La elaboración de proyectos curriculares: problemática y perspectiva

3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR    /$(/$%25$&,Ï1'(352<(&726&855,&8/$5(6352%/(0È7,&$<35263(&7,9$   0&DUPHQ6DUFHGD*RUJRVR 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD   ,1752'8&&,Ï1 (O LQWHUpV SRU OD 5HIRUPD (GXFDWLYD HQ JHQHUDO  PiV FRQFUHWDPHQWH SRU HO SURFHVR GH LPSOHPHQWDFLyQTXHHVWiWHQLHQGROXJDUHVXQWHPDGHJUDQDFWXDOLGDG VREUHHOTXHVH HVWiQUHDOL]DQGRPXOWLWXGGHHVWXGLRVHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQHOILQGHORJUDUXQFRQRFLPLHQWR  FRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWHSURFHVRHQWRGDVVXVGLPHQVLRQHV 'H HVWD PDQHUD  GHVGH GLIHUHQWHV FDPSRV GH ODV &LHQFLDV GH OD (GXFDFLyQ FRPR OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ HVFRODU OD GLGiFWLFD HWF VH LQWHQWD XQ DFHUFDPLHQWR D HVWD UHDOLGDG WUDWDQGR GH GHVYHODU HO DPSOLR  FRPSOHMR DEDQLFR GH DFWXDFLRQHVTXHWDQWRGHVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDFRPRGHVGHORVSURSLRVVHHVWiQ OOHYDQGRDFDERSDUDSURPRYHUODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHHVWD5HIRUPD(GXFDWLYD 'HHVWDSUHRFXSDFLyQVXUJHHVWHDUW FXOR3DUWLHQGRGHODSUHPLVDGHTXHORVFDPELRVQRVH UHDOL]DQ DXWRPiWLFD QL OLQHDOPHQWH FUHHPRV QHFHVDULR FRQRFHU TXp  HV OR TXH HVWi VXFHGLHQGRHQODUHDOLGDG GHORVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVFXiQWDGLVWDQFLDKD HQWUHOR TXHVH SHUVLJXH ORTXHUHDOPHQWHVHHVWiFRQVLJXLHQGRFXiOHVHOGHVIDVHRSUR[LPLGDGHQWUHHO FDPSR GH ODV LQWHQFLRQHV  HO GH OD SUiFWLFD HQ ORV SURSLRV FHQWURV HWF &RQ HVWDV LQTXLHWXGHV  GHVGH OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH ORV 3UR HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV FRPR HO HVODEyQ TXH HQOD]DODIRUPDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGR HOGHVDUUROORGHOFHQWUR HGXFDWLYR HO FRQRFHU FyPR HVWRV 3UR HFWRV VH GLVHxDQ  GHVDUUROODQ HQ ORV FRQWH[WRV HVSHF ILFRVHQORVTXHVHLQFDUGLQDQVHQRVPXHVWUDFRPRXQDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHDDQDOL]DU (QHVWHGRFXPHQWRRIUHFHPRVDOJXQRVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQWUDEDMRPiVDPSOLR6DUFHGD  HQFDPLQDGR D FRQRFHU HQ SURIXQGLGDG OD UHDOLGDG GH ORV 3UR HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV GH &HQWUR HQ HO VHQR GH ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV  PiV HVSHF ILFDPHQWH HQ HO iPELWR GH OD (GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD  &$5$&7(5Ë67,&$6'(/(678',20HWRGRORJ D UHFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ (QORTXHVHUHILHUHDODPHWRGRORJ DHPSOHDGDSDUDOOHYDUDFDERODHYDOXDFLyQGHO3UR HFWR &XUULFXODU DQWHODPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHRSFLRQHVSRVLEOHVRSWDPRVSRUXQHVWXGLRGHFDVRGH PDQHUDTXHVHSXGLHUDLUPiVDOOiGHORVLPSOHPHQWHREVHUYDEOHSDUDLQWURGXFLUQRVHQHVRV RWURV SURFHVRV H LQWHUDFFLRQHV PiV FRPSOHMDV  RFXOWDV TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU HQ OD UHDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD TXHLQIOX HQHQHOOD HQRFDVLRQHVODFRQGLFLRQDQ/DYLVLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORV LPSOLFDGRV VREUH VX DPELHQWH VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG VXV SHUFHSFLRQHV HWF VRQ DVSHFWRV GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD D ORV TXH HV QHFHVDULR DFHUFDUVH GH PDQHUD TXH VH SXHGD FRQRFHUHOSURFHVRHQVXWRWDOLGDG 3DUDOHODPHQWH D HVWH FULWHULR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH UHFRJLy D WUDYpV GH WUHV LQVWUXPHQWRV GLIHUHQWHV TXH SHUPLWLHUDQ FRQWUDVWDU  