Distribution of alien tetrapods in the Iberian Peninsula

Dis ibu ion o alien e apods in he Ibe ian Peninsula Fe nando Ascensão1, Ma cello D’Amico1, Rica do C. Ma ins1, Rui Rebelo2, A. Má cia Ba bosa3, Joana Benca el1, Ra ael Ba ien os4, Ped o Abellán5, José L. Tella6, Lau a Ca dado 7, José D. Anadón8, Ma ina Ca e e9, En ique Mu gui10, Ped o Fe nandes11, Sa a M. San os12, An ónio Mi a12, Ma ia da Luz Ma hias13, Pa ícia Tiago2, Edua do Casabella14, Luís Reino1, Oc á io S. Paulo2, Hen ique M. Pe ei a15, Césa Capinha16 1CIBIO/InBio, Cen o de In es igação em Biodi e sidade e Recu sos Gené icos, Uni e sidade do Po o, Vai ão, Po ugal 2cE3c – Cen e o Ecology, E olu ion and En i onmen al Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Uni- e sidade de Lisboa, Campo G ande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Po ugal 3CICGE – Uni e sidade do Po o, Po o, Po ugal 4Road Ecology Lab, Depa men o Biodi e si y, Ecology and E olu ion, Complu ense Uni e si y o Mad id, E-28040, Mad id, Spain 5Depa amen o de Zoología, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se ille, Spain 6De- pa men o Conse a ion Biology, Es ación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), A da. Amé ico Vespucio 26, 41092 Se illa, Spain 7CREAF – Cen e de Rece ca Ecològica i Aplicacions Fo es als. Campus de Bella e a (UAB) Edi ici C, 08193 Ce danyola del Vallès, Spain 8Depa men o Ag icul u al Sciences and he En i onmen , Uni e si y o Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain 9Depa men Physical, Chemical and Na u al Sys ems, Uni e si y Pablo de Ola ide, Se illa, Spain 10G upo pa a el es udio de las a es, CV ma ques del Tu ia 28, 46010 Va- lencia, Spain 11Sociedade Po uguesa pa a o Es udo das A es, Lisboa, Po ugal 12MED – Medi e anean Ins i u e o Ag icul u e, En i onmen and De elopmen ; Uni e si y o É o a, É o a, Po ugal 13ACESAM (Cen o de Es udos do Ambien e e Ma ) Faculdade de Ciências da Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Po ugal 14P oyec o AVIS – Bi dwa ching egis y sys em o he Ibe ian Peninsula Team, Mad id, Spain 15iDIV – Ge man Cen e o In eg a i e Biodi e si y Resea ch, Ma in Lu he Uni e si y Halle-Wi enbe g, Deu sche Pla z 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Ge many, Leipzig, Ge many 16IGOT – Cen o de Es udos Geog á icos, Ins i u o de Geog a ia e O denamen o do Te i ó io, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Rua B anca Edmée Ma ques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Po ugal Co esponding au ho : Fe nando Ascensão ([email p o ec ed]) Academic edi o : S. Be olino|Recei ed 18 June 2020|Accep ed 27 No embe 2020|Published 11 Janua y 2021 Ci a ion: Ascensão F, D’Amico M, Ma ins RC, Rebelo R, Ba bosa AM, Benca el J, Ba ien os R, Abellán P, Tella JL, Ca dado L, Anadón JD, Ca e e M, Mu gui E, Fe nandes P, San os SM, Mi a A, da Luz Ma hias M, Tiago P, Casabella E, Reino L, Paulo OS, Pe ei a HM, Capinha C (2021) Dis ibu ion o alien e apods in he Ibe ian Peninsula. NeoBio a 64: 1–21. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.64.55597 NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) doi: 10.3897/neobio a.64.55597 h ps://neobio a.penso .ne Copy igh Fe nando Ascensão e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY 4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. DATA PAPER Ad ancing esea ch on alien species and biological in asions A pee - e iewed open-access jou nal NeoBio a Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 2 Abs ac We p esen a da ase ha assembles occu ence eco ds o alien e apods (amphibians, ep iles, bi ds and mammals) in he Ibe ian Peninsula, a cohe en biogeog aphically uni whe e in oduc ions o alien spe- cies ha e occu ed o millennia. These da a ha e impo an po en ial applica ions o ecological esea ch and managemen , including he assessmen o in asion isks, o mula ion o p e en i e and managemen plans, and esea ch a he biological communi y le el on alien species. This da ase summa izes in en o