The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious: change of register and snowclones in Spanish and German from a constructivist point of view

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378593435 The ways of phraseology are mysterious: Humour and snowclones in Spanish and German Bibleisms from a Construction Grammar perspective ArticleinProverbium · February 2024 CITATIONS 0 READS 40 1 author: Carmen Mellado Blanco University of Santiago de Compostela 86 PUBLICATIONS256 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Carmen Mellado Blanco on 29 February 2024. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. PROVERBIUM Online Supplement 3: 2024 “STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS” A Festschrift in honour of Wolfgang Mieder on the occasion of his 80th birthday Saša Babič, Fionnuala Carson Williams, Christian Grandl, Anna T. Litovkina (eds.) Online Supplement Series of Proverbium Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship Edited by Melita Aleksa Varga and Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt Volume 3 (2024) Reviewers: Dr. Leonard Pon, Associate Professor Prof. Dr. Aderemi Raji-Oyelade Cover Design: Krešendo, Osijek ISBN 978-953-314-216-6 Published by the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Copyright (c) 2024 Proverbium and authors “STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS” A Festschrift in honour of Wolfgang Mieder on the occasion of his 80th birthday Saša Babič, Fionnuala Carson Williams, Christian Grandl, Anna T. Litovkina (eds.) International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology (2008-2022) Wolfgang Mieder JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER UNIVERSITY OF OSIJEK Kristina Kiš, Senior Librarian Head of the Faculty Library [email protected] www.ffos.unios.hr L. Jägera 9, 31000 Osijek, Croatia +385 (0)31 494 660 +385 (0)95 899 1920 WOLFGANG MIEDER 5 Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................................9 Proverbs in texts and contexts Csaba Földes Formelhafte Sprache in einer deutschsprachigen Monatsschrift: Der „Königsberger Express“ ........................................................................ 15 Liisa Granbom-Herranen Proverbs from the Bible in Finnish vernacular ............................................... 35 Dennis F. Mahoney Intertextualität bei Joseph von Eichendorff: Goethe-Reminiszenzen in „Ahnung und Gegenwart“ und Sprichwörterzitate in „Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts“ .................................................................................... 55 Christoph Schmitt Suchund Auswertungsszenarien von Sprichwörtern und Redensarten in der korpusbasierten digitalen Edition des “Mecklenburgischen Wörterbuchs” .......... 73 Helga Schreckenberger Die Funktion von Sprichwörtern in Theodor Fontanes „L’Adultera“ (1880) ........ 93 Joanna Szczęk Wolfgang Mieder – Celebrity der gegenwärtigen akademischen Welt in den digitalen Vorstellungstexten ................................................................111 Georgios Tserpes “Ροδάνι πάει η γλώσσα του/της”: A modern Greek proverbial comparison for chatter or eloquence? ...........................................................................129 Proverbs and cognitive linguistics Sadia Belkhir Emotion and Metaphor in Kabyle Proverbs ..................................................149 Izabela Dixon Rust if you must but, more importantly, don’t ..............................................167 El Mustapha Lemghari – Abdellah Lemghari Stereotype-based metaphors in wealth proverbs .............................................181 6Saša Babič, Fionnuala Carson Williams, Christian Grandl, Anna T. Litovkina (eds.) Anna T. Litovkina Metaphors of love in proverbs from around the world ....................................199 Maslina Ljubičić Siblings and relatives in proverbs: stereotypes and metaphors as part of the European cultural heritage ............................................................... 221 Anita Naciscione Creative use of proverbs in discourse .......................................................... 241 Proverbs, rhetoric, media, advertising Simon J. Bronner Psychosomatic speech practices in strength athletics ..................................... 253 Heinz-Helmut Lüger Phraseme und persuasive Kommunikation Anmerkungen zur politischen Rhetorik Helmut Schmidts ............................... 275 Kathleen Scollins – Brian Minier “The dogs of war“: Putin’s paremiological riposte to the West ........................ 293 Kateřina Šichová „Sprichwort ist geil“: Sprichwörter in Werbung, Werbung in Sprichwörtern ..... 