WULDQJXODU ORV GDWRV HQWUHYLVWDV FXHVWLRQDULR  DQiOLVLVGHFRQWHQLGRGHOSURSLR3UR HFWR&XUULFXODU (Q HVWH WUDEDMR YDPRV D RIUHFHU DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV UHFRJLGRV D WUDYpV GH ODV HQWUHYLVWDV UHDOL]DGDV3DUDHQWUHYLVWDUDORVGRFHQWHVVHSODQLILFyXQDHQWUHYLVWDQRHVWUXFWXUDGD)R[ UHIHULGDDFLQFRGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHORV3UR HFWRV&XUULFXODUHV  6XUJLPLHQWR HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD LGHD GH HODERUDU XQ 3UR HFWR &XUULFXODU GH &HQWUR LPSRVLFLyQRLQLFLDWLYDGHOSURIHVRUDGR 3URFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHO3&&SDUWLUGHORVJUDQGHVREMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRVGHO'&%  SRVWHULRU DGDSWDFLyQ DO FRQWH[WR HVSHFLILFR SDUWLU GH OD SURSLD SUiFWLFD YDORUDFLyQ GHO JUDGRGHFRKHUHQFLD FRQJUXHQFLDFRQHOFXUULFXOXPSUHVFULSWLYRHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRLQLFLDOGH ORVREMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRVSDUDWRGDODHWDSDRSDUDORVFLFORVFUHDFLyQGHFRPLVLRQHVGH iUHDRFLFOR &RPLVLyQGH&RRUGLQDFLyQ3HGDJyJLFD 5HXQLRQHV GH HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWLYD GHO SURIHVRUDGR JUDGR GH GLVFXVLRQHV R GLVFUHSDQFLDV VXUJLPLHQWR GH SRVWXUDV FRQWUDULDV SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU  ILMDU REMHWLYRVFRQWHQLGRVHWFWLHPSRGHGXUDFLyQGHHVHSURFHVR $VSHFWRVPiVSRVLWLYRV QHJDWLYRVTXHSXHGHWHQHUHO3&&,QIOXHQFLDHQHOGHVDUUROOR SURIHVLRQDOFRPRGRFHQWH &UHHQFLDVDFHUFDGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHO3&&HQODUHDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDGHOFHQWURVLRULHQWD 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  UHDOPHQWHODSUiFWLFD FXiOHVVHU DQORVDVSHFWRVTXHHVWDU DQLQIOX HQGRHQHOXVRUHDOTXH VHKDFHGHO3&&  $1È/,6,6'(/$6(175(9,67$6 (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR UHDOL]DUHPRV XQ DQiOLVLV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD D WUDYpV GH ODV HQWUHYLVWDVUHDOL]DGDVDORVGRFHQWHVGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHQHOFXDOVHHQFXDGUDHO3UR HFWR &XUULFXODUGH&HQWURREMHWRGHQXHVWURHVWXGLR ,QLFLDOPHQWHKD TXHKDFHUXQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGD HQGHWHUPLQDGRVFDVRVQRHVODTXHEXVFiEDPRVSXHVWRTXHDOJXQRVGHORVGRFHQWHVRQR VHH[WHQG DQHQODFRQWHVWDFLyQDODSUHJXQWDIRUPXODGDRELHQVXUHVSXHVWDQRVHFHQWUDED HQHOREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOGHODSUHJXQWDDSHVDUGHVHUXQDHQWUHYLVWDQRHVWUXFWXUDGDHQOD TXHFRQWLQXDPHQWHLQWHQWiEDPRVUHFRQGXFLUODFRQYHUVDFLyQKDFLDDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVTXHVH FRQVLGHUDEDQLPSRUWDQWHV'HFXDOTXLHUPDQHUD SHVHDWRGRREWXYLPRVLQIRUPDFLyQPX  LQWHUHVDQWHSDUDQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH XQDYH]RUJDQL]DGD KDELHQGR UHIOH[LRQDGR VREUHHOODQRVSHUPLWLyHVWDEOHFHUXQDVHULHGHFDWHJRU DVHQEDVHDODVFXDOHVUHDOL]DPRVVX DQiOLVLVVLHQGRODVTXHVHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ $(OFHQWURHGXFDWLYR %/DIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR HFWR&XUULFXODUGH&HQWUR &RQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHO3&&UHWRV WHPRUHV (OSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQLQLFLDWLYDRUJDQL]DFLyQ SDUWLFLSDFLyQ & 3XHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD GHO 3&& 8VRV UHDOHV HQ HO FRQWH[WR GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR  HYDOXDFLyQ '$VSHFWRVSRVLWLYRV QHJDWLYRVGHO3&&  (Q HO DQiOLVLV GH ODV GRV SULPHUDV FDWHJRU DV QRV FHQWUDUHPRV D FRQWLQXDFLyQ H[SOLFDQGR EUHYHPHQWHODVSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHU VWLFDVTXHGHVGHQXHVWURSXQWRGHYLVWDGHILQHQWDQWRHO FRQWH[WRGHVXUJLPLHQWRGHO3&&FRPRHOSRVWHULRUSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHOPLVPR  (OFHQWURHGXFDWLYR (O FHQWUR HQ HO TXH QRV VLWXDPRV DFRJH ODV HWDSDV GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD %DFKLOOHUDWR IRUPDFLyQ3URIHVLRQDO/RVSURIHVRUHVTXHLPSDUWHQGRFHQFLDHQHVWHFHQWUROR KDFHQ QRUPDOPHQWH FRPELQDQGR (62 FRQ %DFKLOOHUDWR R (62 FRQ IRUPDFLyQ 3URIHVLRQDO DXQTXHWDPELpQKD FDVRVHVSHF ILFRVHQORVTXHGHWHUPLQDGRVSURIHVRUHVDWLHQGHQODVWUHV HWDSDV (VXQFHQWURHQHOTXHFRQXQDPHGLDGHDOXPQRVSRUDXODVHGDXQDOWR_ QGLFHGH VXVSHQVRV ³DOUHGHGRUGHWUHLQWDDOXPQRVSHURGDWHFXHQWDGHTXHHQDOJXQDVFODVHVKD XQRVGLH] UHSHWLGRUHV´ (VWDSUREOHPiWLFDHQUHODFLyQFRQORVVXVSHQVRVORVSURIHVRUHVODDWULEX HQDOKHFKRGHTXH LQLFLDOPHQWHHOFHQWURVXUJLyFRPRFHQWURGH)3 DODFRJHUODLPSODQWDFLyQDQWLFLSDGDGHOD (62ODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHSDGUHV DOXPQRVDFHUFDGHODPD RUIDFLOLGDGGHHVWRVFHQWURV HQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQORVLQVWLWXWRVGH%DFKLOOHUDWRVHPDQWLHQHGHIRUPDTXH ³(OSUREOHPDVXUJHHQTXHORVSDGUHVOHVGLFHQYHWHSDUDDOO TXHWRWDOYDVDSDVDU VHFUHDXQF UFXOR ORTXHSDVDEDDQWHVFRQORVLQVWLWXWRVGHIRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOVL QRYDOHVSDUDHVWXGLDUYHWHSDUDDOO ´ /DVLWXDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRGHOFXDOFDVLODPLWDGHVLQWHULQRSXHGHVHUXQIDFWRUTXHORV GRFHQWHV FRQVLGHUDQ FRPR PX LQIOX HQWHHQ OD VLWXDFLyQ GHOFHQWUR  HQOR TXH HQ O VH KDFH ³HV XQ FHQWUR DGHPiV  TXH SXHGH TXH VHD HO  GH SHUVRQDO QR ILMR R VHD ORV LQWHULQRVTXHDORPHMRUQRVHLQYROXFUDQPXFKR´ $GHPiV GH ORV DVSHFWRV VHxDODGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HO DEVHQWLVPR HVFRODU  OD IDOWD GH FRQH[LyQ IDPLOLDFHQWUR HGXFDWLYR HV XQ KHFKR TXH HVWi FRQIOX HQGR FRQ ORV DQWHULRUHV  TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV VHxDODQ FRPR GHWHUPLQDQWH HQ OD GHILQLFLyQGHO FRQWH[WR HGXFDWLYR GHO FHQWUR ³OHPDQGDVIDOWDVDFDVDPXFKRVSDGUHVQRYLHQHQSRUDTX PXFKRVYLHQHQODVPDGUHV ODVDEXHODVSRUTXHKD PXFKRHPLJUDQWHPXFKRQDYHJDQWH QRSXHGHQFRQpOHVWHDxR WXYLPRVXQDVEDMDVGHXQFXUVRHQWHURWXYLPRVEDMDV GHVSXpVFODURYLHQHQDTX  SHURIDOWDHOVHJXLPLHQWRHQFDVDTXHHVRHVIXQGDPHQWDO(VHHVHOSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDTXH KD  SRUHVRHOSURIHVRUDGRHVWiGHVFRQWHQWR´ (VWRV UDVJRV VHxDODGRV SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV VHU DQ DOJXQRV GH ORV TXH HVWDU DQ LQIOX HQGR VREUH HO FHQWUR FRQILJXUDQGR VX SURSLD LGLRVLQFUDVLD  VXV FDUDFWHU VWLFDV HVSHF ILFDV  3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  SDUWLFXODUHV  /DIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQGHOSUR HFWRFXUULFXODUGHFHQWUR (O FRQRFHU FyPR VH LQLFLy  GHVDUUROOy HO SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& UHVXOWD IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDFRPSUHQGHUWRGRHOSURFHVRSRVWHULRUGHGHVDUUROOR SXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHO PLVPR(QHVWDIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQVRQDQXHVWURMXLFLRYDULDVODVFXHVWLRQHVDFRQVLGHUDU  TXH QRV DSRUWDUiQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD UHDOL]DU XQD ³UDGLRJUDI D´ GH WRGR HO HQWUDPDGRTXHVXSXVRSDUDHVHFHQWURODHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR HFWR  &RQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHO3&&UHWRV WHPRUHV /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV TXH VH WHQJDQ VREUH HO 