Contextual Mismatches in the Translation into Spanish of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises

He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 CONTEXTUAL MISMATCHES IN THE TRANSLATION INTO SPANISH OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S THE SUN ALSO RISES José Gab iel RODRÍGUEZ PAZOS Uni e sidad de Na a a INTRODUCTION When one app oaches he ansla ion1 o a no el o one o he bes Ame ican w i e s in he 20 h cen u y –and E nes Hemingway undoub edly belongs in his ca ego y: and eels ha he o iginal s eng h and genius ha e almos comple ely anished, he e is a subsequen wish o a icula e he causes o he ailu e. Fo i is ce ainly a ailu e ha , amongs Spanish eade s, he Ame ican no elis has no eached by any manne o means he le els o popula i y ha he has amongs hose who ead his wo k in he o iginal. I ha e analysed Joaquín Adsua ’s ansla ion in o Spanish o The Sun Also Rises2 –Fies a– om he pe spec i e o Spe be and Wilson’s heo y o ele ance. My analysis e ol es a ound he concep o con ex ; I ake Spe be and Wilson’s de ini ion o con ex as a s a ing poin and show ha i is comp ehensi e enough o explain he de iciencies o a ansla ion and ha , consequen ly, cogni i e linguis ics can p o ide ce ain guidelines om which p o essional ansla o s migh bene i . CONTEXT AND TRANSLATION The con ex is an essen ial elemen o all p agma ic app oaches o human communica ion. In hei wo k Rele ance. Communica ion and Cogni ion, Spe be and Wilson explain wha hei idea o he con ex is: A con ex is a psychological cons uc , a subse o he hea e ’s assump ions abou he wo ld. I is hese assump ions, o cou se, a he han he ac ual s a e o he wo ld, ha a ec he in e p e a ion o an u e ance. A con ex in his sense is no limi ed o in o ma ion abou he immedia e physical en i onmen o he immedia ely p eceding u e ances: expec a ions abou he u u e, scien i ic hypo heses o eligious belie s, 1 Al hough he e a e ou di e en ansla ions in o Spanish o The Sun Also Rises, I will analyse jus he ansla ion by Joaquín Adsua , which is he mos ecen one; i was published by B ugue a in 1983 and Plane a has published ou edi ions since (see Lap ade [1991] 147-48, 155-57). 2 He ea e ci ed as SAR. - 1 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 anecdo al memo ies, gene al cul u al assump ions, belie s abou he men al s a e o he speake , may all play a ole in in e p e a ion (1986: 15-16; emphasis added) The con ex we a e alking abou he e is, he e o e, some hing ha is in he mind o bo h he speake and he hea e . Fo ou analysis, we mus bea in mind ha assump ions abou wha has been p e iously said o wha comes be o e o a e in a ex – he so called co- ex – a e also pa o he con ex . Unless speake and hea e sha e a ce ain numbe o assump ions, communica ion will be jeopa dized; and he ewe assump ions speake and hea e sha e, he mo e likely misunde s andings a e o a ise. As Spe be and Wilson pu i : A speake who in ends an u e ance o be in e p e ed in a pa icula way mus also expec he hea e o be able o supply a con ex which allows ha in e p e a ion o be eco e ed. A misma ch be ween he con ex en isaged by he speake and he one ac ually used by he hea e may esul in a misunde s anding (1986: 16; emphasis added) All his can be applied o he eading o he no el by a speake o English, bu he p ocess o ansla ion is mo e complex. In he i s case we ha e o conside wo con ex s; in he case o a ansla ion we ha e o alk abou ou di e en con ex s, namely: 1) he se o assump ions en isaged by he w i e , 2) he se o assump ions ha he ansla o –as eade o he no el– b ings o bea , 3) he se o assump ions en isaged by he ansla o as w i e o a new ex in he a ge language, 4) he se o assump ions ha he eade o he ex in he a ge language b ings o bea . Thus he o iginal ex has o go h ough wo il e s be o e i ge s o he eade in he a ge language. As a consequence, he isk o con ex ual misma ches –p esen in e e y ac o communica ion– is pa icula ly high in he case o ansla ions. In o de o a icula e he de iciencies in ansla ion in e ms o con ex ual misma ches, I ha e g ouped he la e in o ou di e en ca ego ies: 1. Con ex ual misma ches in he knowledge o he ex e nal ield o e e ence. 2. Con ex ual misma ches in linguis ic compe ence ha esul in misunde s anding o he language o he o iginal. 