aytoniaceae), Borago tristis G. Forst. (Boraginaceae) y Teucrium canescens G. Forst. (Lamiaceae). Designamos epitipos para A. rupestris y Epibaterium pendulum J.R. Forst & G. Forst. Nuestro estudio indica que Teucrium betonicifolium Jacq. es el nombre que se debe aceptar para este endemismo de Madeira. También se designan lectotipos con epitipos para T. betonicifolium y T. betonicum L’Hér. Palabras clave: historia de la botánica, islas atlánticas, taxonomía vegetal, exploración botánica, la ilustración. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 40 1. INTRODUCTION The FloraMac2018 international meeting provided an opportunity to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the visit made by James Cook to the island of Madeira in September 1768 during his famous first voyage aboard HMB Endeavour. During this expedition Cook had the Navy rank of Lieutenant being promoted to Commander in his second circumnavigation voyage (Barlass 2018). Cook was accompanied by the botanist Joseph Banks, who would become one of the great patrons of natural sciences and by Daniel Solander, a disciple of Linnaeus and Assistant Librarian at the British Museum, responsible for cataloguing the natural history collections. From Madeira, the expedition continued to Brazil, Tierra del Fuego, the South Pacific, New Zealand and Australia before returning to The Downs (England) on July 1771 via Java, the Cape and St Helena (Obeyesekere 1992). Two additional extensive oversea voyages led by Cook made visits to Macaronesia: during his second voyage he called at Madeira, Santiago (Cabo Verde), and Faial (Azores); whilst during his third voyage he called at Tenerife (Canaries). The second circumnavigation (17721775) also had a strong botanical component because Johann Reinhold Forster and his son John Georg Adam Forster (then 17) joined the expedition as botanist and artist, respectively (Bodi 1959). Upon their return to Europe, these two German naturalists published many species based on the material that they had collected and recorded during the three-year expedition. Two of the taxonomic contributions published by the Forsters are important to our research. One of them focused on the many plants that were recorded during the journey [titled as Characteres generum plantarum in Taxonomic Literature2 (Stafleu and Cowan 1976)] whereas the second work (Forster 1788) provided what we believe was the first published floristic catalogue for Atlantic oceanic islands. This catalogue provided a list of plants that were found on the islands of Ascension, Faial, Madeira, Saint Helena, and Santiago. A bibliographic note regarding the effective publication date of species published in these two contributions is needed. Characteres generum plantarum was the first book published by the Forsters upon their arrival in Britain (Nicolson and Fosberg 2004; Earp 2013). It had * International Center for Tropical Botany, Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center, Cuban Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida. Corresponding author: [email protected]. ** Harvard University Herbaria, Massachusetts, USA. *** Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. ◊ Calle Guaidil 16, Tegueste, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. ◊ ◊ Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. ◊ ◊ ◊ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Corresponding author: [email protected]. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 41 three editions (Forster and Forster 1775, 1776a, 1776b); however, only three copies are known for the 1775 edition (Earp 2013). One of the editions produced in 1776 is known as the “common 1776 quarto edition” (Forster 1776a), the other as the “folio copy” edition (Forster 1776b). The former is also referred as the “Second edition” and it is the most widely distributed one (Stafleu and Cowan 1976). All three 1775-1776 versions are identical with regards their plant plates and the described species (Earp 2013). The last International Botanical Congress (Shenzhen, China) resolved that 1776 is the effective publication date (in the “common 1776 quarto edition”) for species published in this book as the 1775 version is only available in three libraries (The Linnean Society of London; the State Library of Victoria, Australia; and the King’s Library at the British Library). We follow this decision below. As originally issued the catalogue of Atlantic island plants, authored by Georg Forster, was published in a work entitled De plantis magellanici et atlanticis commentationes that had two chapters (fig. 1), viz., 1) Fasciculus plantarum magellanicarum (pp. 1-33, t. 1-8), which focused exclusively on those plants that were recorded in Tierra del Fuego; and 2) Plantae Atlanticae ex insulis Madeira St. Jacobi Adscensionis Stae Helenae et Fayal reportatae (pp. 34-62). They also form parts of volume 9 of the journal Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis (9: 13–74. 