3UR HFWR &XUULFXODU  OD IRUPD HQ TXH pVWH VH HQWLHQGDLQIOXLUiQRWDEOHPHQWHWDQWRHQVXHODERUDFLyQFRPRHQVXSRVWHULRUDSOLFDFLyQ(Q HVWH FHQWUR OD RSLQLyQ GH ORV SURIHVRUHV DFHUFD GHO 3&&  GH OR TXH VXSRQH VH FHQWUD SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQFRQVLGHUDUORFRPRXQOLVWDGRGHSURJUDPDFLRQHVSRUDVLJQDWXUDVDOJRTXH DGHPiVQRUHVXOWDQXHYRVLQRTXHVLHPSUHVHKDFHGHPDQHUDVLVWHPiWLFDSDUDFDGDFXUVR ³%XHQR HO 3&& EiVLFDPHQWH OR TXH WLHQH VRQ ODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV SRU DVLJQDWXUDV  ORV FULWHULRVGH SURPRFLyQ¢QR" (O3&& DVLHPSUHVHWLHQH KHFKRSRUTXH QR SXHGHV HPSH]DUXQFXUVRVLQWHQHUXQDLGHDJHQHUDOGHORTXHYDVDKDFHUHQFDGDDVLJQDWXUD GH FyPRYDVDFRRUGLQDUWH´ (Q HVWD PLVPD O QHD GH LGHQWLILFDU HO 3&& FRQ OR TXH VH KDF D KDVWD HO PRPHQWR HQ HO FHQWURLQFLGHQRWURVGRFHQWHVFXDQGRPDQLILHVWDQTXH ³+RPEUHORTXHDSDUHFHHQHO3&&HQO QHDVJHQHUDOHVHVORTXHHUDDQWHVHO3ODQ*HQHUDO GHO&HQWURHVHWLSRGHFRVDVHVWDEDPiVRPHQRVKHFKR KXERTXHUHKDFHUORGHFDUDDOD /H ´ 'HVGH HVWD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO 3UR HFWR &XUULFXODU ORV SURIHVRUHV GHFODUDQ VX LQVDWLVIDFFLyQ VREUH OD IRUPD HQ FyPR VH SODQWHy GHVGH OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ OD 5HIRUPD  OD IDOWD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SUHFLSLWDFLyQDODTXHVHYLHURQVRPHWLGRV ³QRVRWURVHOSUREOHPDTXHWHQHPRVHVTXHHVXQFHQWURFRQRFKRJUXSRVGHWHUFHURGHOD (62FXDQGRQRVHVDE DQDGD FXDQGROOHJyHVWRWHQ DPRVWHUFHURVFXDUWRV QRV EDPRV HQWHUDQGRGHWRGRDVDOWRGHPDWD1RVHQWHUDPRVHOSULPHUDxRHQ0DU]RGHTXHQR EDPRV DWHQHUH[iPHQHVGH6HSWLHPEUHQRVRWURVORVDOXPQRV ORVSDGUHVGHORVDOXPQRV HVWRVDxRVIXHEDVWDQWHKRUURURVR DGHPiVVLHPSUHQRVHQFRQWUiEDPRVVRORVSRUTXHDTX  YLQR XQ LQVSHFWRU XQD YH]  QDGD PiV 7RGR HVWR FUHD XQD VLWXDFLyQ FRPR GH LQHVWDELOLGDGWRWDOGHGHVDPSDUR WDOTXHHVEDVWDQWHIDVWLGLDGD´ (VWD VHQVDFLyQ GH GHVDPSDUR HV XQD FRQVWDQWH D OD TXH UHILHUHQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH  FRQ LQVLVWHQFLDORVGRFHQWHVHQWUHYLVWDGRV ³6RPRV FHQWURV FRQ OD DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD /2*6(  OD JHQWH OD PD RU D GH QRVRWURV QRV YLPRVLQYROXFUDGRVHQXQSURFHVRTXHDORPHMRUQRFRPSUHQG DPRV´ -XQWRDHVWRODLGHDGHXQDWRWDOUXSWXUDHQWUHORTXHVHGLFH ORTXHVHH[LJHHQWUHOD 7HRU D  OD 3UiFWLFD HQ SDUDOHOR FRQ OD EDMD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ TXH ORV SURSLRV SURIHVRUHV DWULEX HQDOD(62VHPXHVWUDFRPRXQDSUHRFXSDFLyQSDUDHOSURIHVRUDGRGHHVWHFHQWUR ³XQD FRVD HV OD WHRU D OR TXH SLHQVDV  RWUD FRVD HV FXDQGR OOHJDV D XQ FXUVR  GH %DFKLOOHUDWRHQHOTXHWLHQHVTXHUHQGLUFXHQWDVDOD8QLYHUVLGDG(QWRQFHVFODURODWHRU D SRUXQODGRSHURDODKRUDGHODYHUGDGQRKD FRQWLQXLGDGKD XQVDOWR8QDFRVDHVOD (GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD HO%DFKLOOHUDWRGHQWURGHO&HQWUR RWUDFRVDHVFXDQGRWLHQHVTXH OOHYDUDHVRVDOXPQRVDXQDSUXHEDGHVHOHFWLYR DK  DQRHUHVW~QLORTXHKDQKHFKRQL VLWLHQHQXQDVDFWLWXGHV SURFHGLPLHQWRVHVWXSHQGRVVLQRTXHVRQFRQRFLPLHQWRV VLQR ORVWLHQHQ WDOFXDOHVWiGLVHxDGDOD(62 ORV%DFKLOOHUDWRVQRORVWLHQHQSXHVFODURYDVD WHQHUXQRVDOXPQRVGHVHJXQGRGH%DFKLOOHUDWRTXHHVWHDxRORKDSDVDGRIDWDOSRUTXHGH UHSHQWHKD TXHVXELUOHVDXQQLYHOTXHQRKDQLGRFRJLHQGRSRFRDSRFR<RFUHRTXHKD  XQDVHQVLEOHGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORTXHOD/H GLFH ORTXHOD8QLYHUVLGDGH[LJHVREUHWRGRD QLYHOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV´  (OSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQLQLFLDWLYDRUJDQL]DFLyQ SDUWLFLSDFLyQ /DLGHDGHHODERUDUXQ3UR HFWR&XUULFXODUGH&HQWURVXUJHHQHVWHFHQWURPiVTXHQDGD FRPR XQD