‘Our Girl’ Ideology and Start’s ‘Sexual Swashbucklers’: Women and War in the Only Yugoslav Men’s Magazine (1969–1980)

‘Ou Gi l’ Ideology and S a ’s ‘Sexual Swashbuckle s’: Women and Wa in he Only Yugosla Men’s Magazine (1969–1980)1 I a Jelušić ABSTRACT The C oa ian magazine S a , “amisbeha ed child o he sexual e olu ion o he six ies”2 was c ea ed in 1969. I s isual iden i y has been ma ked by nude women h oughou i s exis ence. The magazine’s edi o ial boa d some imes p esen ed i as ideological opposi ion o socialis pu i anism, especially exempli ied in so-called ‘ou gi l’ ideology and, he e o e, as con ibu ed o women’s emancipa ion. In o de o explo e how (some) Yugosla men eac ed o and epackaged he socialis gende agen- das, his pape will examine he magazine’s con en s h ough agende ed lens. I will pa icula ly ocus on hei app oach o he image y o he People’s Libe a ion S uggle. I will examine anumbe o a icles dealing wi h he Yugosla hea e o he Second Wo ld Wa and women’s pa icipa ion in i . By aking in o accoun ex ual con ibu ions as well as hei isual ep esen a ions, his pape will s udy how Wes e n in luences pa icipa ed in he po ayal o he women’s emancipa ion p ojec , as well as he Yugosla gende o de , du ing he 1970s. I will highligh how i alida ed he jou nalis s’ adhe ence o adi ion-bound gende hie a chies, which hey mapped on o hei supposedly libe al discou se o sexual libe a ion. KEYWORDS S a magazine, People’s Libe a ion S uggle, women, gende , ‘ou gi l’ ideology INTRODUCTION When S a magazine was c ea ed, he Yugosla media was di e si ied o such an ex- en ha i allowed he coexis ence o awide ange o publica ions such as “obedi- en media, glossy abloids o unique gen es such as he you h p ess”.3 The Ti o-S alin Spli b ough abou he in oduc ion o sel -managemen ha included he subse- quen so ening o he p ess heo y, as well as media legisla ion ha gua an eed he 1 This a icle is building on he esea ch Iha e done o my doc o al disse a ion ha , a he ime o w i ing, has no ye been de ended. 2 D.HUDELIST, S a : kako izgubi i adiciju (S a : How o Lose T adi ion), in: S a , No.500, Ma ch 18, 1988, p.15. 3 M.ZUBAK, The Yugosla You h P ess (1968–1980): S uden Mo emen s, Subcul u es and Com- munis Al e na i e Media, Diss., Cen al Eu opean Uni e si y 2013, p.35. 8 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 eedom o he p ess, ma ching Wes e n s anda ds om he mid-1960s onwa d. An unexpec ed occu ence a he end o his decade was ha magazines began o pub- lish e o ic pho og aphs o women on hei pages, including he co e .4 Among he i s o such publica ions was S a , he magazine ha is s ill emembe ed as he Yu- gosla Playboy. I appea ed in he dis ibu ion o Vjesnik, he la ges C oa ian pub- lishing house, in 1969. In his essay, Iwill analyze i s con en du ing he i s ele en yea s (1969–1980) o i s exis ence. The yea 1980 ma ks amajo u ning poin o he magazine, as Sead Sa ače ić, S a ’s edi o -in-chie , unde whom i became one o he supe s a edi ions p in ed by Vjesnik, le ha yea . He was eplaced by one o his younge colleagues, Mladen Pleše, who e u bished he edi o ial o ice wi h jou nalis s om he you h magazine Pole and in oduced anumbe o new, al e na i e and somewha obscu e opics.5 No less impo an , 1980 was also he yea when Ti o died. Tha e en became awa e shed momen o he his o y o socialis Yugosla ia, bu which le i s ma k on he Yugosla media cul u e as well. Despi e he belie ha he e m “decasyllabic sexual swashbuckle s”6 belongs o some o he men, he a icles published in his magazine make ha desc ip ion ap- p op ia e o hemsel es. Namely, S a ’s emphasis on emale beau y and sexuali y is no hing mo e bu amode nized e sion o adi ion-bound gende essen ialism p e alen in he Yugosla pa ia chy. Al hough S a ’s jou nalis s ied o d ess egu- la e o ic pho og aphy in amo e e ined ou i made ou o a , educa ion and eman- cipa ion,7 hei e o s we e o en only hal success ul. The eason o his is ha hey os e ed a ongue-in-cheek app oach o hese ideas. In o de o con o m, women we e expec ed o “s ay women” by nu u ing hei eminini y o please aman— o , acco d- ing o S a , men. I is o en h ough such p ac ice o aes he ic an i eminism, explains C oa ian philosophe and eminis Go dana Bosanac, ha women a e g an ed access o he public sphe e as, in his way, hei p esence has he leas po en ial o dis u b 4 In di e en ia ing be ween e o ic and po nog aphic con en , I ollow he hinking o a his o ian and a c i ic Abigail Solomon-Godeau. Namely, i pho og aphs show a emale nude “mo e o less a ully posed” hen he pho og aph in ques ion is e o ic. I woman’s geni als a e isible o i she is shown mas u ba ing, hen he pho og aph is po nog aph- ic. A.SOLOMON-GODEAU, The Legs o he Coun ess,in: Oc obe , Vol.39, win e 1986, p.94. 5 Acco ding o Pleše’s own es imony, he changes “elimina ed many cul u al hemes and ex s abou pain e s,” and led o ag ea e opening “ o he Yugosla scene, om olk o id- eo— and his p o oked ie ce esis ance. When we w o e abou Oli e Mandić and his el- e ision show, and published pic u es o him in ishne s ockings and high heels, a e i- ble scandal a ose in he publishing house.” E o ic pho og aphs o young women we e, o cou se, e ained. D.KULJIŠ, Mladen Pleše: S eća na odlasku (Mladen Pleše: Happy When Lea - ing), in: S a , No.500, Ma ch 19, 1988, p.21. 6 The adjec i e ‘decasyllabic’ is a e e ence o Sla ic olk epics, places o pe manen pe pe - ua ion o adi ional gende oles, which ha e always been w i en in poe ic me e o en syllables. V. TENŽERA, Ideologija ‘naše cu e’ (‘Ou Gi l’ Ideology), in: S a , No.269, May 16, 1979, p.18. 