3. Con ex ual misma ches in educa ion, sensi i i y, e c., ha esul in lack o app ecia ion o he communica i e clues associa ed wi h he s yle. 4. Co- ex ual misma ches. The di iding line be ween ca ego ies is no a all clea ; in ac , e y o en he mis ansla ion can be a ibu ed –as we shall see– o mo e han one o he ou ypes o misma ch I ha e dis inguished. The case o SAR is a e y in e es ing one. Wha we ha e in he no el is an Ame ican w i e alking abou places in Spain and aspec s o he Spanish cul u e ha he knows a be e han he Spanish ansla o himsel . As a esul , when he ansla o ies o acili a e hings o he eade by explaining hings ha a e unexplained in he o iginal, he e y o en makes mis akes. In p inciple Spanish eade s a e mo e knowledgeable abou bull igh ing, he San e mines, Pamplona, San Sebas ian, e c. han mos p ospec i e eade s o he no el; as a consequence, hey will –again, in p inciple– b ing mo e assump ions o bea and, he e o e, hey need e en less in o ma ion han wha Hemingway included in SAR. Pa adoxically, hey ha e mo e in o ma ion in he ansla ion han in - 2 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 he o iginal and qui e a lo o his in o ma ion is misleading and does no e lec he eali y Hemingway is desc ibing. COMMUNICATIVE CLUES AND THE PRESERVATION OF STYLISTIC FEATURES IN TRANSLATION Since we a e dealing wi h a li e a y wo k, we mus also conside how he s yle has o be aken in o accoun in he ansla ion and o wha ex en he s yle is pa o he message he w i e wan s o con ey. I is ob ious ha when ende ing a ex in o ano he language s ylis ic ea u es can only be p ese ed up o a ce ain poin because, e y o en, hey ely on he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he language in which he ex was o iginally w i en. Howe e , in many o he cases ce ain s ylis ic elemen s could e y easily be main ained in he ansla ion. As ea ly as 1922 – ou yea s be o e he publica ion o he no el ha would make him be ega ded as one o he g ea es w i e s o he ime– E nes Hemingway s a ed o de ine he p inciples ha would guide his li e a y p oduc ion h oughou his li e and ha would model his unmis akable w i ing echnique: He was de e mined o begin a esh wi h b and-new s anda ds o u h and simplici y. “All you ha e o do is w i e one ue sen ence,” he old himsel . “W i e he ues sen ence ha you know.” I mus be abo e all a “ ue simple decla a i e sen ence” wi hou sc ollwo k o o namen al language o any so . I mus deal wi h some hing he knew om pe sonal expe ience (Bake 1969: 84) The quo a ion con ains in essence he ounda ion s ones o Hemingway’s w i ing: u h and simplici y. The w i e has o w i e abou hings ha he has expe ienced and he has o ell hem in he simples way possible. Bo h cha ac e is ics a e p esen in SAR and in all his wo ks. SAR is based on he pe sonal expe iences o he no elis du ing he yea s 1924 and 1925, and all he cha ac e s in he no el co espond o iends o Hemingway’s and people he knew. In e es ingly enough, he ex e nal ield o e e ence3 –Pa is, Pamplona, Bu gue e, San Sebas ian, he San e mines, e c.