1789 (“1787”), fig. 1). There has been conflicting information regarding the date of the publication of the catalogue. Stafleu and Cowan (1976: 859) listed the following in Taxonomic Literature 2: Fasciculus plantarum magellanicarum... Publ.: 1787 after 18 Sep, date of presentation (see p. 13 of publ. in Comm.), p. [1]-64, pl. 1-8. Copy: M.- Reprinted from Comm. Soc. Goett. 9: 13-74, pl. 1-8.1787 (Copy MO).- The M copy has a t.p. on [1]: “Georgii Forster, M.D. cet. De plantis magellanicis et atlanticis commentationes.” This is apparently the special t.p. for the independently paged reprint. The full heading of the journal article (on p. 13) is “Fasciculus plantarum magellanicarum oblatus societati in ipso consessu sollennium Academiae Georgiae augustae semisaecularim d. xviii Sept mdcclxxxvii.” This is followed on p.46 by “Plantae atlanticae ex insulis Madeira, St. Jacobi, Adscensionis, St. Helena et Fayal reportatae.” Although Stafleu and Cowan (1976: 859) listed the date of publication of this catalogue as “1787 after 18 Sep,” the title page and preface of volume 9 show the date as 1789. In contrast, Nicolson and Fosberg (2004: 65) treated Georg Forster’s work as a preprint issued in March-April 1788 that was published under the title “De plantis magellanicis et atlanticis commentationes” (fig. 1). Nicolson and Fosberg (2004: 57) mentioned that they had not seen a copy of the preprint; however, they stated the following: ... thanks to Prof. G. Wagenitz (pers. comm.) it is now established that there was a separately paged preprint that appeared between 16-17 Jan 1788, when extant letters from George refer to offprints then being printed, and a 13 May 1788 letter from George that refers to some copies of the offprints accidentally having been left behind in Frankfurt by his servant. It can be presumed that these preprints were distributed by March or April 1788. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 42 It is noted here that in the absence of internal evidence, external evidence may be used to determine the date of a publication, and the extant letters from Georg Forster conserved at GOET [herbarium institutions are coded as indicated in Thiers (2019)] serve as such an evidence (cf., Art. 46.9). Without referencing to Nicolson and Fosberg’s (2004: 57) remarks, Dorr and Nicolson (2008: 329) mentioned that “Forster’s article was published shortly before 23 May 1789” in Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Figure 1. Bibliographic details pertinent to G. Forster’s publication on the flora of Atlantic Islands where he described new Macaronesian species for Cabo Verde and Madeira. Top left: Cover of preprint published between March and April 1788 (courtesy of Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, SUB Goettingen, call number: 8 BOTV, 9220). Top right: Cover of volume 9 of Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, year 1789. Bottom left: First page of article on Tierra del Fuego plants as it was published in volume 9 of Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Bottom right: First page of article on Atlantic Island plants as it was published in volume 9 of Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Images from volume 9 of Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis are public domain (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BigC_3BYCdMC/page/n4; document provided by the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, Naples). REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 43 Thus, three different years have been given for species published in this work: 1787 (e.g., Abedin 1979), 1788 (e.g., Nicolson & Fosberg 2004), and 1789 (e.g., Fryxell 2002). Since the status of “Georgii Forster, M.D. cet. De plantis magellanicis et atlanticis commentationes” as either a preprint (dated 1788) or independently paged reprint (dated 1789) has been disputed, we consulted Dr. Laurence J. Dorr (US). Dorr kinly clarified the situation stating that the serial publication is dated 1789 and that a review indicates that Forster’s article was available by 23 May 1789. Furthermore, Dorr suggested that copies of G. Forster’s work conserved at Göttingen and Munich need to be examined. Subsequent requests to Dr. Hans-Joachim Esser (M) and Dr. Marc S. Appelhans (GOET) confirmed the independent pagination of their library copies of “Georgii Forster, M.D. cet. De