The world of IoT

english Santiago Silvestre Jordi Salazar The world of IoT This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Modernisation of VET through Collaboration with the Industry Title: The world of IoT Author: Santiago Silvestre, Jordi Salazar Published by: Czech Technical University of Prague Faculty of electrical engineering Contact address: Technicka 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic Phone Number: +420 224352084 Print: (only electronic form) Number of pages: 29 Edition: 1st Edition, 2019 MoVET Modernisation of VET through Collaboration with the Industry https://movet.fel.cvut.cz This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. EXPLANATORY NOTES Definition Interesting Note Example Summary Advantage Disadvantage E=m·c 2 i ANNOTATION This module describes the world of Internet of things (IoT). Main technologies involved in the use of IoT are introduced. Moreover, IoT devices and platforms are also described in this module. Finally, a list of real IoT applications is shown for several typical IoT fields. OBJECTIVES After studying this module, students will know the meaning of IoT. They will discover the advantages of the new generation mobile phone technologies for the deployment of IoT applications, as well as most common wireless communication technologies of application in the world of IoT. LITERATURE [1] Jordi Salazar, Santiago Silvestre. IoT. Techpedia. 2017. 31. ISBN 978-80-01-06232-6. [2] Albreem, Mahmoud AM, et al. Green internet of things (IoT): An overview. In Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA), 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on. IEEE, 2017. p. 1-6. [3] Stephen E. Deering and Robert M. Hinden. RFC 2460, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification. 1998. Es 3 [4] Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis George Mastorakis, Jordi Mongay Batalla. Internet of Things (IoT) in 5G Mobile Technologies. 2016. ISBN: 978-3-319-30911-8. [5] C. Zhu, Victor C. M. Leung, L. Shu and Edith C.-H. Ngai. Green Internet of Things for Smart World. 2015. IEEE Access 3:1-1. Es 6 [6] ETSI. Architecture enhancements to facilitate communications with packet data networks and applications, 3GPP TS 23.682. 2018. 109. [7] Patil, M. S. A., & Mishra, M. P. Improved mobicast routing protocol to minimize energy consumption for underwater sensor networks. International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering. 2017. 3. [8] F. Samie, L. Bauer, J. Henkel. IoT technologies for embedded computing: a survey. IEEE Xplore, 2016. 10. [9] M.Ballve. Here’s what the internet of things will need to really work. Business Insider, 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/what-the-internet-of-things-will-need-to-reallywork-2014-5 [10] Libelium, http://www.libelium.com/ [11] K. Rose, S. Eldridge, L. Chapin. The internet of things: An overview. The Internet Society (ISOC), 2015. 80. [12] Manyika, James, Michael Chui, Peter Bisson, Jonathan Woetzel, Richard Dobbs, Jacques, Bughin, and Dan Aharon. “The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype.” McKinsey Global Institute, June 2015. [13] Ovidiu Vermesan, Peter Friess. Internet of things – Converging technologies for smart environments and integrated ecosystems. River Publishers, 2013. 363. ISBN: 978-8792982-96-4 (E-Book) [14] Zeinab Kamal Aldein Mohammed, Elmustafa Sayed Ali Ahmed. Internet of things applications, challenges and related future technologies. World Scientific News, 2017. 23. ISSN 2392-2192. [15] M. Hunter, R. Smith, M. Schipanski, L. Atwood, D. Mortensen. Agriculture in 2050: Recalibrating targets for sustainable intensification. BioScience, 2017, 6. Index 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 2 Internet Protocols ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 IoT Platforms ............................................................................................................ 11 3 5G and IoT .......................................................................................................................... 13 4 IoT Devices .......................................................................................................................... 15 5 Applications and Study Cases ........................................................................................... 17 5.1 Smart cities ............................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Smart home (and buildings) ..................................................................................... 20 5.3 Smart environment ................................................................................................... 22 5.4 Smart energy and the smart grid ............................................................................... 24 5.5 Smart agriculture and farming .................................................................................. 25 5.6 Smart industry and smart manufacturing ................................................................. 26 5.7 Smart health .............................................................................................................. 27 7 1 Introduction This chapter describes some important highlights in the world of the IoT (Internet of things). As it was reported in [1], the Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings and other items, which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The (IoT) has been the focus of attention recently. It is the foundation for delivering previously unimagined services by connecting “things”, such as sensors, actuators, consumer electronic devices, automobiles and home electrical devices, to the Internet. The communication between IoT devices and systems is via the Internet. Therefore, the IoT allows objects or things to be monitored by sensors or actuated and controlled remotely across existing networks infrastructure, creating opportunities for more-direct integration between the physical world and computerbased systems. The use of IoT results in improving on efficiency, accuracy and it also implies an economic benefit. Fig. 1. IoT The field of applications for IoT is very wide. IoT technology allows expanding vehicles interaction with people or surrounding environments: Smart driver, connected ships or vehicle tracking. Moreover, IoT also leverages to improve the use of physical spaces as smart buildings or connected homes and commerce. There is also a wide range of applications in health, as