– he used o his ic ion, is e y p ecisely desc ibed in he no el, which is no he case in he ansla ion. As ega ds simplici y, he a oidance o ado nmen in he lexis, in he syn ac ic s uc u es, e c., which is e y ema kable in he no el, is no e lec ed in he ansla ion. I is wo h no ing ha he cha ac e is ic i idness o SAR’s dialogues e y much depends on he use o e y sho sen ences ha become leng hy in he Spanish e sion. In a sense Hemingway’s w i ing p inciples can be conside ed uni e sal because a ue, simple sen ence can be w i en in any language. The e o e, his is no a ques ion o easibili y bu a he a ques ion o whe he s icking o he o iginal s yle would add o he co ec in e p e a ion o he ex o no . In his wo k T ansla ion and Rele ance, E ns Augus Gu s a es ha s ylis ic p ope ies play an impo an ole in he p ocess o in e p e a ion because hey p o ide wha he calls communica i e clues: 3 I ha e aken he concep s o ex e nal ield o e e ence and in e nal ield o e e ence om Ha shaw (1984). - 3 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 [O]ne migh well a gue ha he poin o p ese ing s ylis ic p ope ies [in ansla ion] lines [sic] no in hei in insic alue, bu a he in he ac ha hey p o ide clues ha guide he audience o he in e p e a ion in ended by he communica o . We shall e e o such clues as communica i e clues (1991: 127) The w i e en isages a con ex ha will enable he eade o app ecia e hese communica i e clues; by he same oken, i he eade ’s educa ion, sensi i i y, e c. a e no up o he s anda d en isaged by he w i e , he e will be a con ex ual misma ch ha will esul in lack o app ecia ion o he communica i e clues, which in u n will p e en he in e p e a ion in ended by he w i e . CONTEXTUAL MISMATCHES IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTERNAL FIELD OF REFERENCE In he wo ins ances I b ing he e o illus a e his poin ( he e a e se e al mo e, ela ed o he ci ies o Pamplona and San Sebas ian and o di e en aspec s o he ies a), apa om lack o knowledge o he ex e nal ield o e e ence on he pa o he ansla o , he e is a ce ain misunde s anding o he ex and a consequen in e e ence o w ong ideas abou he ex e nal ield o e e ence; he ansla o seems o ely mo e on his w ong assump ions abou he ex e nal ield o e e ence han on he ac ual meaning o he language. The knowledge o he eali y he w i e is alking abou would ha e undoub edly helped he ansla o in e p e he o iginal in he igh sense bu a ho ough knowledge o he language alone would ha e ce ainly led, as well, o a ansla ion ai h ul o he ex e nal ield o e e ence. Ob iously, when Hemingway w o e SAR in he 1920s he did no en isage o his eade ship an acquain ance wi h he ci y o Pamplona o he ies a o San Fe min, jus a sound knowledge o he English language. The e is a e y impo an passage in he no el in which B e and Jake ge ou om he enzy o he ies a in he cen e o own and walk o he walls ha su ounded he old ci y; no all he walls ha Hemingway could see du ing he 1920s a e s ill s anding, bu he place whe e he cha ac e s go in his passage emains as i was hen. The in e p e a ion he ansla o makes o he o iginal does no ag ee wi h he ex e nal ield o e e ence ha , in he case o SAR, is desc ibed e y p ecisely. The con ex en isaged by Hemingway is made up o pu e assump ions abou he li e al meaning o he e ms he uses o his desc ip ion; his accu a e desc ip ion does no p esuppose a p e ious knowledge o Pamplona. Ins ead o ende ing exac ly wha he o iginal says, he ansla o goes u he wi h his in e p e a ion and en isages a con ex consis en wi h he one he has b ough o bea when eading he o iginal (his own expe ience o o he walled ci ies). He migh ha e hough ha his own e sion would be mo e easily unde s ood by his eade ship han Hemingway’s: The s ee was da k and we , and we walked along i o he o i ica ions a he edge o own (152) In his case he g amma is no ambiguous: i is clea ha hey walked down a s ee and ended up a he walls ha a e a he edge o own. The e o e, i mus ha e been he ansla o ’s own expe ience o o he walled ci ies, along wi h misunde s anding o he o iginal, which made him igu e ou a walk beside he walls, no owa ds he walls: - 4 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 La calle es aba oscu a y húmeda. Caminamos jun o a las mu allas, casi en el lími e de la ciudad (213) Some hing simila happens wi h wha hey see om he place on he walls whe e hey a e si ing: Up on he op o he moun ain we saw he ligh s o he o (152) The equi alen o o in Spanish is ue e. In ac