plantis magellanicis et atlanticis commentationes.” However, neither copy has the date of publication or of receipt by the relevant libraries. Dorr (pers. comm.) remarked that although internal evidence for the publication date of the preprint is lacking, there is sufficient external evidence to argue that the names appeared in 1788 (see above). In this regard, Dorr (pers. comm.) concurred with Nicolson and Fosberg (2004: 57) and we accept Dorr’s assessment. With reference to Stafleu and Cowan’s (1976: 859) treatment of Georg Forster’s work as a reprint, we speculate that Stafleu and Cowan erred in believing that the Forster article in the journal (pp. 13-74) was published after 18 September 1787 and eventually as an independently paged “reprint” (pp. 1-64). Obviously, they were not aware that the journal article was published shortly before 23 May 1789 and that the independently paged Forster article could be a preprint published in 1788. Among the taxonomic contributions made by the Forsters, there were four new species that were described based on Macaronesian specimens by Georg Forster (1776a, 1788, table 1), one of them was collected in Madeira (Teucrium canescens G. Forst.) and the remaining three came from Cabo Verde (Antirrhinum elegans G. Forst., Borago tristis G. Forst., and Sida pannosa G. Forst.). Furthermore, two additional species (Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst and Epibaterium pendulum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst) are also relevant to our research. These two species were described by Forster and Forster (1776a) without any precise locality in the three editions of Characteres generum plantarum. An indication of the provenance of Epibaterium pendulum as Santiago, Cabo Verde was, however, provided in two other sources. The first was by Forster (1788), a published account with a long species description; the second was a watercolor made by Georg Forster (housed in BM) that was recently published by Romeiras et al. (2014). Regarding Aytonia rupestris, the only details regarding its distribution was made by Forster (1788) who indicated that this liverwort was found in Madeira in “locis umbrosis humidis, ad saxorum crepidines secundum torrentium decursum.” Although, in the original description by Forster and Forster (1776b) it is not stated where these two species were actually located, it is clear from Forster (1788) that they were found in Macaronesia. Our research provides a nomenclature update for these six species (see table1 with accepted names) that the Forsters recorded in Macaronesia during Cook’s second voyage and subsequently were described by them. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 44 TABLE 1. NATIVE SPECIES FROM MACARONESIA DESCRIBED BY JOHANN R. FORSTER AND GEORG FORSTER Name as originally published Accepted name Family Island1Publication Antirrhinum elegans G.Forst.2 Nanorrhinum elegans (G.Forst.) Ghebr. Plantaginaceae CV Forster (1788) Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Plagiochasma rupestre (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Steph. Aytoniaceae MForster and Forster (1776a) Borago tristis G. Forst. Trichodesma africanum (L.) Lehm Boraginaceae CV Forster (1788) Epibaterium pendulum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Diels in Engler Menispermaceae CV Forster and Forster (1776a) Sida pannosa G. Forst. Abutilon pannosum (G.Forst.) Schltdl. Malvaceae CV Forster (1788) Teucrium canescens G.Forst.3 Teucrium betonicifolium Jacq. Lamiaceae M Forster (1788) 1 Cabo Verde is coded as CV, Madeira is coded as M. Notice that Santiago was the only island visited in Cabo Verde by the Forsters. 2 Cabo Verde endemic. 3 Madeira endemic. Nicolson (1998), and Nicolson and Fosberg (2004) catalogued the hundreds of watercolors that Georg Forster made for many of the plants that were recorded or collected along the voyage. This artwork is scattered in seven museums/libraries, and for the most part has remained unpublished. Five of the six species studied in our contribution (i.e., Abutilon pannosum, Cocculus pendulus, Plagiochasma rupestre, Teucrium betonicifolium, and Trichodesma africanum) to this FloraMac2018 special issue were depicted in Forster’s paintings and drawings (Romeiras et al. 2014: fig. 7; Francisco-Ortega et al. 2015: figs. 10-14. Reviewed by Romeiras et al. 2014: table 1 and by Francisco-Ortega et al. 2015: table 1). Interestingly, for Aytonia rupestris and Epibaterium pendulum, the illustrations were part of the original species descriptions made by Forster and Forster (1775). In order to further reveal the artwork of Macaronesian plants made by Georg Forster, in our