7 Fo ele an “ ame analysis” see: B.ŽIKIĆ, Dissiden s Liked P e y Gi ls: Nudi y, Po nog a- phy, and Quali y P ess in Socialism, in: Medijska is aži anja, Vol.16, 2010, pp.60–65. I A JELUšIć 9 he exis ing gende o de .8 In oca ion o a , educa ion o emancipa ion only made he S a jou nalis s’ an i eminis s ance seem mo e pala able o hei eade ship and, e en mo e impo an ly, o hose indi iduals conce ned abou he a e o socialis mo- ale in hei s a e.9 The o icial posi ion o he edi o ial boa d was app op ia ely summa ized in 1979: “(…) bu we belie e ha once ase ious his o y o he e o ic cus oms o ou egion is w i en, i will be possible o assess mo e objec i ely how much hese S a ’s cen- e olds li le by li le con ibu ed o changing ou adi ional a i ude owa d co - po eali y in gene al.”10 Howe e , ade elopmen ha occu ed less han wo mon hs la e — he magazine caused amino scandal by publishing semi-naked pho og aphs o ayoung Slo ene pop singe , Moni Ko ačić— es i ied o he jou nalis s’ a i udes owa d women’s “co po eali y” much be e han any boas ul s a emen . I con- i med ha hose men, in ac , employed and p ese ed he adi ional gende o de . They published se e al le e s om eade s who ecognized he singe . Howe e , al- hough he edi o -in-chie announced in his usual add ess o eade s ha elephones we e inging non-s op because o ha pa icula co e , he edi o ial boa d denied ecognizing he . Following Ko ačić’s s a emen s o o he media in which she ied o p ese e some o he digni y by claiming ha she had been compelled o do he pho o shoo , in an exempla y pa onizing one Sa ače ić messaged he gi l ia his edi o ial no e ha “we hink no one can be pho og aphed naked i hey don’ ake o ce ain pieces o clo hing and unde wea be o ehand. Isn’ ha so, dea Moni?”11 In esponse, he highly ega ded Vjesnik jou nalis and au ho Veselko Tenže a penned he opinion piece “‘Ou Gi l’ Ideology” ha was supposed o expose he dou- ble s anda ds o Yugosla men, whom he jo ially desc ibed as “decasillabic sexual swashbuckle s”.12 Acco ding o Tenže a, hese men we e suppo e s o e e y hing new in he wo ld o e o ica and sex, excep when i comes o “ hei ” women, bo h li e ally and igu a i ely. In he case o he spa sely d essed gi ls and women who g aced he co e s and cen e olds o S a , he no ed, “Wha we conside no mal, na - u al and beau i ul in o eign women, ou s should hide as adisg ace. Bu whose? Tha double s anda d’s, o cou se, no hei own.”13 Tenže a’s answe o his own ques ion 8 G.BOSANAC, Visoko čelo: Ogled ohumanis ičkim pe spek i ama eminizma (Tall Fo head: Es- says on Humanis Pe spec i es o Feminism), Zag eb 2010, p.75. 9 Since he c ea ion o socialis Yugosla ia, and especially since he opening o he coun- y and he media o he cul u al con en s o Wes e n p o enance, many cul u al and po- li ical wo ke s ha e w i en, spoken and held con e ences on his opic. Mo e abou his is a ailable in: M.KOLANOVIĆ, Uda nik! Bun o nik? Po ošač… Popula na kul u a ih a ski oman od socijalizma do anzicije (Shock-wo ke ! Rebel? Consume … Popula Cul u e and C oa- ian No el F om Socialism Un il T ansi ion), Zag eb 2011; J.MIHALJEVIĆ, Libe alizacija i az- oj medija ukomunis ičkoj H a skoj 1960-ih ina poče ku 1970-ih (Libe aliza ion and De elop- men o he Media in Communis C oa ia Du ing 1960s and in he Beginning o he 1970s), in: D uš ena is aži anja, Vol.24, 2015, pp.239–258; Reana Senjko ić, Izgubljeno up ijenosu: pop iskus o soc kul u e (Los in T ansla ion: Pop Expe ience o Soc Cul u e), Zag eb 2008. 10 —, O‘S a u’ od s a a (Abou S a om he S a ), in: S a , No.263, Feb ua y 21, 1979, p.17. 11 S.SARAČEVIĆ, Među nama (Be ween Us), in: S a , No.268, May 2, 1979, p.11. 12 TENŽERA, Ideologija ‘naše cu e’. 13 Ibid, p.16. 10 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 is s aigh o wa d and on poin , bu he accompanying analysis o he si ua ion he young singe ound he sel in is jus mocke y. While Tenže a clea ly unde s ood he social mechanism ha pushed Ko ačić o y and jus i y he exis ence o he pho o- g aphs a s ake, he spen ag ea deal o he wo-page ex in de iding he s o y by em- bellishing i wi h “pho o-pi a es” and naming he , among o he hings, a“bu naked di a”.14 Concluding, he added: “Will we now ge dozens o mou n ul biog aphies o poo souls who we e aped by hei s ep a he s o we e kidnapped o su i ed an in- cu able disease… P opaganda, o cou se, canno do wi hou ac oids, bu e en among hem he e a e hose made wi h as e, in he spi i o he imes o simply sma .”15 In o he wo ds, wha e e — i any— change owa d he ea men o he emale body and sexuali y ook place in Yugosla ia du ing he esea ched pe iod, (male) membe s o S a ’s edi o ial eam did no dese e he p aise hey heaped on hemsel es. De in- ing he emale nudi y as “aslap o he pa ia chal schmuck”16 was supposed o make hei policy seem poli ically co ec . They we e, howe e , only in he business o en- do sing ogling a semi-naked gi ls and women by pu ing hei nude bodies unde he guise o na u e, “no in he o m o apa en ing impe a i e, bu an impe a i e o beau y.”17 A e all, as Bosanac speci ies, huge pa o media p oduc ion is suppo ing ha ideology p ecisely because i li es and p o i s om i .18 Due o he way S a used e o ic pho og aphy, i seems ha he sexualiza ion o emale bodies caused sa is ac ion in he mos basic sense o he wo d o bo h i s jou - nalis ’s and mos o i s eade s. A e all, since he i h issue, when e o ic pho o- g aphs i s appea ed, in he nex ou