smart hospitals check-in, remote health monitoring or diagnostic. More applications of IoT can be found in smart cities as automatic control of public lighting, parking, garbage, traffic or environmental conditions [2]. Smart City initiatives carry with them many goals. Main focus is centered on improving the life of its citizens. The IoT technologies 8 are the key to solve urban problems, by monitoring and interpreting the state and usage of city assets. Nowadays, wearables or these smart devices like smart watches or smart glasses are very popular in the IoT ecosystem. Moreover, there are many applications in security and access control. On the other hand, IoT technology is also used to optimize and enhance the operational work processes and assets performance to enable productivity enhancements in a wide variety of industrial applications. Machine to Machine (M2M) refers to devices that are connected to each other capturing events, by means of measurement or observation, measurements of the environment whose data is transmitted over the network to an application that translates it into useful information. 9 2 Internet Protocols As described in [1] the IP (Internet protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing field for all devices connected through a communication network, in this case Internet. IPv6 (Internet protocol version 6) is the most recent version of the IP, the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. In order to connect any device to Internet it’s necessary to provide an IP address to the device. The first version of an Internet Protocol publicly used was IPv4 (Internet protocol version 4). This protocol was created by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). IPv4 included an addressing system that used numerical identifiers consisting of 32 bits. The use of addresses with a length of 32 bits limits the total number of possible addresses to a number of approximately 4.3 billion addresses for devices connected to internet around the world. The expected number of devices connected to Internet by means of IoT applications will be soon bigger than the number of addresses provided by IPv4. For this reason, the agency responsible for standardization of Internet protocols: The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has been working in a new IP version from 1998: The IPv6, the successor protocol that is intended to replace IPv4 was first formally described in Internet standard document RFC 2460 [3]. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format, allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4 1038 addresses, approximately 8 1028 times as many as IPv4. While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most important benefits of IPv6, there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP protocol: easier administration, better multicast routing, a simpler header format and more efficient routing, built-in authentication and privacy support among others. IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. These groups are separated by colons, but methods to abbreviate this full notation exist. The IPv6 header format is shown in Table 1. 16 Fig. 2. IoT device block diagram [8] In fact, these blocks are common to many of the devices that exist today in the market. However, IoT devices must include, particularly remote ones, other features such as [9]: • Energy-efficiency: Many IoT devices may be difficult, costly, or dangerous to access for charging or battery replacement. Therefore, they may need to be able to operate for quite long periods of time or unattended or be able to wake up only periodically to transmit data. • Cost-effectiveness: Objects that contain IoT devices may need to be distributed broadly, as in the case of IoT devices in food products in supermarkets that would indicate if the item has spoiled. They need to be relatively inexpensive to purchase and deploy. • Quality and reliability: IoT devices may need to operate in harsh environments outdoors and for long periods of time. • Security: IoT devices may need to transmit sensitive or regulated information and protect them from unauthorized access. 17 5 Applications and Study Cases It is practically impossible to imagine the full potential of IoT applications. Potential applications are numerous and diverse and they go beyond of just connecting standard devices such as desktops, laptops, tablets and smartphones to a network. Some applications will mature much faster than others. Currently, there is a wide range of IoT applications covering many fields, such as smart cities, smart buildings, agriculture, car communication, transportation and mobility, smart industry, and smart health, environmental and social aspects. Fig. 3. IoT applications [10] The potential of IoT applications promises to transform many aspects of our lives [11]. New IoT devices like smart appliances, home automation components, and energy management devices are moving us toward a vision of the “smart home’’, offering more security and energy efficiency. Other personal IoT devices like wearable fitness and health monitoring devices and network enabled medical devices are transforming the way healthcare services are delivered. This technology promises to be beneficial for people with disabilities and the elderly, enabling improved levels of independence and quality of life at a reasonable cost. IoT systems like networked vehicles, intelligent traffic systems, and sensors embedded in roads and bridges move us closer to the idea of “smart cities’’, which help minimize congestion and energy consumption. IoT technology offers the possibility to transform agriculture, industry, and energy production and distribution by increasing the availability of information along the value chain of production using networked sensors. 18 A number of companies and research organizations have offered different projections about the potential impact of IoT on the Internet and the economy during the next years. Cisco, for example, projects more than 24 billion IoT objects by 2019; Morgan Stanley, however, projects 75 billion networked devices by 2020. Huawei forecasts 100 billion IoT connections by 2025. McKinsey Global Institute suggests that the financial impact of IoT on the global economy may be as much as $3.9 to $11.1 trillion by 2025. To estimate the potential economic impact of IoT across economies, McKinsey Global Institute took into account a range of IoT adoption rates, economic and demographic trends, and the likely evolution of technology over the next 10 years [12]. In the following subsections we present some of these applications which can have a great impact in our lives in a near future. This is just a limited description in order to imagine all possible new applications and services that IoT could provide. 