311 Öznur Usta Tuzcu The universality of the proverb “the dog barks, the caravan moves on” .............333 Damien Villers Haters gonna hate: a memetic approach to the birth of a modern proverb ........ 349 Anti-proverbs and modern proverbs Rita Brdar-Szabó – Mario Brdar – Jiayou Xi One proverb makes a hundred: Towards the automatic detection of proverbs and anti-proverbs with hyperbolically used large numbers .................367 Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt „Auf die inneren Werte kommt es an“: Was macht ein modernes Sprichwort aus? ......................................................................................383 Andreas Nolte „Noch ist nicht aller Satire Abend!”: Das Mieder’sche ‚Antisprichwort‘ im Werk von Erich Kästner ........................................................................401 7“Standing on the shoulders of giants” Neal R. Norrick Once upon a time: Traditional narrative formulas ........................................421 Polina Oleneva Conceptualization of money in Russian anti-proverbs: A cognitive perspective .............................................................................437 Proverbs and contrastive linguistics Sabine Fiedler „Wir werden diese Brücke überqueren, wenn wir sie erreicht haben“ – Zur Entlehnung von Sprichwörtern aus dem Englischen ............................. 457 Vida Jesenšek Parömiographische Leistungen C. von Wurzbachs ......................................... 477 Carmen Mellado Blanco The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious: Change of register and snowclones in Spanish and German from a constructivist point of view ............ 495 Valery M. Mokienko – Harry Walter Lupus in fabula Paraemiologica Rossica: Der Gang des Wolfes ........................513 Hilola Ruzieva – Antonio Pamies-Bertrán The status of women in the family in Uzbek and Spanish proverbs .................. 535 Proverbs and folkloristics Saša Babič What is proverbial dog like? ..................................................................... 561 Aristeides N. Doulaveras – Minas Al. Alexiadis The close relationship between proverb and fable aspects of relevant literature ...577 Joanna Szerszunowicz The image of a learned man in Polish proverbs .............................................593 Peter Unseth “There cannot be any one-word proverbs”, but … ..........................................611 Sabine Wienker-Piepho „Und willst du nicht mein Bruder sein, dann schlag ich dir den Schädel ein“ – Sprichworte, Redensarten und Märchen von Brüderlichkeit und Schwesterlichkeit im Wandel ...................................................................... 627 8Saša Babič, Fionnuala Carson Williams, Christian Grandl, Anna T. Litovkina (eds.) Empirical paremiology Melita Aleksa Varga The Croatian paremiological lore until the 19th century and the contribution of Josip Kekez to modern paremiography .................................. 649 Erzsébet Drahota-Szabó Zur phraseologischen Kompetenz ungarischer Lernender im Grundschulbereich ..............................................................................663 Matej Meterc Slovenian dislike of proverbs and groups of proverbs in relation to familiarity and frequency: a survey and corpus data ..................................681 María del Carmen Ugarte García Learning from “wrong” answers in proverb surveys ..................................... 697 Paremiography and paremiology – diachronic view Abdullaeva Nargiza Erkinovna Diachronic analysis of paremiography and its main linguistic issues .............. 717 Munzhedzi James Mafela Social empowerment through proverbs: An evaluation of “Venḓa Dictionary: Tshivenḓa – English” ....................................................735 Julia Sevilla Muñoz – Elke Cases Berbel Spanish paremiology in the 21st century ..................................................... 747 Addenda Anna T. Litovkina A giant on giants’ shoulders ......................................................................763 Rui Soares – Marinela Soares Wolfgang Mieder and the AIP-IAP: a Special Legacy .................................... 779 Christian Grandl Publication Record (2019–2023) ............................................................... 785 Contributors ........................................................................................ 