edi ions issued du ing he wo mon hs o 1969, he ci cula ion o his magazine doubled o 160,000 copies and we e sold h oughou Yugosla ia.19 Acco dingly, S a ’s epo e s did no bo he o add sho biog aphies o he models hey pu on hei co e s, as opposed o he beau ies posing o he co e s o hei ole model, Playboy. On he con a y, i was once w i en ha he edi o ial boa d conside ed i bes i he models we e anonymous.20 In he ollowing analysis, Iwill explo e how he magazine ep esen ed he women beyond he es ic ions imposed by he co e /cen e old posi ioning. In pa icula , Iwill poin ou how he magazine ep esen ed women who, du ing he Second Wo ld Wa , ough in he Yugosla People’s Libe a ion S uggle (Na odnooslobodilačka bo ba, NOB).21 I is well known ha he NOB igu ed as he ounding my h o he socialis 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid, p.18. 16 Ibid, p.16. 17 BOSANAC, Visoko čelo, 75. 18 Ibid, p.76. 19 —, O‘S a u’ od s a a, p.17. 20 —, 10/263, in: S a , No.263, Feb ua y 21, 1979, p.24. 21 The People’s Libe a ion S uggle is a e m used o desc ibe he a med s uggle o he Uni - ed People’s Libe a ion F on o Yugosla ia (Ujedinjeni na odnooslobodilački on Jugosla ije, JNOF) and pa isan uni s agains o eign occupying o ces and hei collabo a o s in he e i o y o Yugosla ia du ing he Second Wo ld Wa (1941–1945). The Communis Pa y o Yugosla ia (Komunis ička pa ija Jugosla ije, KPJ), led by Josip B oz-Ti o, played aleading ole in he NOB. I A JELUšIć 11 Yugosla ia. The e o e, his wa was o ag ea e o lesse ex en p esen in all Yugo- sla media, and Iwill he e examine S a ’s endi ion o he ci cums ances in which women, acco ding o he o icial in e p e a ion, ough o and won hei equali y. Choosing his as he cen e o analysis will demons a e ha , al hough hei dis- cou se seemed libe al, S a ’s jou nalis s i mly adhe ed o no hing mo e han a- di ion-bound gende hie a chies epackaged in asexy w apping. As a esul o ha , hei in e p e a ion o he NOB o he mos pa b ushed aside women who pa ic- ipa ed in he s uggles. And, i emale pa icipan s we e ep esen ed, i was as ide- al- ypical mili a ized eminini ies. Tha is o say, women’s wa ime ac i i ies we e adjus ed o he bounda ies o eminini y ed awn acco ding o he imagina ion o S a ’s men. NEGOTIATING THE NUDE IN THE YUGOSLAV MEDIA OF THE 1970S The i s Yugosla magazines o p in e o ic pho og aphs we e Čik and E a iAdam (E e and Adam), bo h published in Se bia by mino publishing houses. Čik i s appea ed in 1965 as an enigma ic magazine unde he i le Čik pogodi (Guess Wha ). Du ing 1967 and 1968, he magazine pa ially changed i s name as well as i s p o ile and became ayou h en e ainmen magazine ha , o e ime, usually unde he p e ex o educa- ion, included mo e and mo e pic u es o nude gi ls.22 E a iAdam, on he o he hand, was desc ibed as an educa ional magazine om he e y beginning. Published since 1968, i was sub i led as “Magazine o Lo e, Sex Educa ion and Li e Toge he ” (Re ija za ljuba , seksualno aspi anje iži o ud oje) and, as such, eached an imp essi e ci cu- la ion o 270,000 p in ed copies. Then, in 1974, he Belg ade commi ee o he League o Communis s23 sough aban o he magazine on he p e ex ha i was co up ing young people. E a iAdam ceased o exis sho ly a e . On he o he hand, Čik’s edi- o ial o ice ough agains he bans, among o he hings, by changing he name o he magazine (in 1974 i became No i čik (New Čik), and, du ing he eigh ies, he same magazine became known as Zum Repo e , and hen only Repo e ). Thanks o he in- en i eness and pe se e ance o he edi o ial boa d, his magazine was published un il he mid-1980s, when i was discon inued because o i s ea men o he opics ela ed o cu en domes ic poli ics.24 S a was supposed o ake he place, as well as he p o ile, o he ecen ly discon- inued Mo o Magazin, bu he opics ela ed o anspo a ion did no a ac enough audiences o make he magazine p o i able. The edi o ial boa d, he e o e, ini ia ed i s econcep ualiza ion a e only a ew issues. In 1988, And inko K ile, S a ’s i s edi o -in-chie , s a ed: “We chose opics ha he o he p ess did no consume, and 22 T.TOROMAN, Чикање: (Неочекивана) критика југословенског друштва у забавном часопису Чик (Čikanje: (Unexpec ed) C i ique o he Yugosla Socie y in he En e ainmen Mag- azine Čik), in: Kul u a, No.161, 2018, pp.173–174. 23 A he Six h Cong ess o he KPJ held in Zag eb in 1952 and in acco dance wi h he new so- cio-poli ical condi ions caused by he Ti o-S alin Spli , he Pa y changed i s name o he League o Communis s o Yugosla ia (Sa ez komunis a Jugosla ije, SKJ). 24 ŽIKIĆ, Dissiden s Liked P e y Gi ls, p.56. 12 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 hen we ga nished hem wi h pic u es.”25 In o he wo ds, K ile’s S a did no ha e aspeci ic concep du ing he h ee yea s in which he edi ed i . I was ab oadly con- cep ualized en e ainmen magazine whose con en s g a i a ed owa ds any hing ela ed o sex. Fo illus a i e pu poses, i is wo h no ing ha S a ’s i s own edi o- ial ma e ial om ab oad was asix-page epo om he “Wo ld Fi s Sex Fai ” held in Copenhagen in Oc obe 1969.26 Needless o say, beau i ul, e y young, hal -naked gi ls appea ed e e ywhe e in he magazine. They domina ed he on co e , and cen- e olds like hose in he Ame ican Playboy and he B i ish Pen house appea ed o he i s ime (in socialis Yugosla ia). In addi ion, almos all w i en con ibu ions— om he ho oscope page and a elogues abou exo ic coun ies ( ha is o say, coun- ies ha had a e y wa m clima e and whe e women did no wea b assie es) all he way o he a icle abou abo ion— we e ‘ga nished’ wi h such illus a ions. O cou se, jus like Čik and E a iAdam, S a also encoun e ed he disapp o al o some o he Pa y membe ship due o a“ iola ion o public decency” ma ked as pun- ishable unde he 1960 “Law on he P ess and O he Fo ms o In o ma ion.”27 How- e e , only om he beginning o 1972, when he pa o each edi ion ha was sold in Se bia was axed unde he newly p omulga ed “law on ki sch” (“zakon o šundu”), he magazine aced angible consequences.28 An uncommonly la ge pa o his maga- 25 A.VOJINOVIĆ, And inko K ile: Kako pos a i o ac S a a? (And inko K ile: How o Become S a ’s Fa he ?), in: S a , No.500, Ma ch 19, 1988, p.16. 