LPSRVLFLyQ SRU SDUWH GH OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ (GXFDWLYD HQ EDVH D ODV H[LJHQFLDV PDUFDGDVSRUOD5HIRUPD ³/D/2*6( PDUFDOD UHDOL]DFLyQGHO3(& GHO 3&&(QWRQFHVVH KDE DQ VROLFLWDGR XQRV FXUVLOORVGHIRUPDFLyQHQFHQWURVSDUDSURIHVRUDGRSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHO3(& GHO 3&&HQGRVDxRVVHKL]RHO3(& TXHGDEDSRUUHDOL]DUHO3&&HOQLYHOGHFRQFUHFLyQ PiVEDMRGHO3(& VHEXVFyODIRUPDGHDMXVWDUHOFHQWURDODQXHYD/H ´ 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  (QHVWDPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHVWDFDQGRVFRVDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHODVGHPDQGDVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ TXHH[LJHQWHQHUXQ3UR HFWR&XUULFXODU TXHHVHOPRWLYRGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHO3&& OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH pVWH FRPR XQD FRQFUHFLyQ GHO 3(&  QR FRPR HOHPHQWRV FRPSOHPHQWDULRV SDUDOHORV 'HWRGDVIRUPDVDXQTXHLQLFLDOPHQWHVXUJHGHHVWDPDQHUDSRFRDSRFRORVGRFHQWHVVH YDQ GDQGR FXHQWD GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH KDFHU XQR SURSLR XQR TXH VH DGDSWH D VXV FDUDFWHU VWLFDV ³HQSULQFLSLRVXUJLyPiVTXHQDGDFRPRXQDQRUPDWLYDTXHH[LJ DOD'HOHJDFLyQ'HVSXpV HOSURIHVRUDGRYLRODQHFHVLGDGYDPRVGHHODERUDUXQ3UR HFWR&XUULFXODUSRUTXHHVWXYLPRV PLUDQGR YDULRV DQWHV  SRG DPRV KDEHUOR FRSLDGR ¢QR" SHUR YDPRV GHVSXpV YLPRV OD QHFHVLGDGGHKDFHUORQRVRWURVPLVPRV´ (QHVWHSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQSDUWLFLSDURQGHPDQHUDFDVLH[FOXVLYDORVSURIHVRUHVILMRVHQ HOFHQWUR ³DXQTXHGHVSXpVKXERDOJXQDDSRUWDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVTXHYLQLHURQQXHYRVSHUREXHQR EiVLFDPHQWHHOQ~FOHRHUDGHORVSURIHVRUHVFRQGHVWLQRGHILQLWLYRSRUTXHFUH PRVTXHHUD EXHQROyJLFDPHQWHORPiVQHFHVDULR SULPRUGLDO DTXHORVRWURVSURIHVRUHVGHHVWHFHQWUR FDPELDQDODRUGHQGHYHLQWHYHLQWLFLQFRSURIHVRUHVFDGDYH]´ (O FRPSURPLVR GH WRGRV HOORV HV YDORUDGR SRVLWLYDPHQWH SRU HO SURIHVRUDGR HO FXDO QRWy LQWHUpV GHGLFDFLyQHQHVHFRPSURPLVR ³HVWHFHQWURWLHQHXQDFRVDTXHHVTXHWLHQHFDVLHOGHLQWHULQRVSRUORTXHORVTXH HVWiEDPRVILMRV UDPRVPHQRVGHODPLWDGGHOFODXVWUR ODYHUGDGHVTXH RFUHRTXHOD JHQWHTXHHVILMDVHFRPSURPHWLy ORKL]R RFUHRTXHFRQEDVWDQWHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ¢QR"QR GHWRGRVSRUTXHQXQFDODKD GHWRGRVSHURODJHQWHWHQLDJDQDVGHDFODUDUTXHLEDDVHU HVWHFHQWUR WRGRHVWR´ $QWHULRUPHQWH D OD HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& HQ HVWH FHQWUR D VH KDE D WUDEDMDGR VREUH HO 3(&ORTXHSHUPLWLyDOSURIHVRUDGRWHQHUXQDH[SHULHQFLDSUHYLDGHWUDEDMRHQJUXSRHQ HVWRVWHPDV(QODHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR HFWR(GXFDWLYRVHFRQWyFRQODD XGDGHXQDVHVRU H[WHUQRTXHJXLDED RUJDQL]DEDHOWUDEDMRDXQTXHHQHOFDVRGHO3UR HFWR&XUULFXODUQRVH FRQWyFRQHVHDSR RH[WHUQR ³HPSH]DPRV D KDFHU HO 3&&  VXUJLy OD LGHD WDPELpQ GH WUDHU D DOJ~Q H[SHUWR SHUR GLMLPRVQRYDPRVDDSURYHFKDUHVHGLQHURSDUDRWUDVFRVDV(O3&&ORHODERUDPRV QRVRWURV6HJXLPRVODPLVPDGLQiPLFD´ &RQIRUPH D ORV WHPRUHV GXGDV  IDOWD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH WHQ DQ TXH VRSRUWDU ORV SURIHVRUHV HVWH SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ VH FRQYLUWLy LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ XQ SURFHVR GH LQWHUFDPELRGHSUREOHPDVHQWUHHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH ³ODVSULPHUDVUHXQLRQHVSDUDKDFHUHO3&&HUDFRPRXQDWHUDSLDGHJUXSRHQGRQGH QRVTXHMiEDPRVPXFKR GHF DPRV³TXpKRUURU´ ³TXpVRORVHVWDPRV´/DVSULPHUDVYHFHV RUHFXHUGRTXHHUDHVR´ (OSURFHVRWDO