801 501The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious… ken oder weil sie nicht geläufig sind und nicht oft genug verwendet werden. Es ist also oft nicht eindeutig, ob man noch vom Zitat oder schon vom Sprichwort sprechen kann. (Kispál 1998: 378). In addition, many proverbs inspired by the Bible are used as phraseologisms, as is the case in German with Wer anderen eine Grube gräbt, fällt selbst hinein (Proverbs 26:27) and jmdm. eine Grube graben. Similarly, for the biblical quote Wer ohne Sünde ist, der werfe den ersten Stein (John 8:7), the idiom den ersten Stein (auf jmdn.) werfen is also observed (Duden 11, 2020: 726). Within biblical phraseology, distinctions can be made (cf. Mellado Blanco 2017; 2020) (1) between literal Bibleisms, taken directly from the Bible, which are more likely to exhibit cross-linguistic equivalence, such as Sp. Nadie es profeta en su tierra / Ger. Ein Prophet gilt nichts in seinem Land (Luke 4:24); Sp. Ojo por ojo, diente por diente / Ger. Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn (Exodus 21:24), and (2) situational Bibleisms, inspired by one or more biblical passages but not reproducing a specific biblical passage, such as Sp. el benjamín de la familia / Ger. der Benjamin [der Familie] (Genesis 4:15); Sp. el fruto prohibido / Ger. die verbotene Frucht (Genesis 3:6); Sp. Sodoma y Gomorra / Ger. Sodom und Gomorrha (Genesis 18-19); Sp. David contra Goliat / Ger. David gegen Goliath (1 Samuel 17); Sp. el hijo pródigo / Ger. der verlorene Sohn (Luke 15:32); Sp. predicar en el desierto / Ger. ein Rufer / Prediger in der Wüste (inspired by Isaiah 40:3 “vox clamantis in deserto”). From a contrastive perspective, differences can be observed between German and Spanish, especially in situational Bibleisms, for example, Ger. die fetten Jahre/ die mageren Jahre / die mageren Jahre, lexicalized in Spanish as años de vacas gordas / vacas flacas (inspired by Genesis 41:1–27). In addition, literal Bibleisms are not always fixed units but can have various versions within each language as a result of different translations of the same biblical passage: Lat. “queaerite et invenietis” (Matthew 7:7) is translated into German as Suche, so findest du and Wer sucht, der findet; in Spanish into Busca y hallarás and El que busca encuentra. At other times, depending on the biblical passage, we find quotations with little variation. For exam- 502 Carmen Mellado Blanco ple, the sentence Lat. “ex fructu arbor agnoscitur” (Matthew 12:33) is translated into German as An den Frucht erkennt man den Baum, while the variant Lat. “arbor de fructu suo cognoscitur” (Luke 6:44) is translated into German as den Baum erkennt man an den Früchten. Contrastive studies on the Bible reveal numerous differences in biblical phraseology, both in terms of form and semantics, as well as lexical and pragmatic aspects. There are many and varied reasons for these divergences (cf. Mellado Blanco 2017). One reason is that translators adapted the original biblical text to their respective languages, adding characteristics of their own cultures. Other differences are due to translation errors, such as Ger. Säuen Perlen werfen vs. Sp. echar margaritas a los cerdos, because of the incorrect translation of the Greek márgaron and Latin margarita in the sense of ‘daisy’ rather than ‘pearl’, which was the meaning in classical languages. In addition to this, Bibleisms can also undergo semantic changes over time, as seen in the Spanish idiom dormir el sueño de los justos and in German den Schlaf des Gerechten schlafen, with different meanings in each language (Sp. ‘fall into oblivion’ vs. Ger. ‘sleep soundly,’ see Duden 11, 2020: 662). An interesting case of contrastive divergence is related to changes in style or register, which will be discussed in Section 3. 3. The biblical quotation No solo de X vive el hombre in Spanish and Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Brot allein in German: A phenomen of Constructionalization in Spanish Given their religious source, one might initially think that biblical quotations are confined to formal registers and pursue a moralistic and/ or euphemistic intention. However, when consulting the corpora (esTenTen18 for Spanish, see https://www.sketchengine.eu/; deTenTen207 for German, see https://www.sketchengine.eu/) there is a certain 7 Due to the number of tokens in the German corpus (20,999,598,683) and the Spanish corpus (19,600,041,678), as well as the textual genres, the deTenTen20 and esTenTen18 corpora can be considered comparable corpora. 