26 —, Po no-sajam bes idnos i (Po n Fai o Shamelessness), in: S a , No.21, No embe 5, 1969, pp. See mo e abou how ha ai became possible in: R.GADE, A , Sexuali y and Images: The Legaliza ion o Po nog aphy in Denma k, in: Pe o mance Resea ch: AJou nal o he Pe - o ming A s, Vol.15, No.2, June 2010, pp.23–28; idem, The Female Ch is a he S ock Ex- change, in T.ØRUM and J.OLSSON (EDS.), ACul u al His o y o he A an -Ga de in he No - dic Coun ies 1950–1975, Leiden 2016, pp.64–70. 27 —, Zakon oš ampi id ugim oblicima in o macija (Law on he P ess and O he Fo ms o In o ma- ion), in: Na odne no ine, No.45, No embe 9, 1960, p.819. This law abolished censo ship be o e publica ion, bu in e u n p o ided he lis o nine ypes o o enses unde which he p ess could be banned. They ocused on (1) c iminal o ences agains he people, he S a e o he Yugosla a my, (2) “ alse, pe e ed o ala ming epo s o allega ions causing public ala m and menacing public peace and o de , (3) e ealing mil- i a y sec e s, (4) publishing in o ma ion ep esen ing “an o icial o economic sec e o pa - icula impo ance o he communi y,” (5) p opaganda “con a y o he goals o he Uni ed Na ions,” (6) ac s which may dis u b Yugosla o eign policy, (7) “ iola ion o hono and ep- u a ion o ou peoples, hei sup eme ep esen a i e bodies, he P esiden o he Republic, as well as iola ion o hono and epu a ion o o eign peoples,” (8) “se e ely o ends pub- lic decency,” and (9) publishing “in o ma ion de imen al o he in e es s o he judicia y.” 28 This law, he ull name o which was “Law on Amendmen s o he Republican Tax on Re ail Goods” (Zakon oizmenama idopunama o epubličkom po ezu na p ome obe na malo), was an- nounced by he Se bian League o Communis s as an incen i e o e u ning o he Ma x- is oo s in he sphe e o cul u e and elimina ion o all kinds o a and media p oduc s— magazines, comic books, music, books, ilms— ha we e deemed o low a is ic quali y o mo ally ques ionable. A.HOFMAN, Mic ona a i es o Music and (Sel -) Censo ship in So- cialis Yugosla ia, in: P.HALL (ed.), The Ox o d Handbook o Music Censo ship, Ox o d 2018, pp.262–263; U.ČVORO, Tu bo-Folk Music and Cul u al Rep esen a ions o Na ional Iden i y in Fo me Yugosla ia, London and New Yo k 2014, pp.43–45. I A JELUšIć 13 zine’s ci cula ion was sold in Se bia. Fo ins ance, almos he same numbe o copies pe issue, app oxima ely 20,000, we e sold in Belg ade as in Zag eb.29 Because o he ax, which amoun ed o 31.5% o he sale p ice, by he end o summe 1972 he mag- azine cos 5 dina s ins ead o he o iginal 3. In addi ion, he o he epublics soon se ou o ollow Se bia’s example and s a ed he p ocess o in oducing he same law. The e o e, i became likely ha he p ice o he magazine would ha e o double again ha same yea . The “law on ki ch” h ea ened o make S a unp o i able in a e y sho ime ame.30 A he same ime, al hough he magazine eached i s all- ime high ci cula ion— in 1971 i was p in ed in 235,000 copies pe issue31— he leade ship o he Vjesnik pub- lishing house decided o dismiss Ad inko K ile and pu Sead Sa ače ić in his place. This dependable jou nalis was a ha ime wo king o es o e he p es ige o he weekly Vjesnik us ijedu (Vjesnik on Wednesday, VUS), which endu ed he hea ies blow o pu ges ollowing he end o he C oa ian Sp ing.32 Despi e he weigh and unce - ain y o his cu en posi ion ( ega dless o he e o s o he edi o ial eam and he publishing house i sel , VUS was shu down in 1977), Sa ače ić appa en ly conside ed he mo e o S a so unappealing ha jou nalis s om ha news oom had o go o he VUS’s o ice o consul a ions wi h him.33 Wi hin one yea , S a no longe had o inance he “law on ki sch” and gained p aise a a ious consul a ions. Al hough he magazine caugh he eye o he so-called ki sch-commission (šund-komisija), and ended up on he in amous 1971 K aguje ac bon i e34 wi h o he p esumed media p omo e s o “an i-socialis mo ali y” p ecisely 29 A.VOJINOVIĆ, S a , in: J.PALAVRŠIĆ, Monog a ije (Monog aphs), Zag eb 1990, p.12. 30 A.KRILE, Pismo gla nog u ednika (Edi o -in-Chie ’s Le e ), in: S a , No.91, July 12, 1972, p.17. 31 K.KODŽIĆ, Kompa a i na analiza k e anja Vjesniko ih izdanja (Compa a i e Analysis o Vjesnik Edi ions’ T ends: 1968–1978), Zag eb 1979, p.130. La e on, he magazine’s ci cula ion emained ixed a a ound wo 200,000 copies p in - ed pe edi ion, bu i a ely exceeded ha numbe . 32 The C oa ian Sp ing (H a sko p oljeće) was acul u al and poli ical mo emen in 1970 and 1971, which was especially ma ked by he legi imiza ion o he C oa ian na ional iden i y wi hin Yugosla ia. The main exponen s we e he e o mis wing o he communis lead- e ship in C oa ia, ahe e ogeneous g oup o in ellec uals p ima ily ga he ed a ound he cul u al ins i u ion Ma ica H a ska, and Zag eb s uden s. 33 HUDELIST, S a : kako izgubi i adiciju, 13. 