FRPRORGHVFULEHXQRGHORVSURIHVRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVIXHHOVLJXLHQWH ³6H HVWDEOHFLHURQ JUXSRV HQ EDVH D OD JHQWH TXH HVWDED DSXQWDGD HQ HO FXUVR PiV OD FRPLVLyQSHGDJyJLFDGHOFHQWUR HVWRVJUXSRVHQEDVHDORVGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVTXHPDUFD OD /H  TXH GHEH FRQWHQHU WRGR 3&& VH GLVWULEX y HO WUDEDMR  VH IXH HODERUDQGR SRU VHSDUDGR OXHJRHQUHXQLRQHVPiVRPHQRVPHQVXDOHVVHLEDFRQIURQWDQGRHOWUDEDMRD PHGLGD TXH VH LED UHDOL]DQGR <R QR Vp FRPR KDFHUOR GH RWUD PDQHUD SHUR EXHQR PH LPDJLQRTXH HV XQ SRFRFRPR VHKDE D WUDEDMDGRHQOD &RQVWLWXFLyQHVSDxROD GHOPLVPR HVWLORSULPHURUHXQLRQHVSRUJUXSRGHWUDEDMR OXHJRFRQIURQWDFLyQ GLVFXVLyQ GHEDWH &DGD JUXSR H[SRQOD OR TXH KDE D UHDOL]DGR  GLVFXW D ORV SXQWRV TXH SRG DQ VHU PiV FRQIOLFWLYRVORVTXHHUDQPHQRVFRQIOLFWLYRV DVHGHMDEDQ SHUIHFWDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRVVH IXH UHKDFLHQGR  OXHJR VH OH y HQ JHQHUDO HQ OD FRPLVLyQ SHGDJyJLFD VH DSUREy HQ HO FODXVWUR DTX HVWi´ /RVJUXSRVHVWDEOHFLGRV ³HUDQFXDWURRFLQFRIRUPDGRVSRUFXDWURRFLQFRSURIHVRUHV´ ODVUHXQLRQHV ³FDGDTXLQFHG DVXQPHVVHJ~QYLpUDPRV´ &DGD JUXSR GH WUDEDMR VH HQFDUJDED GH XQ W SLFR TXH GHVDUUROODED  GHVSXpV SURSRQOD DO UHVWRGHORVJUXSRVVXVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHPDQHUDTXH ³KDE DSXQWRVHQORVTXHWRGRHOPXQGRHVWDEDGHDFXHUGR QRKDE DQDGDTXHGLVFXWLU SHUR OXHJR OOHJDEDV D OR PHMRU D SUREOHPDV GH WH[WR VLPSOHPHQWH  KDE D GLVFUHSDQFLDV (QWRQFHVWHQG DPRV VLHPSUHDEXVFDUHO P QLPRTXH KXELHUDGHEDWHSHURTXH KXELHUD XQDSRVWXUDGHFRQIOXHQFLDSRUTXHFRPR SUHWHQGH VHUXQWH[WRJHQHUDODWRGR HOFHQWUR SXHVTXHVHSXHGDOOHJDUDFRQVHQVXDUFDVLWRGR< RFUHRTXHHVWiEDVWDQWHFRQVHQVXDGR´ 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  (QWUHORVSXQWRVTXHVHWUDWDURQFRPRFRQWHQLGRVGHO3UR HFWR&XUULFXODUORVFHQWUDGRVHQOD HYDOXDFLyQ SURPRFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVIXHURQORVTXH PiV GLVFUHSDQFLDVVXVFLWDURQ ORV TXHPiVVHWUDEDMDURQVREUHWRGRGHELGRDTXHHUDORTXHPiVXUJ DFRQFUHWDUSDUDSRGHU GHVDUUROODUODSURSLDSUiFWLFD ³HQHOSURFHVRORTXHPiVVHWUDWDURQIXHURQORVSURFHVRVGHHYDOXDFLyQSRUTXHHQDTXHO PRPHQWRVHQHFHVLWDEDXQDFRVDXUJHQWHSRUTXHFRPRHUDXQDFRVDWDQHWpUHDFRPRTXH ODVMXQWDVGHHYDOXDFLyQHUDQVREHUDQDV WDO FXDOWXYLPRVTXHXQLILFDUFULWHULRVSDUDHVR SDUDHQXQDHYDOXDFLyQQRSDVDUDXQRFRQVHLV RWURFRQGRV´ (QUHODFLyQFRQODHYDOXDFLyQHOSURIHVRUDGRPDQLILHVWDTXH ³KXERGLVFXVLRQHVJRUGDV WRGDY DODVKD ´ )XHpVWHSRUWDQWRXQWHPDPX FRQIOLFWLYRDODKRUDGHHODERUDUHO3&&HQHOTXHORV SURIHVRUHVQRVHGDQSXHVWRFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHDFXHUGR ³VLJXH KDELHQGR SXQWRV GH YLVWD GLVWLQWRV HQ HO SURIHVRUDGR VREUH WRGR HQ OR TXH HV OD 5HIRUPD ODIRUPDGHHYDOXDU ODIRUPDGHKDFHUWRGR2VHDKDKDELGRGLVFUHSDQFLDV GHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQWR EXHQR3RUHMHPSORKD XQRVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHKDQ VLGR DSUREDGRV KDFH WLHPSR  VLQ HPEDUJR KD  JHQWH TXH HVWi HQ GHVDFXHUGR HQ GHVDFXHUGRSRUTXHXQRVORVYHQGHPDVLDGRDPSOLRVRWURVGHPDVLDGRUHVWULQJLGRV´ (VWDVGLVFUHSDQFLDVVRQFRQWHPSODGDVGHPDQHUDSRVLWLYDSRUDOJXQRVSURIHVRUHVGHELGRD ODVGLVFXVLRQHVTXHJHQHUD ³ODGLVFXVLyQHVEXHQDHORWURG DHVWXYLPRVGLVFXWLHQGRVREUHODSURPRFLyQGHORV DOXPQRVGHOD(62DTXpDVSHFWRVKD TXHGDUOHPiVLPSRUWDQFLDDODKRUDGHHYDOXDU  GHPiV HVRHVEXHQR´ 2WURGHORVDVSHFWRVTXHVHVHxDODQFRPRFRQIOLFWLYRVHVHOGHODV$GDSWDFLRQHV&XUULFXODUHV HQ HO TXH HO SURIHVRUDGR D SHVDU GH YHUODV FRPR DOJR QHFHVDULR VH VLHQWH LPSRVLELOLWDGR SDUDOOHYDUODVDGHODQWH ³6XUJHVXUJLyPXFKRSUREOHPDWDPELpQ WRGDY