19 5.1 Smart cities Up to day, we can find different definitions of a smart city but there is still no a unique accepted definition. The idea of a smart city varies from country to country and even from city to city. It means different things to different people depending on their own needs to make a better city with a high quality of life. In the near future, it is expected a rapid expansion of city borders due to an increase in population and infrastructure development. Big cities will absorb the surrounding small ones to form mega cities with a population of more than 10 million people. This fact will cause the mega cities to evolve towards smart cities. It is expected about 40 smart cities in the world by 2025 [13]. Cities will be improved in many levels, they will be more secure, more productive, and more sustainable, all thanks to the IoT technology. Smart cities demand requires support of agreement from governments. In fact, the role of the cities governments will be crucial for IoT deployment. The next table shows some examples of smart city applications. Table 4 - Smart city applications Application Description Smart parking Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city Structural health Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments. Noise urban maps Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time. Smart Roads Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams. Traffic Congestion Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking routes Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights. Waste Management Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes Potable Water Monitoring Monitor the quality of tap water in cities 20 5.2 Smart home (and buildings) A smart home does not mean a home plenty of new and crazy gadgets or robots but a home with “connected” appliances and accessories, so it seems that they are appliances that can act autonomously as if they had some intelligence. Thus, we can talk about smart light bulbs, smart thermostats, smart washing machine, smart security systems, etc. Until recently, the Wi-Fi network has been used primarily to interconnect electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, TV, etc. However, the Wi-Fi network will take on great importance in the concept of smart home [14]. By connecting home appliances to the Wi-Fi network we can obtain great benefits. Any device in our home that uses electricity can be connected to our home network. Firstly, we could control everything in real time either from an app on our smartphone or tablet, or from our voice. Secondly, we can have access to all data and information stored in home appliances. Thus, smart home appliances can give us easily accessible data on security by accessing to smart security camera records or on energy by monitoring electricity and gas consumption. Thirdly, we have got home automation. Instead of manually controlling our home gadgets all the time we can go one further and set up routines and rules. The idea is that our home gets to know us and our family and automatically works based on what is happening, without the need of our control commands. Finally, and probably in a near future, we can imagine completely autonomous gadgets and robots that operate themselves at home such as lawn mowers robots or laundry folding robots. Entertainment, energy efficiency and security are expected to be the three big categories for smart home devices in the near future. 21 Table 5 - Smart home and building applications Application Description Real Time Alerts Starting time for washing machine and dish washer scheduled to save energy. Security and Surveillance To increase safety, protect our family and monitor activity on our property. Perimeter access control In buildings, access control to restricted areas and detection of people in non-authorized areas. Air Control and Central Heating House/room temperature is automatically adjusted to our preferences. Smart Lighting Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in home and building lights. Smart Enterteiment Automatic selection and in a in a personalized way of a tv program or movie according to the user's tastes Energy and Water Use Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources Keep your plants alive To keep plants fed based on their actual growing needs and conditions. 22 5.3 Smart environment The environment needs smart ways and new technologies for monitoring and management. Monitoring the environment is important in order to assess the current condition of the environment to take the correct life decision according to collected data from monitoring systems, and management is needed to have an efficient consumption of resources and use in addition to decrease waste from factories and vehicles [14]. All collected data from monitoring systems are essential to force municipalities and public institutions to protect people and environment, and to mitigate or to avoid natural disasters that might occur. Smart environment sensors provide many facilities and solutions for many environmental applications such as water and air pollution, weather and radiation monitoring, waste management, natural disasters, and many other environment indicators as shown in Table 6. Smart environment sensors integration with IoT technology is developed for tracking, sensing and monitoring objects of environment which provide potential benefits to achieve a green world and sustainable life [14]. Applications in smart environment can be divided into two main categories: environmental resources management and environmental quality and protection management. Environmental resources management relates to all natural resources such as forests, animals, coal, petroleum, water, air, sunlight, wind, gold, silver, iron and many others. These resources can be seriously affected by pollution, waste and abuse. IoT technologies provide an effective means of communicating among resources sensors and monitoring centers to take appropriate decisions in the consumption of these resources. Thus, for example, air quality can be monitored by using a set of remote sensors across the city, and as a result, we can get a full-time map with pollution levels and better manage the urban traffic of the city. Also, decisions on water usage and treatment can be taken if levels of pollution are known. There are many other applications that can be implemented by using smart sensors wirelessly connected to a management center. To cite just two more examples, an IoT sensor network can continuous monitor radiation levels around nuclear power plants for prevention, or provide a high resolution and accurate weather forecast map of the region. 