Hemingway is e e ing o he Fue e de San C is obal, which is a mili a y o on op o he Mon e San C is obal, opposi e Pamplona. Fo Hemingway a o is jus a o bu he ansla o migh ha e hough ha he Ame ican w i e did no know e y well he di e ence be ween a cas le and a o : En su cumb e [la de la mon aña] imos las luces del cas illo (214) In his case i is p obable ha he con ex he ansla o b ings o bea is his expe ience o a numbe o cas les on op o moun ains, which a e so ypical o Spain; also he assump ion ha a o eigne migh ha e mis aken a cas le o a o . The in e es ing hing is ha , in o he places in he no el, when Jake sees a cas le –and hese cas les a e, as always, iden i iable– he calls i a cas le: “and o on he le was a hill wi h an old cas le” (78), “[o] on he igh , almos closing he ha bou , was a g een hill wi h a cas le” (198). The ollowing passage desc ibes a mon ón –a heap o people, some hing ha some imes happens in he encie o – he unning o he bulls in Pamplona; he mon ón is o med in he callejón – he na ow passage ha links he ou side o he bull ing wi h he inside– when he bulls a e ge ing in o he ing: ‘The e we e hese bulls coming in,’ Mike said. ‘Jus ahead o hem was he c owd, and some chap ipped and b ough he whole lo o hem down.’ ‘And he bulls all came in igh o e hem,’ Bill said (166) Since he callejón is no men ioned, he only indica ion ha wha is being desc ibed happened in he callejón and no in he bull ing is he use o he p og essi e o m o he e b: he bulls we e coming in, h ough he callejón because he e is no o he possibili y. The con ex ual assump ions ha he ansla o b ings o bea –a e y ague idea o he encie o– in e e e wi h he li e al meaning o he u e ance; in he case o eade s wi h no o he con ex ual assump ions han he knowledge o he language, a li e al in e p e a ion o he u e ance would ha e been mo e ai h ul o he eali y. A mon ón canno happen in he bull ing because, once he people unning in on o he bulls ge in he e, hey un o he sides o he ing; he e o e, i a unne s umbles and alls, i is e y unlikely ha o he unne s all on o him. Bu in he callejón, i somebody alls, people ha e o jump o e hem and, since he passage is e y na ow and i is packed wi h people, no mally a mon ón is o med. Le us compa e now Adsua ’s ansla ion wi h he o iginal: -En a on aquellos maldi os o os –explicó Mike–, y delan e de ellos la gen e, en opel. Uno de los mozos opezó, cayó y los demás opeza on y caye on sob e él. -Y los o os se lanza on sob e ellos –añadió Bill (232) - 5 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 The use o he simple pas (“en a on”), ins ead o a e bal o m wi h p og essi e aspec , con eys he idea ha he bulls a e al eady in he bull ing when he unne alls down, which, as I ha e explained, is no he case. Also, Adsua ansla es “ he bulls all came in igh o e hem” as “los o os se lanza on sob e ellos”, which –again– is nei he wha he o iginal says no wha no mally happens in eal li e (when he e is a mon ón bulls do no s op bu con inue unning and pass o e he people who a e lying on he loo o he callejón). CONTEXTUAL MISMATCHES IN LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE In he p e ious sec ion we ha e seen ha misunde s anding o he ex combines wi h ague ideas abou he ex e nal ield o e e ence and p oduces mis ansla ions. In some o he cases i is clea ha he e o is jus he esul o no ha ing unde s ood he language o he o iginal. The able below con ains a ew ep esen a i e examples: I’m no in e es ed in bull igh e s. Tha ’s an abno mal4 li e (12) No me in e esan los o e os. Su ida es no mal (18) I’m going o England. I’m going o isi iends. E e isi iends ha didn’ wan you? Oh, hey’ll ha e o ake me, all igh (43) Voy a i a Ingla e a. Voy a i a e a unos amigos. Incluso algunos que no e ap ecian, ¿no es así? Sí, sé que me ecibi án (61) Wha do you suppose he said o his mis esses when he wouldn’ ma y hem? (45) ¿Qué c ees que le di ía a su aman e cuando decidió que que ía casa se con ella? (63) You know he’s ex ao dina y abou buying champagne. I means any amoun o him (49) Sabes, es un ipo ex ao dina io a la ho a de comp a champaña. Quie o deci en g andes can idades (69) ‘I’d ell he , oo,’ said he coun . ‘I’m no joking you. Joke people and you make enemies. Tha ’s wha I always say.’ ‘You’ e igh ,’ B e said. ‘You’ e e ibly igh . I always joke people and I ha en’ a iend in he wo ld. Excep Jake he e.’ ‘You don’ joke him.’ ‘Tha ’s i .’ (51) ...excep o Jake, aquí p esen e – No se bu le de él. –Eso es (72) We walked down he Boule a d (61) Comimos po el bule a (86) I was cool and dusky (89) Hacía esco y había mucho pol o (124) I humbed my nose (95) A ugué la na iz (133) 4 Emphasis added in all he cases on he able. - 6 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 ‘Take a wo m can.’ ‘No, I don’ wan one. I hey won’ ake a ly I’ll jus lick i a ound.’ (99) ...Si no pican con mosca me queda é dando una uel a po ahí (138) ...and all hese co es5 we e busy aking o hei medals, and I had mine in my pocke (113) Aquellos anidosos no hacían más que habla de sus medallas, y yo lle aba las mías en el bolsillo (157-58) They we e all s anding ou side he chapel whe e San Fe min and he digna a ies had passed in (129) Todos es aban en e a la capilla po donde habían pasado San Fe mín y las au o idades (180) and he dwa s mo ing wi h hei whacking bladde s h ough he c owd (129) y los cabezudos que iban de un lado pa a o o mo iendo sus cabezo as en e la mul i ud (181) They had hung a w ea h o ga lics a ound he [B e ’s] neck (129) Lle aban is as de ajos al ededo del cuello (181) He blew i up, his cheeks pu ing ahead o he wine-skin, and s ood on he bo a holding on o a chai (130) In ló sus ca illos y sopló has a llena la bo a, que puso sob e una silla, y se sen ó encima (182) I’m no one o you li e a y chaps (147) Yo no soy uno de us amigos li e a os (207) Is ha San Fe min’s [ he chapel]? [173] ¿Es ése San Fe mín? (241) Behind us he conc e e s ands illed solidly [wi h people] (176) De ás, como una solida masa de cemen o, se ex endían las g adas (245) ...his hand on his hip, his cape on his a m, and he bull wa ching his back going away (181) ...con las manos en la cade a, la mon e a bajo el b azo y el o o obse ándolo mien as se alejaba (252) ...and he bull, he ed swo d hil igh be ween his shoulde s, his head going down and his legs se ling (182) El o o, con la espada cla ada has a al pun o que sólo la oja empuñadu a sob esalía en e sus lomos, agachaba la cabeza y se man enía i me sob e sus pie nas ígidas (254) Ce ain mis ansla ions could be a ibu ed o simple slips o he ansla o ; in o he cases we can see, e y clea ly, ha he ansla o has jus no unde s ood he o iginal. Since hey a e sel - explana o y, I will no go in o hei analysis. I jus wan o say ha he knowledge and expe ience o he language p o ide he mos basic assump ions ha w i e and eade ha e o sha e in o de o communica e success ully; he ansla o ’s sound knowledge o he language o he o iginal ex mus no be aken om g an ed. The w i e will always en isage an in e p e a ion o he ex ha is 5 “A man; a ellow” (Wen wo h & Flexne 125). - 7 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 based on a common knowledge o he language: he seman ic alue o e ms and exp essions, o e bal enses, o syn ac ic s uc u es, e c. When he linguis ic compe ence he eade b ings o bea is no up o he compe ence he w i e had en isaged, misunde s andings a e likely o happen. CONTEXTUAL MISMATCHES THAT PREVENT THE APPRECIATION OF COMMUNICATIVE CLUES Joaquín Adsua ’s eage ness o cla i y be ays E nes Hemingway’s s yle. The simplici y o he o iginal disappea s because he ansla o mul iplies he lexical i ems used o e e o he same eali y and cons an ly enla ges he ex in o de o make explici he implica u es6 he sees behind he o iginal ex . As a consequence, he communica i e clues ela ed o he simplici y o Hemingway’s s yle a e los . Talking p ecisely