ies and da a sou ces on he axonomy and dis ibu ion o alien e apods in he Ibe ia Peninsula, comp ising known loca ions om published li e a u e, expe knowledge and ci izen science pla o ms. An expe - based assessmen p ocess allowed he iden i ica ion o un eliable eco ds (misclassi ica ion o na u al dis- pe sion om na i e ange), and he classi ica ion o species acco ding o hei s a us o ep oduc ion in he wild. Dis ibu ional da a was ha monized in o a common a ea uni , he 10 × 10 km Uni e sal T ans e se Me ca o (UTM) sys em (n = 6,152 cells). The yea o obse a ion and/o yea o publica ion we e also assigned o he eco ds. In o al, we assembled 35,940 unique dis ibu ion eco ds (UTM × species × Yea ) o 253 species (6 amphibians, 16 ep iles, 218 bi ds and 13 mammals), spanning be ween 1912 and 2020. The species wi h highes numbe o dis ibu ion eco ds we e he Medi e anean pain ed og Discoglossus pic us (n = 59 UTM), he pond slide T achemys sc ip a (n = 471), he common waxbill Es ilda as ild (n = 1,275) and he house mouse Mus musculus (n = 4,043), o amphibians, ep iles, bi ds and mammals, espec i ely. Mos alien species eco ded a e na i e o A ica (33%), ollowed by Sou h Ame ica (21%), Asia (19%), No h Ame ica (12%) and Oceania (10%). Thi y-six species a e classi ied by IUCN as h ea ened in hei na i e ange, namely 2 C i ically Endange ed (CR), 6 Endange ed (EN), 8 Vulne - able (VU), and 20 species Nea Th ea ened (NT). Species maps a e p o ided in Da aSe 1, as well R code and GIS laye s o upda e hem as new eco ds a e ob ained. Keywo ds Alien e es ial e eb a es, biological in asions, Ibe ian Peninsula, in asi e species, Po ugal, Spain In oduc ion The human-media ed in oduc ion o species in o egions ou side hei na i e ange is an impo an componen o global change. Alien species (sensu Essl e al. 2018) a e esponsible o he decline and ex inc ion o na i e species, economic losses and human heal h p oblems (Cla e o and Ga cía-Be hou 2005; Ta em e al. 2006; Hulme 2009; Simbe lo e al. 2013) and a e leading o i e e sible changes o he di e si y and dis i- bu ion o li e on Ea h (Simbe lo e al. 2013; Capinha e al. 2015). Alien species can impac ecei ing ecosys ems, e en i simply h ough compe i ion wi h na i e species o space, ood, wa e o o he esou ces. Al hough impac s pe cei ed as ‘signi ican ’ a e gene ally eco ded o only a subse o alien species, i.e. he ‘alien in asi e species’ (sensu IUCN 2000), many ongoing in asions may ha e simply no ye sp ead o he poin when impac s become no iceable. Fu he mo e, se e al in asions may ha e al eady been se in mo ion, leading o impac s in he nea u u e (Essl e al. 2011). Some alien spe- cies may be cu en ly in a lag-phase, du ing which li le o no inc ease in dis ibu ional anges is obse ed; ha may be ollowed by an inc ease-phase in which hei occu ence and in asi eness ises apidly (Aikio e al. 2010; Essl e al. 2011; Russell and Blackbu n Alien e es ial e eb a es in he Ibe ian Peninsula 3 2017). Hence, da a on alien species occu ence is c ucial and a i s s ep o unde s and he main d i e s shaping hei dis ibu ion (Abellán e al. 2017; Ascensão e al. 2020) and delinea e e ec i e managemen ac ions and policies acco dingly (Abellán e al. 2017; Ha ab e al. 2017; Ca bone as e al. 2018; Ascensão e al. 2020). In na u al en i onmen s, alien e apods (amphibians, ep iles, bi ds and mam- mals) can compe e wi h, and p eda e, na i e species. The Ame ican mink (Neo ison ison), o example, led o signi ican popula ion declines o g ound nes ing bi ds (e.g. he black-headed gull Ch oicocephalus idibundus o he common e n S e na hi undo), and small mammals (e.g. he Eu opean wa e ole A icola amphibius and he Py ene- an desman Galemys py enaicus) in i s in oduced ange (C aik 1997; Aa s e al. 2001). Also, he ose- inged Pa akee (Psi acula k ame i), in asi e in Ibe ia, is highly agg es- si e owa d he ee-dwelling g ea e noc ule ba (Nyc alus lasiop e us) when ying o occupy hei ee ca i ies. Rose- inged pa akee agg essions o en esul in noc