DH[LVWHFRQODVDGDSWDFLRQHVFXUULFXODUHV DGDSWDFLyQ FXUULFXODU R VHJXLPLHQWRV LQGLYLGXDOHV /D JHQWH SUiFWLFDPHQWH YH TXH HV LPSRVLEOH$GDSWDUHOFXUULFXOXPSDUDXQDOXPQR(QWRQFHVVXUJHHOWHPDGHVLHPSUH¢TXp KDFHPRV" ¢DWHQGHPRV D ORV DOXPQRV EXHQRV DWHQGHPRV D ORV PDORV" (O SURIHVRUDGR SLHQVDTXHDV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWHHVLPSRVLEOH´ (QUHODFLyQFRQODPHWRGRORJ DODVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHORVSURIHVRUHVVHQW DQWHQHUHUDQPX  HVFDVDVGHELGRVREUHWRGRDODVOLPLWDFLRQHVTXHHOSURSLRFHQWURDQLYHOGHGRWDFLyQOHV PDUFDED  D OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH pVWD FRPR DOJR TXH GLI FLOPHQWH VH SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU FRQ H[DFWLWXG ³5HDOPHQWHODPHWRGRORJ DHVPX GLI FLOHQFDVLOODUODHQWRQFHVLUODVFRQWUDHOHVS ULWXGHOD /2*6(TXHHVWHQHUXQFXUULFXOXPDELHUWR GDUOLEHUWDGDFDGDSURIHVRUGHTXHHQIRTXHOD DVLJQDWXUDVHJ~Q%XHQRFULWHULRVFRPRORGHODVDQJUHFRQOHWUDHQWUDQRFULWHULRVPX  JHQHUDOHV SHUR WDPSRFR SXHGHV KDFHU PXFKR PiV IDYRUHFHU ODV SUiFWLFDV WHyULFDPHQWH FODURSRUTXHHQXQODERUDWRULRGRQGHFDEHQDSUHWDGRVHQXQDFODVHGHLPSRVLEOH´ 2WUDVFXHVWLRQHVFRPRORVKRUDULRVODRULHQWDFLyQHWFIXHURQWUDWDGRVWDPELpQGHPDQHUD FROHFWLYD SRU HO FRQMXQWR GH GRFHQWHV SHUR HQ OR UHIHULGR D REMHWLYRV  FRQWHQLGRV D FRQVHJXLU  WUDEDMDU SRU SDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV VH GHOHJy WRGD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG D ORV 6HPLQDULRV 'HSDUWDPHQWRV ³HQORVVHPLQDULRVVHHVWDEOHFLHURQ ORVREMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRVTXH DFRQVWDEDQHQODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV´ (OHVSHFLILFDUHVWRVREMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRVVXSXVRUHRUJDQL]DUHOWUDEDMRGHDxRVDQWHULRUHV  FRPHQWDUOR GHQWUR GH FDGD 'HSDUWDPHQWR DXQTXH QR HQ FRP~Q FRQ HO UHVWR GHO SURIHVRUDGRGHHVDHWDSDHGXFDWLYD ³(QFRP~QFRQORVRWURVQR(QFRP~QGHQWURGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRSRUTXHDOILQ DOFDER VDOYR ODV DVLJQDWXUDV TXH VRQ WUDQVYHUVDOHV TXH HVDV HVWiQ XQ SRFR DK  SXHVWDV SRU LPSRVLFLyQTXHD~QQRVHVDEHPX ELHQFyPRVHGHMDQGHGDURQRSXHVSDUDORGHPiVVH UHXQLy FDGD 'HSDUWDPHQWR  DFODUy FRPR HVWDPRV GDQGR OD (62 HQWRQFHV EXHQR KD  RWURVFRQWHQLGRVRWUDHVWUXFWXUDGLVWLQWDVHUHKL]RHVRXQSRFRSRUVHPLQDULRV$GHPiV GHORTXHHVJHQHUDOHQHO3&&HVWiQODVSURJUDPDFLRQHVGHiUHDODV3&$ HVR DIXH VHPLQDULRDVHPLQDULRFDGDXQRUHDOL]yVX3&$GHDFXHUGRFRQVXVFULWHULRVDK QRVH FRPHQWyQDGD´ 'HQWUR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV HO HTXLOLEULR HQWUH FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV  DFWLWXGLQDOHVGHVSHUWyXQDIXHUWHSROpPLFD3RUXQDSDUWHORVSURIHVRUHVVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQ ODSURSXHVWDGHO'&% SRURWUDFRQODUHDOLGDGGHOFHQWUR GHORVDOXPQRV ³GLVFXVLRQHVJRUGDVHQORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVTXHKD TXHWRFDU/RTXHSDVD HVTXHDTX KD YDULDVSRVWXUDV3RUXQODGRHVWiHO'&%SRURWURODGRHVWiODUHDOLGDGGH 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  ORV DOXPQRV ¢HQWLHQGHV" /D &RQVHOOHU D R OD 'HOHJDFLyQ WH H[LJH TXH HO '&%  KD  TXH FXPSOLUORSHURVLORFXPSOLPRVDTX QRSDVDQDGLH´ 3RU RWUR ODGR HO FDUiFWHU SURSHGpXWLFR TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV OH DWULEX HQ D OD (62 FRPR SUHSDUDWRULDSDUDXQ%DFKLOOHUDWRTXHORVFRQGXFLUiDOD8QLYHUVLGDGKDFHTXHHVWHHTXLOLEULR VHSUHVHQWHFRPRPX SUREOHPiWLFR ³8QDFRVDHVWUDEDMDUSURFHGLPLHQWRVHQFODVH DFWLWXGHV DOJ~QFRQRFLPLHQWRUHODFLRQDGR RWUDFRVDHVGDUFRQFHSWRVH[SOLFDUORVGHXQDIRUPDRGHRWUDTXH RSLHQVRTXHDK HVWi