contribution we present copies of his watercolors for Abutilon pannosum (housed in Gotha Library, Thuringia, Germany) and Plagiochasma rupestre (housed in BM). Since the time of their making, both drawings have remained unpublished (see figs. 2-3). The taxonomic contributions of the Forsters have historical significance as they were the first naturalists to undertake field work in Macaronesia and subsequently publish binomial names for the flora of these islands. Other well-known botanists (e.g., Joseph Banks, João Feijó, Francis Masson, Daniel Solander, James Robertson, George Staunton) collected in the islands during the late 18th century, but none described any species for the region [reviewed by Francisco-Ortega et al. (2010) and Romeiras et al. (2014)]. Daniel Solander prepared a flora for Madeira that remained unpublished as an incomplete manuscript housed at BM (Britten 1904; Francisco-Ortega et al. 2015). Nicolson and Fosberg (2004) made a remarkable revision pertinent to all known specimens collected by the Forsters during the second voyage of Cook. Their REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 45 work was pivotal for our research as it provided the necessary framework to locate putative type material. Furthermore, Nicolson and Fosberg’s (2004) publication also has details regarding typifications previously made for names published by the Forsters. Pertinent to our research, Nicolson and Fosberg (2004) identified typifications that were made for Antirrhinum elegans and Sida pannosa by Sutton (1988) and Abedin (1979), respectively. However, they did not mention the neotypification of Aytonia rupestris performed by Bischler and Sérgio (1984) or the work published by Troupin (1956) in which it was indicated that the holotype of Epibaterium pendulum was identified. Therefore, among the six names that we included in our study only two of them, Borago tristis and Teucrium canescens, were not the subject of any previous typifications. Here we revisit and update the previous typifications made for Antirrhinum elegans, Aytonia rupestris, Epibaterium pendulum, and Sida pannosa. Furthermore, we designate lectotypes for Borago tristis and Teucrium canescens. We follow the latest International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) for algae, fungi, and plants (the Figure 2. Watercolor of Plagiochasma rupestre (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Steph. (Aytoniaceae) made by Georg Forster, based on material recorded in Madeira during the second voyage of Cook. Image copyright of the Natural History Museum of London. Figure 3. Watercolor of Sida pannosa G.Forst. (Malvaceae) made by Georg Forster, based on material apparently recorded in Cabo Verde Islands during the second voyage of Cook. Image copyright of the Gotha Library, Thuringia, Germany. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 46 Shenzhen code; Turland et al. 2018). The names of the six species included in our study are sorted alphabetically below under the genus in which they were originally described by the Forsters. Accepted names are indicated in bold print. Each of the six nomenclature treatments include “Notes” that have additional discussion. Among these six updates, we lectotypify the three names that apply to the Madeiran endemic T. canescens. As a working taxonomy for accepted names we follow Duarte (1995), Martins (1995), Ghebrehiwet (2000), Fryxell (2002), Klopper et al. (2006), and Sérgio et al. (2006). Designated types are listed in table 2, for most of the types there are images available on the internet, and we provide hyperlinks to the websites that have these images (table 2). TABLE 2. TYPES OF NATIVE SPECIES FROM MACARONESIA DISCUSSED IN THIS STUDY Name as originally published Lectotype1Epitype1Isoepitype1 Antirrhinum elegans G.Forst. K000411332 Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Forster and Forster 1776: Plate 74 LISU148993 BM013409477; G00121308; PC771129; PC077134 Borago tristis G. Forst. BM013399018 Epibaterium pendulum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. BM001125013 LISC128987 BM013731571, A00969309 Sida pannosa G. Forst. BM000802743 Teucrium betonicifolium Jacq. Jacquin 1787: T. 17, Fig. 2 and illustration of single leaf ORT1057 Teucrium betonicum L’Hér. BM013825662 ORT1057 Teucrium canescens G. Forst. K001331973 1 Herbarium institutions are coded as indicated in Thiers (2019). 2. THE SIX TYPIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE UPDATES 1. Antirrhinum elegans G. Forst., De Plantis Magellanicis et Atlanticis Commentationes: 50, no. 97. Mar-Apr 1788; Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 9(1): 60, no. 97. 