ule dea h, causing popula ion declines and dis up ion o he complex social beha io o his ba species (He nández-B i o e al. 2018). Likewise, he pond slide (T achemys sc ip a) eeds on se e al na i e species o plan s and animals, and i po en ially com- pe es wi h na i e u les, such as he endange ed Eu opean pond u le (Emys o bicu- la is), o ood, basking and nes ing si es (Cadi and Joly 2003, 2004; Balzani e al. 2016). On he o he hand, he economic impac s o e apods can be s iking. Fo example, in I aly he coypu (Myocas o coypus) caused o e 11 Mio € in damages du - ing 1995–2000 and simila de elopmen s ha e been sugges ed o Spain (Panzacchi e al. 2007). Likewise, he monk pa akee (Myiopsi a monachus) o he ose- inged Pa akee a e conside ed impo an a ian pes s (Kumschick and Nen wig 2010; Sena e al. 2016; Reyns e al. 2018). He e, we p o ide a i s compila ion o he dis ibu ion o he alien e apods in Ibe ian Peninsula. This egion in eg a es he Medi e anean biodi e si y ho spo , ha - bo ing abou hal o he Eu opean plan and e es ial e eb a e species (Mye s e al. 2000). I is also a egion whe e many alien species a e becoming common and sp ead- ing, bu no c oss- axonomic assessmen on dis ibu ion pa e ns has been pe o med o da e, excep o bi ds (Abellán e al. 2016, 2017; Ascensão e al. 2020). The da ase he e desc ibed con ains in o ma ion on he known occu ences o alien amphibians, ep iles, bi ds and mammals in his egion. We conside ed all known species wi h indi iduals occu ing eely in ci ies and in he coun yside (no in cap i i y), bu we disca ded domes ic species. Fo each species, we ha e also included in o ma ion on cu en s a us o es ablishmen in he Ibe ian Peninsula, classi ying each species as ‘es ablished’, ‘no es ablished’, o ‘unce ain’. The applica ions o hese da a ange om suppo ing he de elopmen o measu es o he p e en ion and managemen o biological in asions o unde aking species- and communi y-le el ecological esea ch. Speci ically, he assembled da a allows mo e de ailed esea ch on he dis ibu ion o single alien species and o he spa ial pa e ns o ichness and composi ion o alien species assemblages a he egional scale (Ascensão e al. 2020). These po en ial ap- plica ions a e o speci ic ele ance o a numbe o species cu en ly being a ge ed by na ional and EU-le el legisla ion. Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 4 Me ada a Da a se desc ip o s A. Da a se iden i y Regis y o alien e apods ( e es ial and eshwa e e eb a es) in he Ibe ian Peninsula. B. Da a se desc ip ion This da ase summa izes in en o ies and da a sou ces on he dis ibu ion o alien e a- pods in he Ibe ian Peninsula, om 1912 onwa ds, comp ising known loca ions om published li e a u e, expe knowledge and ci izen science pla o ms. An expe -based il e ing p ocess allowed he iden i ica ion o un eliable eco ds (e.g., misclassi ica ion o na u al dispe sion om na i e ange). Dis ibu ional da a was ha monized in o a common a ea uni , he Uni e sal T ans e se Me ca o (UTM) sys em (n = 6,152 10×10 km cells). The da ase consis s o one ile, con aining a 15 × 159,677 ma ix o alues, including in o ma ion on species, loca ion, ime, cu en es ablishmen s a us and sou ce. In o al, we assembled 35,940 unique dis ibu ion eco ds (UTM × species × Yea ) o 253 species (6 amphibians, 16 ep iles, 218 bi ds and 13 mammals) (Fig.1), spanning be ween 1912 and 2020 (Fig. 2). Fi y-six species (22%) a e known o e- Figu e 1. Richness o alien e apods in Ibe ian Peninsula, by axonomic Class. Alien e es ial e eb a es in he Ibe ian Peninsula 5 p oduce in he wild (es ablished in Ibe ia), whe eas o 98 species (39%) he e is no e idence o being es ablished, and o 99 species (39%) he es ablishmen s a us is un- ce ain. The species wi h he highes numbe o dis ibu ion eco ds we e he Medi e - anean pain ed og Discoglossus pic us (n = 59 UTM), he pond slide T achemys sc ip a (n = 471), he common waxbill Es ilda as ild (n = 1,275) and he house mouse Mus musculus (n = 4,043). Mos alien species eco ded a e na i e o A ica (33%), ollowed by Sou h Ame ica (21%), Asia (19%), No h Ame ica (12%) and Oceania (10%). Thi y-six species a e classi ied by IUCN as h ea ened in hei na i e ange, namely 2 C i ically Endange ed (CR), 6 Endange ed (EN), 8 Vulne able (VU), and 20 species Nea Th ea ened (NT). The ile is labelled as “Da a_AscensãoE Al_Neobio a.cs ”. 