503The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious… tendency for biblical quotations to be used colloquially and with a humorous and ironic intention. This phenomenon seems to be more pronounced in Spanish than in German, as evidenced by examples of biblical quotations. La carne es débil (Matthew 26: 40) in the esTenTen18 corpus (with 769 occurrences) is mostly used with clear humorous and dysphemistic references to the sexual sphere8. In this context, Ruiz Gurillo (2009: 376) points out that register change is, at the synchronic level, an indicator of irony. Often, the register change is accompanied by modifications through lexical substitution. These creative modifications of phraseological units are “made by the individual speaker or writer who intends a particular stylistic effect” (Gläser 1998: 130). If these modifications or anti-proverbs become widespread among speakers and exceed the use of the canonical form of the quotation, we are dealing with a phenomenon called a structural formula (Mieder 2004: 85) or snowclone (see above in Section 1, cf. Stumpf 2016). This is the case with the Spanish biblical quotation Los caminos de Dios / del Señor son inescrutables (Romans 11:33), the corpus analysis of which shows the substitution of the constituent Dios with other lexemes or nominal phrases in 56% of the 612 occurrences found9. This potential for variability leads to postulating the snowclone in Spanish [Los caminos de X son inescrutables] (see example 1), linked to a colloquial register and an ironic tone. Modified uses of the quotation also appear in German but in a much more isolated manner (example 2), so it is not appropriate to consider the existence of a snowclone for the biblical quotation Die Wege des Herrn sind unergründlich. (1) Los caminos de las redes sociales son inescrutables. [esTenTen18 6443522] (2) Die Wege der Dateien sind unergründlich und eine Datenbank 8 Contrary to what happens in Spanish, in German, das Fleisch ist schwach (616 occurrences) appears almost exclusively as a biblical quotation and enclosed in quotation marks like Der Geist ist willig, (aber) das Fleisch ist schwach. 9 Search in esTenTen18: phrase los caminos right context [lemma=”inescrutable”] (1…5). 504 Carmen Mellado Blanco ist ein lebendiges Wesen. [deTenTen20 8911327] From a constructionist framework, it is interesting to note that the change of register or textual genre is considered a trigger for the semantic change of a construction (Schmid 2020: 94). Furthermore, there are authors advocating for the inclusion of style and textual genre parameters as defining features of constructions (Nikiforudou and Fischer 2015; Hoffmann and Bergs 2018). In this context, in the corpus analysis of the biblical quotation No solo de pan vive el hombre (Matthew 4:4) in Spanish and Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Brot allein in German, a change of register towards a colloquial style and a humorous tone is observed (examples 3–5), not only in lexically modified forms (examples 4 and 5) but also in instances without formal modifications (example 3): (3) Conscientes, como éramos, de que no solo de pan vive el hombre, agradecimos largamente unas pastas que la gracia de las manos de las monjitas nos pusieron en las nuestras […]. [esTenTen28 10663487]10 (4) “No solo de soberanismo vive el hombre”, destacaba una tertuliana en TVE. No en los tiempos que corren. Convocar elecciones en mitad de legislature tenía el riesto de asumir un doble coste; el económico y el politico-emocional. [esTenTen18 10780921] (5) Das bekannte Zürcher Vegirestaurant Hiltl war zum ersten Mal an der beef, natürlich mit beeflosen und auch sonst fleischlosen Vegi-Delikatessen. Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Fleisch allein, er braucht auch Salat. [deTenTen20 33276342] The degree of productivity of constructions depends on several factors (Barðdal 2008). Indeed, a semi-schematic construction can be considered productive not only by virtue of a high token frequency, namely, a high number of occurrences (Goldberg 2006: 93). Type fre10 Despite the fact that the canonical form does not show formal variation, there is a change in register (to colloquial) and a remotivation of the literal sense. 505The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious… quency - or variety of slot fillers in a pattern - is also an indicator of productivity in semi-schematic constructions. In other words, productivity also depends on the number of “different items occurring in the various schematic slots of a construction” (Boas 2013: 247). On top of this, the number of unique instances of each slot, that is, of hapaxes, is likewise a criterion to measure type frequency (Ziem and Lasch 2013: 106; Cappelle 2014; Mellado Blanco 2023). Table 1 reflects the data from the analysis of token frequency, type frequency, hapaxes, as well as the variability index of the biblical quotation No solo de pan vive el hombre in Spanish and Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Brot allein in German in relation to the total occurrences found. Table 1. Productivity and variability of the biblical quotation in Spanish and German biblical quotation corpus token frequency type frequency hapaxes variability No solo de X vive el hombre11 esTenTen18 1387 ocurrences 605 types: 43,61% 490 hapaxes: 35,32% 64,31% Der Mensch lebt nicht von X allein12 deTenTen20 1051 ocurrences 93 types: 8,84% 82 hapaxes: 7,80% 15,41% 11 Search: phrase vive el hombre right context [lemma=”solo”] (-4…-1). 