1789 (Plantaginaceae). Kickxia elegans (G. Forst.) D.A. Sutton, Revis. tribe Antirrhineae: 211. 1988. Nanorrhinum elegans (G. Forst.) Ghebrehiwet, Nord. J. Bot. 20: 673. 2000. Type: “Madeira, in montibus aridis et ad sepes” Lectotype [designated by Sutton (1988: 212)]: Antirrhinum elegans (Forster) Habitat in Madeira, K (K000411332). Notes: Nanorrhinum elegans is a Cabo Verde endemic for which the Forsters appear to have made a single collection (see Nicolson and Fosberg 2004). As discussed by Sutton (1988), it seems that labels from different collections were mixed up and material from this species was assigned to the island of Madeira both in the REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 47 protologue (“Madeira, in montibus aridis et ad sepes”) and on the label of the actual specimen (“Habitat in Madeira”). This specimen was cited as a “holotype” by Sutton (1988). Since Forster did not refer or indicate a type and since it is uncertain that the protologue of Antirrhinum elegans was based on a single specimen, Sutton’s (1988) citation can be regarded as an inadvertent designation of lectotype, as the name was typified before January 1, 2001. Nicolson and Fosberg (2004) were also of the same opinion. 2. Aytonia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2: 147. 1776 (Aytoniaceae), nom. rej. vs. Plagiochasma Lehm. & Lindenb. 1832 (nom. cons.). Type: A. rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Aytonia rupestris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., ed. 2: 148, t. 74. 1776; G. Forst., De Plantis Magellanicis et Atlanticis Commentationes: 63, no. 170. Mar-Apr 1788 [as “Aitonia”]; Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 9(1): 73, no. 170. 1789 [as “Aitonia”]. Ruppinia rupestris (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Sw., Meth. Musc.: 122. 1781. Plagiochasma rupestre (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Steph., Sp. Hepat. 1: 80. 1898. Type: See the notes below. Lectotype (designated here): Forster and Forster (1776): plate 74. Epitype (designated here): Madeira, Quinta do Bom Sucesso, 250-300 m, 12 May 1982, Sérgio & Nóbrega 3873, LISU (LISU148993). Isoepitypes: BM (BM013409477), G (G00121308), PC (PC0771129 and PC0771134) [Bischler and Sérgio (1984) indicated that a duplicate of this specimen is also found in MADJ; however, it appears that this collection is no longer housed in this herbarium]. Notes: The original description by Forster and Forster (1776) did not provide details of where this species was recorded or collected. Likewise, there are no known original herbarium specimens. The protologue made reference to a single plate that was also published in the same work. Since this plate is an original material, it qualifies to serve as the lectotype. In this regard, the neotype proposed by Bischler and Sérgio (1984) is therefore rejected. As per the Shenzhen Code Art. 9.19(a), Bischler and Sérgio’s choice is superseded. However, this plate (number 74) depicts six small fragments/plants, and in order to further clarify the identity of this taxon, our typification also includes an epitype, and in this regard, the specimen that Bischler and Sérgio (1984) designated previously as the neotype is chosen here. Aytonia is a rejected name in favor of Plagiochasma Lehm. (see Turland et al. 2018). Forster and Forster (1776) coined the genus name Aytonia to honor “Joanne” (= John) Aiton. It is noted here that John Aiton (1711-1798) was the brother of William Aiton 1731-1793; the latter was the superintendent of the Kew Botanical Gardens (“Gardener to his Majesty”) during 1759-1793. The remark by Forster and Forster (1776: “Huic Algae nomen dedimus a Joanne Ayton, Observatore curioso, Hortulano primario Regis Magnae Britanniae in horto Botanico Kewensi”) indicates that the genus name Aytonia most likely honors William Aiton, and apparently, a typographical error was made by the Forsters regarding the honoree’s first name. REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 54 4. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION Botanical history review: ASG, JFO, MCD, MMR Nomenclature: JFO, KG Location and taxonomic identification of relevant herbarium specimens: ASG, JFO, MAC, MCD, MMR First draft: JFO, KG Review and edition of the final draft: all authors. Recibido: abril de 2020; aceptado: junio de 2020 REVISTA SCIENTIA INSULARUM, 3; 2020, PP. 39-58 55 REFERENCES Abedin, S. 1979. Malvaceae. In: Nasir, E. and Ali, S.I. (eds.) Flora of West Pakistan. Vol. 130. Karachi: University of Karachi, pp. 1-107, corrigenda. Abedin, S. 1980. Abutilon muticum and Abutilon pannosum complex. Pak. J. 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