UHDOPHQWHHOGHVIDVH$QWHVWHQ DPRVWUHVFXUVRVGH%83 XQRGH&28GLUHFWDPHQWH SUHSDUDGR SDUD OD 8QLYHUVLGDG  WUHV FXUVRV GH %83 HQ ORV TXH VH OHV LED SUHSDUDQGR HO FDPLQR $KRUD ORV FXUVRV GH (62 VRQ GH DTXHOOD PDQHUD  ODV DFWLWXGHV  PXFKRV SURFHGLPLHQWRV RSLHQVRTXHLQWU QVHFDPHQWH DVHWLHQHQHQFXHQWD(VWRQRVRQFODVHV PDJLVWUDOHV R SLHQVR TXH QLQJ~Q SURIHVRU HQ HO LQVWLWXWR GD FODVHV PDJLVWUDOHV D HVWi KDFLHQGRSURFHGLPLHQWRV DFWLWXGHVSHURFODURXQDFRVDHVGHGLFDUOHPXFKRWLHPSR RWUD HVDGDSWDUORDORTXHWLHQHVTXHGDU´  &21&/86,21(6 8QD YH] DQDOL]DGDV ODV GHFODUDFLRQHV GH ORV SURIHVRUHV SDUHFH HYLGHQWH TXH OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH OD 5HIRUPD (GXFDWLYD D QLYHO FXUULFXODU HQ OR TXH VH UHILHUH D OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV 3&&V HVWi VXSRQLHQGR VHULRV SUREOHPDV $VSHFWRV FRQWH[WXDOHV GHO FHQWUR IUDFDVR HVFRODU UHODFLRQHV FHQWURIDPLOLD SUiFWLFDPHQWH QXODV DEVHQWLVPR HVFRODU IDOWDGHGRWDFLyQHWFDV FRPRGRFHQWHVHUURUHVGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODILORVRI DTXHKDGH JXLDU OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV 3UR HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV LQHVWDELOLGDG GHVHQFDQWR SURIHVLRQDO SDUWLFLSDFLyQSDUFLDOGHOHJDFLyQH[FOXVLYDHQHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHFRQWHQLGRV REMHWLYRVD QLYHOGH'HSDUWDPHQWRHWFRGHODSURSLD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDDXVHQFLDGHDSR R  DVHVRUDPLHQWRIDOWDGHLQIRUPDFLyQILMDFLyQGHSOD]RVU JLGRVHWFHVWiQLQIOX HQGRHQTXH ORV 3UR HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV QR UHVSRQGDQ D VX ~OWLPR REMHWLYR RUJDQL]DU  YHUWHEUDU OD DFWLYLGDG LQVWUXFWLYRIRUPDWLYD GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR 3DUHFH PiV ELHQ TXH VX HODERUDFLyQ UHVSRQGHPiVTXHQDGDDFXHVWLRQHVEXURFUiWLFDVTXHSXHGHQKDFHUTXHQRVHDPiVTXHXQ GRFXPHQWRSDUDSUHVHQWDUDOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDVLQUHSHUFXVLyQDOJXQDHQODVDXODV 3HUR SHVH D ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV HQ FRQWUD GHO SURFHVR VHJXLGR HQ OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH OD 5HIRUPD  GH OD (62 REVHUYDPRV WDPELpQ XQD FLHUWD LOXVLyQ  HVSHUDQ]D HQWUH HO SURIHVRUDGR TXH SXHGH KDFHU TXH ILQDOPHQWH  FRQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR  SHVH D OD FRPSOHMLGDGTXHSDUDORVGRFHQWHVVXSRQHWRGRPHMRUH VHOOHJXHDDUWLFXODU GHVDUUROODU XQYHUGDGHURLWLQHUDULRFXUULFXODU&RPRPX ELHQVHxDODQORVSURSLRVSURIHVRUHV ³FRQHOIRQGRGHHVWRHVWR SOHQDPHQWHGHDFXHUGR FRQORTXHVHKL]RHOSUREOHPDHV OOHYDUORDODSUiFWLFD<RSLHQVRTXHFXDQGRVHLPSODQWH HVWpWRGRJHQHUDOL]DGR RQR VpTXHSDVDUiSHUR+DFHIDOWDWLHPSRHVXQWHPDIDVWLGLDGR´   %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ ÈOYDUH]0pQGH]-0³,QYHVWLJDFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD¢8QDIDOVD GLV XQWLYD"´ HQ &RR. -'  5HLFKDUGW 06 0pWRGRV FXDOLWDWLYRV  FXDQWLWDWLYRV HQ LQYHVWLJDFLyQHYDOXDWLYD0DGULG0RUDWD )HUQiQGH]6LHUUD-³(YDOXDFLyQGHOFXUULFXOXPSHUVSHFWLYDVFXUULFXODUHV HQIRTXHV HQ VX HYDOXDFLyQ´ HQ $QJXOR 5DVFR -)  %ODQFR 1  7HRU D  GHVDUUROOR GHO FXUULFXOXP0iODJD$OJLEH )R['(OSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ(GXFDFLyQ3DPSORQD(XQVD 6DUFHGD0&/DHYDOXDFLyQGHO3&&(OHVWDGRGHODFXHVWLyQ8QHVWXGLRGHFDVR 0HPRULD GH /LFHQFLDWXUD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD )DFXOWDG GH )LORVRI D  &LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ =DEDO]D%HUD]D0$³(YDOXDFLyQGH3UR HFWRVGH&HQWUR´HQ=DEDO]D%HUD]D0$ HG5HIRUPD(GXFDWLYD 2UJDQL]DFLyQ(VFRODU6DQWLDJR7yUFXOR 