Physical and chemical characterization of building materials
Pérez-Martínez, Manuel,Dueñas-Buey, Mª Concepción,Gordo Puertas, Elisa,León-Reina, Laura,Liger-Pérez, Esperanza,González Montero, Rocío,Cabello Ganuza, María,Ruiz-Cruces, Rafael,Cañete-Hidalgo, Sergio Andrés
- Published
- 2017-06-01
- Language
- en
Abstract
The products used in the construction of buildings and infrastructures, are made from raw material extracted directly from nature, and after suitable transformation processes are placed on site. Approximately 2.5 tons of materials per square meter are used in a residential building. The most abundant percentages are: Gravel and sand 57.8, ceramics 21.6, cement 12.5, lime 1.98 and gypsum 0.46. Some materials used cause a high impact of negative character in the environment but their quantification is low whereas others of low impact but are used of massive form in construction reason why they can cause serious hazards for the human health. The raw material used in the manufacture of construction materials is extracted directly from nature or is originated by a mixture of raw material and recycled material. In any case, it is necessary to analyze the chemical composition of the construction products whether they are natural, whether they are transformed or mixed. The purpose of this work was to perform a physical-chemical characterization of samples from factories located in three regions of different geological nature: granitic, calcareous and sedimentary. The materials analyzed come from different factories located in Spain 18 factories of cements, bricks and tiles 15, ceramics 16, sands 15 and natural stones 18. They were supplied by manufacturers and it has been made a physic-chemical characterization of the samples received. The chemical composition of the samples of cement, brick, ceramic and roofing tile has been made using ICP-MS and EDXRF. The results of these analyze shows near 72 different elements. The higher concentrations are of Na, K, Ca, Al, Fe and Si. All the samples were also characterized using XRPD. It is a powerful tool for material characterization in general, and cements materials in particular. The use of the Rietveld method has allowed quantifying the clinkers and cements measured by laboratory x-ray powder diffraction (LXRPD) giving their accurate phase assemblage. From the average composition of the different classes of cements analyzed, it is concluded that, except for two samples, the rest all correspond to Portland cements of different strength.
Full text
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS 1M. Pérez, 4L. León Reina, 4R. González, 1R. Ruiz-Cruces, 2C. Dueñas,3E. Liger, 4E. Gordo and 4S. Cañete 1University of Malaga, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology. Málaga 29071. 2University of Malaga, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Applied Physics I 3 Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering , Department of Applied Physics II, 4 SCAI, Central Research Facilities, University of Malaga, Spain * Corresponding author: mperezm@uma. The analyzed samples come from factories located in different parts of the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. This survey involved 18 cement plants, 40 tile factories, and several gravel quarries of limestone, siliceous and granitic nature. Acknowledgements: This study was financed by the Nuclear Safety Council (C.S.N.) (Project ARMACC.S.N. 2012-2016) CONCLUSION The samples of analyzed cements indicate that they are of Portland type and that they belong to 6 different classes. The use of the Rietveld method has allowed quantifying the clinkers and cements measured by XRPD giving their accurate phase assemblage. From the average composition of the different classes of cements analyzed, it is concluded that, except for two samples, the rest all correspond to Portland cements of different strength. In this study, the chemical analysis of several building materials such as, cement, sand, natural stone, ceramic, brick, roofing tile, used in Spain were carried out to assess the chemical components of these samples. The most abundant oxides found were generally SiO2,Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, K2O and SO3for all investigated samples. CEM IICEM I RESULTS We have measured a total of 54 samples of cement, 32 of ceramic and 15 of bricks and tiles. All samples were subjected to a homogenization process, dried at 100Cand sieved before analysis. INTRODUCTION.-The products used in the construction of buildings and infrastructures, are made from raw material extracted directly from nature, and after suitable transformation processes are placed on site. Approximately 2.5 tons of materials per square meter are used in a residential building. The most abundant percentages are: Gravel and sand 57.8%, ceramics 21.6%, cement 12.5%, lime 1.98%and gypsum 0.46 %. Some materials used cause a high impact of negative character in the environment but their quantification is low whereas others of low impact but are used of massive form in construction reason why they can cause serious hazards for the human health. The raw material used in the manufacture of construction materials is extracted directly from nature or is originated by a mixture of raw material and recycled material. In any case, it is necessary to analyze the chemical composition of the construction products whether they are natural, whether they are transformed or mixed. MATERIAL AND METHODS.-The purpose of this work was to perform a physical-chemical characterization of samples from factories located in three regions of different geological nature: granitic, calcareous and sedimentary. The materials analyzed came from different factories located in Spain: 18 factories of cements 15 bricks and tiles 16 ceramics 15 sands 18 natural stones They were supplied by manufacturers and it has been made a physic-chemical characterization of the samples received. The chemical composition of the samples of cement, brick, ceramic and roofing tile has been made using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence). All the samples were also characterized using XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction). It is a powerful tool for material characterization in general, and cements materials in particular. The following figures show the average chemical composition for the different materials analyzed C3S(ALITA)60,4% C2S(BELITA)6,74% C4AF(BROWNMILLERITA)8,44% C3A(Aluminatotricalcico)5,33% CUARZO1,71% YESO1,3% BASANITA2,1% CALCITA8,01% PERICLASA2,4% AFTITALITA0,65% MAYENITE0,4% Figure 1.- Different composition of cement (CEM-I and CEM-2), sands and natural stones, respectively CEM-I CEM-II SANDS Natural Stones SANDS N.S. BRICKS Concentration of the main components of cement type I (mg / kg).