23 Table 6 - Smart environment applications Application Description Forest fire detection Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones. Air pollution Control of toxic gases (CO2, O3, NO2, CO, CH4, …) emitted by factories, farms and cars. Snow level monitoring Snow level measurement to know in real time the quality of ski tracks and allow security corps avalanche prevention. River floods Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservois. Landslide and avalanche prevention Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions. Natural disaster early detection Distributed control in specific places of tremors, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, floods, … to reduce the impact of natural disasters. Ultraviolet radiation Measurement of UV sun rays to warm people not to be exposed in certain hours. Waste Management Real time detection and control of industrial pollution (waste chemicals and others) to improve environment Pollution levels in the sea Control realtime leakages and wastes in the sea Chemical leakage detection in rivers Detection of leakages and wastes of factories in rivers. Help Protect Wildlife To use GPS tracking collars to locate and track wild animals and communicate their coordinates to researches. 24 5.4 Smart energy and the smart grid The energy model based exclusively on sources of fossil energy will not be able to meet the world’s energy needs in a not too far future. All solutions involve incorporating renewable and green energy sources into the energy model. However, the intrinsic nature of this type of energy requires a very high control of the consumption of energy by consumers [13]. Normally the energy consumption is not uniform and there are time slots with very high energy demands as well. This forces the electrical grid to be intelligent and flexible to withstand electricity fluctuations by controlling electrical energy sources and loads. In order to achieve this goal, the electrical grid will have to incorporate networked intelligent devices and grid infrastructure elements such as sensing and monitoring devices for monitoring energy flows, digital communications infrastructure to transmit data across the grid, smart meters with in home display to know about the energy usage or control and automation system to process all data and make a smart management of the grid. Ideally, it would require to know the instantaneous energy consumption of individual loads but a knowledge about energy usage per customer is enough in first approximation [13]. A smart grid integrates the information and communication technologies to the electricity network in order to have a smart energy management. Instead of main power plants outside cities, future smart grids will be characterized by small and medium energy sources and power plants distributed across the smart city trying to emulate the structure of an internet network. Smart grid solutions aim to optimize the production, distribution and consumption of energy, facilitating the entry of new suppliers and consumers in the electrical network, with significant improvements in monitoring, management, automation and quality of electric power supplied. Table 7 - Smart energy and the smart grid applications Application Description Photovoltaic installations Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants Smart grid Energy consumption monitoring and management Narrowband PLC Narrowband power line Communication (N-PLC) allows communications over power lines. 25 5.5 Smart agriculture and farming In 2005, predictions from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations suggest that by 2050 the global population will move beyond the 9.6 billion. In order to feed this much population, agricultural production needs to increase 70% by 2050. In 2017, a study published by BioScience, they conclude that an increase of approximately 25% to 70% above current production levels may be sufficient to meet 2050 crop demand [15]. Anyway, to do this, the farming industry must embrace IoT. In addition, change in climate conditions and drawbacks of intensive farming over land and water resources makes important to devise new methods to face future challenges in the agricultural sector. By smart agriculture and farming we understand the application of modern information and communication technologies into agriculture and farming. From the point of view of the farmer, smart farming provides the farmer with opportunities for better decision-making and more efficient management. Farmers can manage their farming practices remotely. Thus, data can be collected from satellites or drones. Sensors in the fields, on animals, in the soil can transmit real time data. This is a cost effective method and an accurate means to predict and protect the growth of agricultural crops. Table 8 - Smart Agriculture domain applications Application Description Increased Quality Production Analyzing production quality and results in correlation to treatment can teach farmers to adjust processes to increase quality of the product. Green Houses Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality. Golf Courses Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources required in the green. Meteorological Station Network Study of weather conditions in fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes. Compost Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants. Hydroponics Control the exact conditions of plants grown in water to get the highest efficiency crops. Offspring Care Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health. Animal Tracking Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables. Toxic Gas Levels Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements. Remote monitoring Local and commercial farmers can monitor multiple fields in multiple locations around the globe from an internet connection. Decision can be made in real time and from anywhere.