1. P incipal in es iga o s Fe nando Ascensão – CIBIO/InBio, Cen o de In es igação em Biodi e sidade e Recu - sos Gené icos, Uni e sidade do Po o. Cu en add ess: cE3c – Cen e o Ecology, E o- lu ion and En i onmen al Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Uni e sidade de Lisboa. Césa Capinha – CIBIO/InBio, Cen o de In es igação em Biodi e sidade e Recu - sos Gené icos, Uni e sidade do Po o. Cu en add ess: IGOT – Cen o de Es udos Geog á icos, Ins i u o de Geog a ia e O denamen o do Te i ó io, Uni e sidade de Lisboa, Rua B anca Edmée Ma ques, 1600-276 Lisboa, Po ugal. Figu e 2. Yea ly dis ibu ion o eco ds on non-na i e e apods in he Ibe ian Peninsula. Yea in x-axis e e s o he mos accu a e ime ame in o ma ion a ailable and may indica e he ime o publica ion (e.g., Spanish A las o Mammals in 2007), o he ac ual ime o obse a ion o he da a (e.g., om ci izen sci- ence pla o ms). Be ween 1912 and 1980 he e a e 138 eco ds (<0.1% o o al), no shown. Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 6 Resea ch o igin desc ip o s A. O e all p ojec desc ip ion 1. Iden i y This da ase assembles and ha monizes all known loca ions o alien e es ial and esh- wa e e eb a es ( e apods) in he Ibe ian Peninsula by UTM cell (ca. 10 × 10km). The axonomy and o igin a e also p o ided o each species. 2. O igina o s The da a was collec ed unde he p ojec “The ole o anspo a ion in Biological In asions” unded by In aes u u as de Po ugal Biodi e si y Chai ( e 02035004). Me hodology was de eloped by Fe nando Ascensão and Césa Capinha. All au ho s pa icipa ed in da a collec ion and alida ion p ocess. 3. Pe iod o s udy Da a was collec ed om 01/01/2017 o 10/08/2020. Collec ed da a included eco ds om 1912 o 2020. 4. Objec i es The p ima y objec i e o he p esen wo k was o compile a egis y o non-na i e e e- b a es ( e apods) p esen in he Ibe ian Peninsula. The applica ions o hese da a ange om suppo ing he de elopmen o measu es o he p e en ion and managemen o biological in asions o unde aking species- and communi y-le el ecological esea ch. Speci ically, he assembled da a allows mo e de ailed esea ch on he dis ibu ion o sin- gle alien species and o he spa ial pa e ns o ichness and composi ion o alien species assemblages a he egional scale. These po en ial applica ions a e o speci ic ele ance o a numbe o species cu en ly being a ge ed by na ional and EU-le el legisla ion. 5. Sou ce o unding In aes u u as de Po ugal Biodi e si y Chai ( e 02035004) unded he p ojec “The ole o anspo a ion in Biological In asions”. F. Ascensão was also unded by Fundação pa a a Ciência e Tecnologia – g an SFRH/BPD/115968/2016. Summa y o “The ole o anspo a ion in Biological In asions” p ojec The na u aliza ion o non-na i e species is now one o he main mechanisms esponsible o al e ing he biosphe e, causing p o ound changes in he s uc u e and unc ioning o ecosys ems. Gi en he inc easing mobili y o people and goods, concomi an wi h he inc ease in oad and ail ne wo ks, and consequen inc ease in he numbe o in oduc ions Alien e es ial e eb a es in he Ibe ian Peninsula 7 (in en ional o no ) o non-na i e species in new loca ions, i is expec ed ha hese changes will con inue wo sening sha ply in he u u e. The main objec i e o his p ojec was o deepen he knowledge abou he biogeog aphic pa e ns ha a e eme ging as a esul o his g owing mix o species. Pa o he da a has been published in Ascensão e al. (2020). B. “Speci ic” subp ojec desc ip ion 1. Si e desc ip ion: a. Si e ype Da a was collec ed o all o he Ibe ian Peninsula, namely con inen al a eas o Po ugal and Spain, oge he wi h Gib al a (a B i ish O e seas Te i o y loca ed a he sou he n ip o he Ibe ian Peninsula). b. Geog aphy Con inen al a eas o Po ugal and Spain, oge he wi h Gib al a (a B i ish O e seas Te i o y loca ed a he sou he n ip o he Ibe ian Peninsula). c. Habi a The egion includes e es ial and eshwa e habi a s. d. Geology, land o m The egion includes a ious geological ypes, anging om Ediaca an o he Qua e na y. e. Wa e sheds, hyd ology All i e sys ems in he Ibe ian Peninsula. . Clima e Clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea ange om Medi e anean (mos pa ) o A lan- ic (no he n egion). 