34 In he days om Oc obe 28 o 31, 1971, he Cong ess o Cul u al Ac ion (Kong es kul u ne akcije) was held in K aguje ac (Se bia). Mo e han a housand delega es om he whole o Yugosla ia who we e p esen a he e en deal wi h opics such as decen aliza ion o cul u e, in es men in cul u e and a is ic p oduc ion, he ela ionship be ween a is ic eedoms and censo ship, and he axa ion o so-called šund. The i s o be hi by he de- cisions o he Cong ess o Cul u al Ac ion was he popula p ess, magazines, comics and pulp li e a u e, and hey we e bu ned in public. A.HOFMAN, Ko se boji šunda još? Muzič- ka cenzu a uJugosla iji (Who’s A aid o šund? Music Censo ship in Yugosla ia), in: L.DURAK- OVIĆ and A.MATOŠEVIĆ (eds.), Socijalizam na klupi: Jugoslo ensko d uš o očima no e pos - jugosla enske humanis ike (Socialism on he Bench: Yugosla Socie y Th ough he Eyes o he New Pos -Yugosla Humani ies), Pula and Zag eb 2013, pp.288–289. 14 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 because o he pho os o semi-naked gi ls and young women, he edi o ial boa d did no abandon publishing such pho og aphs. E o ic con en was educed, bu , mo e impo an ly o he magazine’s epu a ion, ex ual con ibu ions changed hema i- cally and by app oach. Fo ins ance, du ing he con e ence o he Communi ies o Cul u al and Educa- ional O ganiza ions o Yugosla ia (Zajednica kul u no-p os je nih o ganizacija Jugo- sla ije) on he opic “En e ainmen P ess and O he En e ainmen Li e a u e” held in 1975, in ap esen a ion on e o ic li e a u e cha ged wi h nega i e commen s au ho and uni e si y p o esso Tomisla Sabljak men ioned only S a as aposi i e exam- ple. Acco ding o Sabljak, he eason o his was he magazine’s compe en p esen a- ion o opics om he ield o poli ics, science and cul u e.35 Thanks o he publica- ion o quali y jou nalis ic a icles, nume ous poli icians om all o e Yugosla ia u ned ablind eye o he issue o e o ica in he magazine and ag eed o be in e iewed by S a ’s jou nalis s.36 In o he wo ds, du ing he eigh yea s o Sa ače ić’s edi o - ship (1973–1980), S a ans o med om he magazine “ o uck d i e s”37 in o “one o he mos ema kable p oduc s o ou con empo a y newspape publishing busi- ness”.38 While i is ue ha om 1973 onwa d S a o e ed i s eade ship much mo e han jus pic u es o semi-naked women, om agende pe spec i e, he e was li le ha his sel -p oclaimed magazine o he mode n indi idual o e ed o he Yugosla mode n woman. Fo example, al hough S a was (and s ill is among hose who e- membe i ) conside ed as he Yugosla e sion o Playboy, Sa ače ić liked o desc ibe i as he magazine o he mode n indi idual ha paid “pa icula a en ion o he ac ha a ue sel -manage is only acomple ely ee and educa ed pe sonali y”.39 The s a is ics ha e la gely con i med his claims. S a was ead p edominan ly in la ge u ban cen e s; alongside Zag eb and Belg ade, i was sold mos ly in he wen y big- ges Yugosla ci ies. I s eade ship was made up la gely o s uden s and in ellec uals be ween he ages o wen y and i y, o whom 35 % we e women. P opo iona ely, only 17 % o he eade ship we e blue-colla wo ke s.40 Despi e S a ’s ema kable me amo phosis in o a o um p omo ing social p og ess as well as in ellec ual (and, o alesse ex en , poli ical) c i icism, i has con inued o consis en ly ep esen women as und essed, aes he ically pleasing and sexually a ousing bodies. 35 T.SABLJAK, E o ika između kul u e ikonjuk u e (E o ica Be ween Cul u e and Conjunc u e), in: Kul u ni ži o , Vol 17, No.6, June 1975, p.349. 36 As an example, Ici e an in e iew wi h Zla ko Uzelac, Sec e a y o he In e io (i.e. Minis- e o Police) o he Socialis Republic o C oa ia. M.TRNSKI, S a o in e ju: Zla ko Uzelac (S a ’s In e iew: Zla ko Uzelac), in: S a , No.297, June 11, 1980, pp.14–17. 37 D.GOLUBOVIĆ, S a su či ali s i, od ozača kamiona do dok o a nauka (S a Was Read by E e yone om T uck D i e s o PhDs), in: XXZ Magazin, Ma ch 20, 2018, h ps://www.xxz- magazin.com/s a -su-ci ali-s i-od- ozaca-kamiona-do-dok o a-nauka. 38 V.LAMZA, Analiza S a a (The Analysis o S a ), Zag eb 1978, p.1. 39 S.SARAČEVIĆ, Među nama (Be ween Us), in: S a , No.200, Sep embe 22, 1976, p.9. 40 G. MANCE, P o ili či alačkih publika (P o iles o Reading Audiences), (Zag eb 1976), pp.164–166. I A JELUšIć 15 START AND SLAVICAS Al hough S a ’s edi o ial boa d a gued ha e o ic con en in hei magazine should be unde s ood as acon ibu ion o women’s emancipa ion, hei posi ion on his issue can be much be e classi ied as aes he ic an i eminism. Howe e , he dis o ion o he no ion o emancipa ion and wha i , in eali y, en ails on he pa o S a ’s jou - nalis ic eam’s male membe s a ec s mo e han hei in e p e a ion o e o ic pho- og aphy. As ha was openly a a iance wi h he o icially p omo ed e sion o he so-called socialis mo ale, so was ep esen a ion o women in he majo i y o o he con ibu ions o he magazine, including he in e p e a ion o he women’s pa ici- pa ion in he People’s Libe a ion S uggle. In o de o illus a e S a ’s jou nalis s’ ini ial a i ude owa d he p ojec o women’s emancipa ion in Yugosla ia in he 1970s, in his sec ion Iwill analyze h ee con ibu ions ha concen a e on he igu e o Sla ica, he p o agonis o he i s Yugosla ilm o he same name eleased in 1947. As Jelena Ba inić w i es, “ he ilm encapsula es he e olu iona y ision o he pa izanka”.41 In o de o depic he scope o e olu iona y changes, Sla ica no only asked he lo ed one, Ma in, o ma y he , bu also eques ed o be en us ed wi h aweapon. In ha momen , he uni commande , I o Ma ušić, explained o Sla ica’s mo he , who p o es ed agains i , as