abou a passage o SAR7, Te ence Doody poin s ou he kind o communica i e clues ha esul om he cha ac e is ic s yle o he Ame ican no elis : Wi h i s insis en obse a ion, simplici y, and epe i ions his pa ag aph, which opens Chap e XVI o The Sun Also Rises, is a quin essen ial example o Hemingway’s s yle, which we ha e hono ed because i has wo ked so well o eco e o us (in Me leau- Pon y’s ph ase) “a nai e con ac wi h he wo ld.” (1998: 103) This nai e con ac wi h he wo ld is absen in he Spanish ende ing o he no el, whe e he con ac becomes much mo e complica ed and ull o explana ions. Mo eo e , he epe i ions Doody men ions as an essen ial pa o Hemingway’s s yle, a e delibe a ely a oided in he ansla ion in o Spanish. Hemingway’s mode nis way o w i ing elies mos ly on he in e en ial abili ies o he eade ; he mo e in e en ial he p ocess o in e p e ing he ex , he mo e ac i e a ole he eade plays and, consequen ly, he mo e i id he ic ional image he eade de elops in his mind. Explaining hings ha a e implici in he o iginal goes agains he e y essence o he s ylis ic p inciples o any li e a y w i e . The explana ion o e ms and exp essions is only jus i iable inso a as he con ex ual e ec s in ended o he o iginal could no be, o he wise, in e en ially eached wi h he ansla ion. So long as he e is a possibili y o ende ing he o iginal in o a ex wi h simila implica u es, he e is no need o explain elemen s ha a e unexplained in he o iginal. Mo eo e , he communica i e clues associa ed wi h he simplici y o he s yle a e los . Wha ollows a e some ins ances ha illus a e his poin . Hemingway uses jus wo di e en e bs –ask and say– all h ough he dialogue; he ansla o uses hi een (32-36 in he o iginal and 46-51 in he ansla ion): asked K um me p egun ó K um said K um dijo K um Woolsey asked le p egun ó Woolsey 6 The in e p e a ion o an u e ance has o ake in o accoun bo h he analy ic implica ions, explica u es, and he con ex ual assump ions, implica u es, ha he speake in ends o con ey. Some imes ansla o s ans o m implica u es o he o iginal ex in o explica u es in he ansla ion by making con ex ual assump ions explici . 7 “In he mo ning i was aining. A og had come o e he moun ains om he sea. You could no see he ops o he moun ains. The pla eau was dull and gloomy, and he shapes o he ees and he houses we e changed. I walked ou beyond he own o look a he wea he . The bad wea he was coming o e he moun ains om he sea” (141). - 8 - He mēneus. Re is a de T aducción e In e p e ación Núm. 4 - Año 2002 said K um dijo K um Woolsey said se lamen ó Woolsey said K um exclamó K um I said les dije K um said me espondió K um he said p o es ó insis í he said me saludó I asked le p egun é I said le dije I said le expliqué Cohn said insis ió Cohn I said le co é I said le espondí I said le dije I said I said le o dené I said lo apacigüé Cohn said asin ió Cohn In o de o ansmi an imp ession o da kness in he passage (152-54 in he o iginal and 213-16 in he ansla ion) Hemingway uses wo plain, simple, s aigh o wa d adjec i es: da k and black. Ins ead, Adsua changes he g amma ical ca ego y –some adjec i es become nouns o a pe iph asis wi h a e b– and, apa om oscu o and neg o, he uses eneb oso and he e b e : he s ee was da k la calle es aba oscu a black i was da k la oscu idad einaba da k eneb osos da k apenas se eían black neg o da k neg os i was da k la oscu idad einaba Wi hin he same passage, he wo d bi ch –whose epe i ion is essen ial o keep he s eng h o he o iginal– has h ee di e en equi alen s in he Spanish e sion: bi ch mala muje bi ch pu a bi ch ulana Ano he example (180 in he o iginal and 250 in he ansla ion): lo ed le gus aba lo ed que ía lo ed amaba As ega ds he explana ion o hings ha a e unexplained in he o iginal, we ha e al eady seen some examples. Ne e heless, I wan o include some o he ema kable ins ances whe e, g aphically, we will be able o see how succinc he o iginal ex is as compa ed o he ansla ion. - 9 -