2. Expe imen al o sampling design a. Design cha ac e is ics Da a was ob ained ollowing he amewo k depic ed in Fig. 3, h ough ex ensi e da a sou ce sea ch, om scien i ic li e a u e o online da abases, museum collec ions and by eques ing unpublished da a o expe s on alien species and om ci izen science Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 8 pla o ms. Da a was hen alida ed h ough an expe -based p ocedu e o ensu e he accu acy and alidi y o he occu ence eco ds. b. Da a collec ion pe iod, equency, e c. Basic da a collec ion pe iod was 01/01/2017 o 10/08/2020. 3. Resea ch me hods The i s s ep was o iden i y all e apod species occu ing in he Ibe ian Peninsula. We i s lis ed hese species by sea ching in key publica ions, including na ional a lases om Po ugal (Ma ias 2002; Equipa A las 2008; Lou ei o e al. 2008; Ca y e al. 2010; Benca el e al. 2017) and Spain (Ba badillo e al. 1999; Pleguezuelos e al. 2002; Ma í and del Mo al 2003), and om he ecen assessmen s dedica ed o alien bi ds in he Ibe ian Peninsula by Abellán e al. (2016). The lis ing was upda ed whene e he indica ion o addi ional alien species was ound du ing he occu ence da a sea ch. All names we e s anda dized acco ding o he IUCN (www.iucn edlis .o g), bu we e ained he al e na i e names o pe o m subsequen da a sea ches. A collec ion o expe s was ga he ed (all au ho s o his s udy) o discuss he c yp- ogenic s a us o some species. This esul ed in a lis o 406 species po en ially occu - ing in he Ibe ian Peninsula. A e deba e among he au ho s, a ew species lis ed as al- ien in some da a sou ces we e no conside ed because he e was subs an ial unce ain y abou hei na i i y in he egion (Table 1). Occu ence da a was sea ched in mul iple ypes o sou ces, including published li e a u e (a lases, esea ch a icles, da abases), om ci izen science da a po als and h ough eques s o unpublished da a o ins i u ions and expe s. Published li e a u e: The ISI Web o Science (h ps://apps.webo knowledge.com) was sea ched using he sea ch e m: “TS = ((lis o species names including al e na i e ones Figu e 3. F amewo k o collec ion o occu ence eco ds o alien e apod species in he Ibe ian Peninsula. Alien e es ial e eb a es in he Ibe ian Peninsula 9 sepa a ed by “OR”) AND CU = (Po ugal OR Spain)) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (A icle OR Book OR Book Chap e OR Da a Pape OR P oceedings Pape OR Re- iew)”. The sea ch was hen e ined by using he il e s RESEARCH AREAS: (ZO- OLOGY OR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ECOLOGY) AND WEB OF SCI- ENCE CATEGORIES: (ZOOLOGY OR ECOLOGY OR BIODIVERSITY CON- SERVATION). The imespan was 2002 (inclusi e) onwa d. We es ic ed he sea ch o 2002 because p e ious eco ds a e expec ed o be compiled in he A lases (see below). The sea ches we e las upda ed on Augus 10 h, 2020. This esul ed in a collec ion o 767 e e ences, o which 199 a icles we e iden i ied om hei abs ac s as po en ially con aining useable loca ion da a. Finally, occu ences o alien species we e e ie ed om 65 publica ions (Table 2). Fo Po ugal, occu ence da a u he included in o ma ion om a lases (Benca el e al. 2017; Ca y e al. 2010; Equipa A las 2008; Lou ei o e al. 2008; Ma ias 2002); and o Spain in o ma ion was also ob ained om he online da abase ‘In en a io Es- pañol de Especies Te es es’ (IEET 2014). This da abase compiles in o ma ion om se e al sou ces, including a lases and o he da abases (Table 3). Addi