well as o he iewing public, ha Sla ica “has bo h o he hands and ahead” and, he e o e, has a igh o igh . Wi h hese wo ds, he di ec o , speaking h ough he cha ac e o I o Ma ušić, de ined he wa as an endea o o be unde aken by bo h men and women, despi e he adi ional de ini ions o gende oles, and p o- ided he wi h ahandgun. Howe e , he di ec o did no go so a as o pu Sla ica in asi ua ion o i e agun in o de o kill he enemy. Mo eo e , wi h he excep ion o he scene in which Sla ica ecei es he gun, i emains hidden om he eyes o he audience h oughou he e- mainde o he ilm. Tha is o say, al hough a e olu iona y icon, Sla ica is also “aso- cialis icon o eminini y”.42 She is a once a ep esen a i e o he new gende o de in Yugosla ia, as well as he limi s i e ained.43 Thus, ins ead o ac ually igh ing, she is p esen ed as se ing as agua d, agi a o , cou ie and, abo e all, nu se. By appea ing in some o he non-comba an oles ha women could engage in wi hin he NOB as membe s o he pa isan a my, she es i ies o he commi men o he communis leade ship o women’s emancipa ion and i s limi s. I is impo an o men ion ha , acco ding o ilm c i ic Nenad Polimac, ollowing he ilm’s elease i was iewed by 41 J.BATINIĆ, Gende , Re olu ion, and Wa : The Mobiliza ion o Women in he Yugosla Pa isan Resis ance du ing Wo ld Wa II, Diss., S an o d Uni e si y 2009, p.305. Simila ly, in his doc o al disse a ion, Nebojša Jo ano ić assessed Sla ica as “apaean o he pa isan woman”. The e, he also p o ided acompelling analysis o he ilm: N.JOVA- NOVIĆ, Gende and Sexuali y in he Classical Yugosla Cinema, 1947–1962, Diss., Cen al Eu- opean Uni e si y 2014, pp.79–83, quo e on 86. 42 N.VITTORELLI, Wi h o Wi hou Gun. S aging Female Pa isans in Socialis Yugosla ia, in: M.JAKIŠA and N.GILIĆ, Pa isans in Yugosla ia: Li e a u e, Film and Visual Cul u e, Biele eld 2015, p.119. 43 Ibid, pp.119/120. 22 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 ha , du ing his decade, S a indeed con ibu ed o he change o “ou adi ional a i ude owa d co po eali y”56 as he o e o e o ic— and, in he second hal o he 1980s, po nog aphic— con en in he Yugosla p ess only g ew o e ime. Al eady om he ea ly 1970s, many daily newspape s, as well as a ious en e ainmen week- lies and mon hlies, published e o ic pho og aphs o semi-naked young women.57 In 1988, Vesna Kesić w o e: “Pe haps i is wo h ecalling ha e e y hing ha was labe- led as lasci ious and po nog aphic in he hen S a can now be seen on he ‘ligh e ’ en e aining pages o Vjesnik and Veče nji lis [ he wo highes -ci cula ion daily news- pape s in C oa ia].”58 Howe e , wha S a ailed o do is help change socie al pe cep ions o women’s and men’s oles in Yugosla socie y h ough he supposedly libe a ing app oach o women’s co po eali y. Acco ding o he jou nalis s who wo ked o S a in he begin- ning o he 1970s, as well as— acco ding o, o he mos pa , al e ed and conside a- bly younge — edi o ial s a a he end o he same decade, masculini ies and emi- nini ies con inued o be conside ed as wo dis inc ca ego ies made up o unchanging ules and beha io expec a ions.59 Due o he unce ain y o how o handle he pa o his o y ha included he pa icipa ion o an unp eceden ed numbe o women in he wa con lic , a ious di e en ep esen a ions o mili a ized womanhood ap- pea ed h oughou he Yugosla media landscape.60 Ne e heless, S a ’s edi o ial boa d ended o in e p e he masculini ies and eminini ies app op ia e o hei magazine always in he same way. Thanks o he changes ha ook place ollowing he appoin men o Sead Sa ače ić as edi o -in-chie , e o ic pho og aphs and lasci ious ex s we e, by he mid-1970s, limi ed. In 1975, Sa ače ić w i es: We alked las week abou wha is and wha is no S a ’s opic… And in he end we con- cluded ha such ques ions a e posed by hose who ei he do no ead ou magazine o buy i occasionally jus o peek in o i , in o hose colo ul pages wi h beau ies, by hose who hink ha we publish S a jus because o ha en o so pho og aphs in each edi ion, bu do no see o do no wan o ead all hose 96 pages ha unequi ocally p o e ha his magazine keeps ack o e e y h i n g ha could be o in e es o a leas sligh ly educa ed man o ou s, he mode n eade . As he e a e oo many o such people among ou eade s, and in e es in ou magazine g ows day by day in all pa s o his coun y, oday we can ake he libe y o elling hose— whose numbe s a e insigni ican — who 56 —, O‘S a u’ od s a a, p.17. 57 S.MIHELJ, Nego ia ing Cold Wa Cul u e a he C oss oads o Eas and Wes : Upli ing he Wo k- ing People, En e aining he Masses, Cul i a ing he Na ion, in: Compa a i e S udies in Socie- y and His o y, Vol.53, No.3, July 2011, pp.529–530. 58 V.KESIĆ, Sead Sa ače ić: Sa oi Vi e, in: S a , No.500, Ma ch 18, 1988, p.18. 59 The excep ions o his ule a e young emale jou nalis s who joined he edi o ial s a o- wa d he end o he 1970s (as ea lie men ioned Vesna Kesić). They belonged o he g oup o Yugosla women inspi ed by he second wa e eminism coming om he Wes and w o e many o hei con ibu ions in line wi h he eminis hinking o Ame ican, B i ish and F ench au ho s and ac i is s. 60 I.JELUŠIĆ, Gende and Wa in he Yugosla Media: The Role o Pa izanke in he Making o he New Socialis Woman, Diss., Cen al Eu opean Uni e si y, o hcoming. I A JELUšIć 23 buy us jus o looking he ollowing: ‘Talk o you news endo in o de o sell you he Ge man Sexy o B a o. These a e he magazines jus o looking. And s op buying S a : in ha sense, you will be disappoin ed wi h i .’ Because, an e o ic pho o o aSinonyama is no o such people. They will no ind wha hey a e looking o in his pain ings because his Japanese man is no explo ing emale sexuali y on came a, bu he e e nally play ul shape o awoman’s body.61 Howe e , u ning away om sex-imbued opics owa ds cu en e en s in cul u e, science and poli ics a ec ed he con en disp opo iona ely. Women con inued o domina e he on pages and cen e olds, and only occasionally appea ed as in e - locu o s o jou nalis s in he magazine’s mos p es igious column “S a ’s In e iew.” In his case, i is ama e o ma ginaliza ion; appa en ly, S a ’s jou nalis s a ely came ac oss awoman hey conside ed wo hy o agues appea ance in “S a ’s In- e iew.” Fo ins ance, also in 1975, h ee women we e in e iewed in wen y- ou published edi ions (meaning he same numbe o published “S a ’s In e iews”). Howe e , wi h ega d o he opic o women in wa , he magazine’s con en shows acon inuing ejec ion o he igu e o he woman soldie , he pa izanka. Plain quan- i a i e analysis shows ha he S a edi o ial boa d mos o en op ed o simply ig- no e his pa o he wa ime his o y and lea e i ou o he con en o he magazine. In he a e occasions when hey published con ibu ions ea u ing women in wa , hey a o ed subs i u ing hem wi h mo e mundane image y o e ed by “ideal- yp- ical mili a ized eminini ies” ha p esen ed women’s wa ime ac i i ies wi hin he adi ional bounda ies o eminini y.62 In o de o illus a e his poin u he , Iwill in he ollowing sec ion p esen he analysis o con ibu ions, ocusing on his o ical opics ha we e published du ing he en-mon h pe iod in which Dušan Bilandžić’s mos ecen esea ch appea ed in S a . Bilandžić was apoli ical scien is and his o ian o socialis Yugosla ia as well as, among many o he hings, dean o he Facul y o Poli ical Science in Zag eb om 1974 and 1979. Du ing 1977 and 1978 (mo e p ecisely: om he beginning o June 1977 un il he end o Ma ch 1978), S a ’s edi o ial boa d, in as many as wen y- wo edi- ions, spea ed h ee o i e pages (in each) o publicize Bilandžić’s scien i ic assess- men o “Ti o’s his o ical wo k”. In o he wo ds, in o de o obse e Ti o’s jubilee yea ,63 Bilandžić p esen ed he his o y o he Yugosla communis pa y om 1928 onwa ds. Special emphasis was on Ma shal’s ole in he Pa y du ing he in e wa pe iod, his ole in he NOB, in pos -wa na ion building and in he de elopmen o he sel -go e ning sys em, all by way o exempla y d y his o ical analysis.64 These ex s we e, in ac , apa o Bilandžić’s mo e ex ensi e esea ch ha was, o he i s ime, published in 1978 in he book His o y o he Socialis Fede al Republic o Yugosla- 61 S.SARAČEVIĆ, Među nama (Be ween Us), in: S a , No.157, Janua y 29, 1975, p.9. 62 C.E.GENTRY and L.SJOBERG, Beyond Mo he s Mons e s Who es: Thinking abou Women’s Vi- olence in Global Poli ics, London and New Yo k 2007, p.7. 63 Yea 1977 was o Ti o yea o “ he double jubilee”. He u ned eigh y- i e and ma ked he o ie h anni e sa y o he a i al a he helm o he Pa y. 64 Fi s appea ed: D.BILANDŽIĆ, Na agu Ti o a his o ijskog pu a (On he T ail o Ti o’s His o - ic Pa h), in: S a . No.218, June 1, 1977, pp.18–22. 24 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 ia: Main P ocesses.65 The edi o ial decision o spa e so much space o e ap olonged pe iod is impo an because i is an unpa alleled indica ion ha , owa d he end o he 1970s, his magazine eached adeg ee o sel -con idence as well as ecogni ion o which en e ainmen magazines usually did no each, and beyond which one such magazine p obably could no go. By ha ime, con ibu ions on his o ical opics— mos o en poli ics- and wa - e- la ed e en s o he wen ie h cen u y— we e among he undamen al elemen s o S a ’s con en . F om he mid-1970s onwa ds, each edi ion con ained a leas one con ibu ion on ahis o ical opic. Mo e o en, howe e , he e we e wo o h ee.66 These con ibu ions we e inspi ed by ele an anni e sa ies, bu also newly eleased memoi s and popula his o y books, documen a y and ic ion ele ision shows and exhibi ions. Du ing he en mon hs when Bilandžić’s esea ch was published, Idid no ind any o he ex (excep Bilandžić’s a icles) on his o ical opics in only h ee edi ions. In he emaining nine een edi ions, Icoun ed as many as o y-six a icles ha deal wi h anumbe o di e en his o ical opics (commemo a ions, in e iews, e en e iews and se ialized euille ons, bu excluding “S a ’s In e iew” ub ic). Including Bilandžić’s wo k, a o al o i y-eigh a icles we e published du ing his pe iod, which is consis en wi h he s anda d numbe o such con en s du ing one yea while Sa ače ić was he edi o -in-chei . Ou o wen y- wo chap e s abou he his o y o socialis Yugosla ia au ho ed by Bilandžić, ou deal wi h he his o y o he NOB. An addi ional nine a icles pub- lished h oughou he pe iod in ques ion ocus on he same opic. The o al amoun o lis ed con ibu ions hema izing he wa ime co esponds o he no m o his magazine. A he same ime, he numbe o a icles ha ocus on, o a leas men- ion, women as pa icipan s o he NOB in pa icula , o he Second Wo ld Wa in gene al, is smalle in his pe iod. While Iencoun e ed wo, occasionally h ee, such con ibu ions h oughou one yea , only one single con ibu ion in his en i e pe iod b ings o h he igu e o awoman in wa .67 I is he las , ou h, ins allmen o he 65 D.BILANDŽIĆ, His o ija Socijalis ičke Fede a i ne Republike Jugosla ije: gla ni p ocesi (His o- y o he Socialis Fede a i e Republic o Yugosla ia: Main P ocesses), Zag eb 1978. 