12 Search: phrase der mensch lebt nicht right context [lemma=”allein”] (1...4). 506 Carmen Mellado Blanco Table 2. Token frequency of the slot filler X in Spanish and German up to type 20 types X token requency percentage types X token frequency percentage 1. pan 495 35,66% 1. Brot 889 84,59% 2. fútbol 22 1,59% 2. Gleis 35 3,33% 3. vino 14 1,01% 3. Hirn 6 0,57% 4. rumba 12 0,87% 4. Luft 6 0,57% 5. música 10 0,72% 5. Fleisch 5 0,48% 6. cerveza 9 0,65% 6. Buch 5 0,48% 7. foto 8 0,58% 7. Bier 4 0,38% 8. rock 7 0,5% 8. Bit 4 0,38% 9. comida 7 0,5% 9. Wort 3 0,29% 10. amor 7 0,5% 10. Wein 2 0,19% 11. moto 7 0,5% 11. Kunst 2 0,19% 12. carne 6 0,43% 12. Lohn 2 0,19% 13. trabajo 6 0,43% 13. Sex 2 0,19% 14. literatura 5 0,36% 14. Boot 2 0,19% 15. arte 5 0,36% 15. Sport 2 0,19% 16. política 5 0,36% 16. Benzin 2 0,19% 17. cómic 4 0,29% 17. Reis 2 0,19% 18. marvel 4 0,29% 18. Frühstück 1 0,1% 19. juego 4 0,29% 19. Vision 1 0,1% 20. agua 4 0,29% 20. Shaka 1 0,1% Based on Table 1 and Table 2, it can be inferred that the use of Spanish biblical quotations is significantly commoner in modified form than in unmodified form. In fact, they are mainly used as anti-proverbs, comprising 64.31% of all instances. This is different from what happens in German, where the standard form is used in 84.59% of cases, and there is very little variation (15.41%). When taking into consideration additional parameters such as token frequency, type frequency, and the number of unique occurrences, we can conclude 507The ways of biblical quotations are mysterious… that only in Spanish can we suggest the presence of a productive language pattern, or snowclone. In Spanish, the structure allows for instances where the speaker intends to be humorous, and there are no restrictions on the meaning of the words used. On the other hand, type frequency in German is quite low. Many of the slot fillers are related to ‘food/ drink’ (see above example 5), indicating limited creativity in this context. 4. Conclusion The great advantage of Construction Grammar is that variation is approached holistically in terms of productivity, analogy, regularity and schematicity, and the creative play of idioms, quotations, proverbs, and so on, is not interpreted as an irregular phenomenon, but simply as infrequent instantiations of constructions (Mellado Blanco 2022). This explains why no line can be drawn between phraseology and creativity13, which leads some authors to consider fixed expressions as constructional frames with lexical flexibility (Rasulic 2010). Far from being conceived of as a destabilising force, creativity is understood in CxG as a manifestation of the playful nature of human beings and as a mechanism of linguistic change by adaptation to the context of use (cf. Hoffmann 2019). For all the above reasons, GxC constitutes an ideal framework for studying phraseological variation along the lexis-grammar continuum using the resources offered by Corpus Linguistics. I argue that lexically filled constructions, such as proverbs and quotations, offer an interesting field of study in relation to non-canonical individual variants, what in phraseology have traditionally been called “modifications” (Burger 2015: 159–178; Dobrovol’skij 2008). As shown in 13 For the consideration of formulaic-conventional language and creativity as continuum, not as dichotomy, cf. Ivorra Ordines and López Meirama (in press). Creativity must be related not only to the lexical flexibility of speakers in using idiomatic expressions, but also to the interpretative ability of listeners to decode phraseological sentences that deviate from the canonical form, either in form or content (cf. Moon 1998; Mellado Blanco 2023). 508 Carmen Mellado Blanco the present essay, frequent modifications of lexically filled constructions14 can function as a real engine of change and a trigger for the emergence of semi-schematic constructions. References Barðdal, Jóhanna. Productivity. Evidence from Case and Argument Structure in Icelandic. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2008. Bergs, Alexander. “What, If Anything, Is Linguistic Creativity?” Gestalt Theorie, vol. 41, no. 2, 2019, pp. 173–184. Bibel online. 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