ional in o ma ion o Spain was ob ained om Ba badillo e al. (1999), Ma í and del Mo al (2003) and Pleguezuelos e al. (2002). Ci izen science: We u he collec ed in o ma ion om ou di e en ci izen sci- ence pla o ms, including ‘Biodi e si y4all’ (Biodi e si y4All 2020), ‘P oyec o A is’ (Va ela e al. 2014; URL: p oyec oa is.com), ‘Colec i o O ni ologico Cigüeña Ne- g a’ (COCN; URL: h p://bd.cocn.eu), eBi d (eBi d 2020; Sulli an e al. 2009), and iNa u alis (iNa u alis 2020). The eco ds om P oyec o A is, COCN and Biodi e si y4all we e p o ided di ec ly by hei adminis a o s, P. Tiago and E. Casabella, in Augus 2020. The eco ds om eBIRD we e downloaded om i s si e ( ull da ase ) in Augus 2020. iNa u alis , eco ds we e downloaded using he R packages ‘ gbi ’ (Chambe lain e al. 2016) in R en i onmen (R Co e Team 2020) in Augus 2020. Table 1. Species o which he e was deba e among he au ho s abou whe he o no hey should be conside ed na i e, and o which i was inally decided no o conside as such. Species Suppo Edible og Highly di icul o dis inguish om Rana pe ezi, equi es gene ic da a. Pelophylax kl. Esculen us Spu - highed o oise Unclea o igin (G aciá e al. 2013) Tes udo g aeca False smoo h Snake Unclea o igin (Lou ei o e al. 2008) Mac op o odon cuculla us Egyp ian mongoose Unclea o igin (Gaube e al. 2011) He pes es ichneumon Eu opean mink Unclea o igin (Cla e o 2014; Ma an e al. 2016) Mus ela lu eola Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 16 o FCT/MCTES o he inancial suppo o CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), h ough na ional unds. Wo k suppo ed by Na ional Funds h ough FCT-Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia in he scope o he p ojec UIDB/50027/2020. 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Pe ei a, Césa Capinha Da a ype: able Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda acommons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed. Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.64.55597.suppl1 Fe nando Ascensão e al. / NeoBio a 64: 1–21 (2021) 20 Supplemen a y ma e ial 2 Maps Au ho s: Fe nando Ascensão, Ma cello D’Amico, Rica do C. Ma ins, Rui Rebelo, A. Má cia Ba bosa, Joana Benca el, Ra ael Ba ien os, Ped o Abellán, José L. Tella, Lau a Ca dado , José D Anadón, Ma ina Ca e e, En ique Mu gui, Ped o Fe nandes, Sa a M. San os, An ónio Mi a, Ma ia da Luz Ma hias, Pa ícia Tiago, Edua do Casabella, Luís Reino, Oc á io S. Paulo, Hen ique M. Pe ei a, Césa Capinha Da a ype: Maps Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda acommons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed. Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.64.55597.suppl2 Supplemen a y ma e ial 3 GIS Au ho s: Fe nando Ascensão, Ma cello D’Amico, Rica do C. Ma ins, Rui Rebelo, A. Má cia Ba bosa, Joana Benca el, Ra ael Ba ien os, Ped o Abellán, José L. Tella, Lau a Ca dado , José D Anadón, Ma ina Ca e e, En ique Mu gui, Ped o Fe nandes, Sa a M. San os, An ónio Mi a, Ma ia da Luz Ma hias, Pa ícia Tiago, Edua do Casabella, Luís Reino, Oc á io S. Paulo, Hen ique M. Pe ei a, Césa Capinha Da a ype: GIS da a Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda acommons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed. Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.64.55597.suppl3 Alien e es ial e eb a es in he Ibe ian Peninsula 21 Supplemen a y ma e ial 4 R code Au ho s: Fe nando Ascensão, Ma cello D’Amico, Rica do C. Ma ins, Rui Rebelo, A. Má cia Ba bosa, Joana Benca el, Ra ael Ba ien os, Ped o Abellán, José L. Tella, Lau a Ca dado , José D Anadón, Ma ina Ca e e, En ique Mu gui, Ped o Fe nandes, Sa a M. San os, An ónio Mi a, Ma ia da Luz Ma hias, Pa ícia Tiago, Edua do Casabella, Luís Reino, Oc á io S. Paulo, Hen ique M. Pe ei a, Césa Capinha Da a ype: R code Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda acommons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed. Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.64.55597.suppl4