66 This in o ma ion is p ima ily ex ac ed om he book Analiza S a a (The Analysis o S a ) au ho ed by Vesna Lamza a e Vjesnik, he publishing company ha issued S a , commis- sioned quan i a i e analysis o i s con en in 1978. I should be men ioned ha , unlike he Vjesnik’s eam ha did he quan i a i e analysis o his magazine in 1978, Ido no consid- e his o y o be only apa o poli ics. The e o e, Ies ima ed ha he e we e mo e o such con ibu ions han hey did. 67 O e all, among he emaining con ibu ions on his o ical opics, only wo his o ical eu- ille ons spa e some space on emale cha ac e s, bu no one o he con ibu ion ocus- es on a emale igu e. Namely, he magazine published pa s o Noel Ba be ’s book The Lo ds o he Golden Ho n: F om Suleiman he Magni icen o Kamal A a u k published in 1973. Two o he ou ins allmen s ea u e in o ma ion abou he sul an’s ha em, his wi es, and “Suleiman’s lo e li e”. N.BARBER, Sulejmano ljuba ni ži o (Suleiman’s Lo e Li e), in: S a , No.230, No embe 16, 1977, pp.63–66; idem, Ha em na dnu Bospo a (Ha em a he Bo om o he Bospo us), in: S a , No.232, Decembe 14, 1977, pp.67–71. The ollowing, i e-pa long his o ical na a i e uses he ma e ials om Alice-Leone Moa s’ 1977 book The Billion Dolla S uds. I ecoun s he li es o he Geo igan Mdi ani b o he s, de- I A JELUšIć 25 euille on inspi ed by he 1971 memoi o Tilla Du ieux, bu en i led “G ea Men o A a he C oss oads o Wa ”. Du ieux, aViennese bo n as O ilie Gode oy in 1880, was p esen ed o S a ’s eade ship as “one o he mos s iking phenomena o Ge man hea e , and o cul u al his o y in gene al.”68 In he second ins allmen o he euil- le on, he posi ion is u he explained: “As he wi e o pa on and cul u al anima o Paul Cassie e, he amous Ge man ac ess Tilla Du ieux has o almos acen u y been a he cen e o aci cle o a is s who ha e le hei ma k on an e a o Eu opean a .”69 Pa ly ecoun ing he sec ions o Du ieux’s na a i e he ound mos ele an , and pa ly quo ing he memoi , Šembe a in he i s wo sequels desc ibes Du ieux as he wi e o a ema kable man su ounded by ap ocession o simila ly ema kable men, and who was also a amous ac ess. An in e p e a ion o Du ieux’s li e h ough he connec ions o o he ele an indi iduals, all men, in Ge many du ing he i s decades o he wen ie h cen u y may ha e been in ended o emphasize he ac ess’ impo ance. A he same ime, i is e y simila o he desc ip ion o I ena Kolesa ’s p o essional de elopmen : bo h seem o owe hei achie emen s o success ul men who no iced and hi ed hei alen . I , he e o e, highligh s he excep ionali y o asuccess ul woman’s p esence in he public sphe e. In he las ins allmen o his euille on, he one cons i u i e o he cu en anal- ysis, Šembe a ocuses on he ac ess’ li e in Zag eb jus be o e, du ing and a e he Second Wo ld Wa . In 1937, Du ieux and he second husband se led in Zag eb, s aying wi h dis an ela i e and long- ime iend, Coun ess Zla a Lubienski. Us asha ule, suppo ed by Ge man-I alian p o ec ion, became mo e b u al as he wa d agged on and he pa isan mo emen s eng hened, and bo h Du ieux and Lubienski joined he ac i i ies o he pa isan esis ance in Zag eb.70 The women collec ed ood, clo h- ing, medicine and money o he communis -led Red Aid, smuggled documen s, hid cou ie s, and es ablished con ac wi h an unnamed Ge man an i-Nazi who wo ked in he Ge man embassy. Acco ding o an exce p om he memoi and Šembe a’s b ie explana ions, hese people “wi h clenched is s in hei pocke s li ed h ough he ule o he Nazis and he Us ashas”.71 This in o ma ion-packed, bu sho , sec ion in no way e eals how dange ous i eally was o be an illegal ac i is in Zag eb. The ci ed exce p , o ins ance, men ions how so-called conspi a o ial wo k in ci ies unc ioned as well as he impo ance o small wo king g oups o people who only knew each o he ’s sc ibed as p o essional o une hun e s, who pu sued Ame ican hei esses and mo ie s a s du ing he in e wa pe iod.(Fi s appea ed in: A.L.MOATS, B ačne noći b aće Mdi ani (Mdi- ani B o he s’ Wedding Nigh s), in: S a , No.233, Decembe 28, 1977, pp.82–84. 68 S.ŠEMBERA, Velikani umje nos i na a nim ask šćima (1): Tilla Du ieux p o i kajze a (G ea Men o A a he C oss oads o Wa (1): Tilla Du ieux Agains he Kaise ), in: S a , No.215, Ap il 20, 1977, p.37. 69 S.ŠEMBERA, Velikani umje nos i na a nim ask šćima (2): Oblaci nad Eu opom (G ea Men o A a he C oss oads o Wa (2): Clouds O e Eu ope), in: S a , No.216, Ap il 5, 1977, p.80. 70 Du ieux’s second husband, Ludwig Ka zenellebogen, was a es ed in Thessaloniki (G eece) in 1941 and aken o Ge many. The e, he was imp isoned a he O anienbu g concen a ion camp and died in he Be lin Jewish Hospi al in 1944. 71 S.ŠEMBERA, Velikani umje nos i na a nim ask šćima (4): Tillina u jeha-Zag eb (G ea Men o A a he C oss oads o Wa (4): Tilla’s Solace— Zag eb), in: S a , No.218, June 1, 1977, p.87. 26 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 nicknames. Howe e , he quo ed pa does no men ion how o en he membe s o such g oups changed in o de o eplace hose who we e caugh , o u ed and killed in Us asha p isons and camps, o led “in o he woods” whe e, i no sa e , i was hen ce ainly easie o wo k because i was known exac ly who he enemy was.72 The e a e wo easons o his. The i s is a somewha i onic way o s o y elling ha Du ieux was p one o and ha is el h oughou he memoi .73 The second is way in which Šembe a simplis ically explained la ge sec ions o he ex and he eby dilu ed Du ieux’s wo ds. F om his p esen a ion i was no possible o disce n wha i was like o be a amous Ge man ac ess who was isi ed by many Nazi o icials in he NDH and who accep ed hei a en ion because in ha way he house she li ed in — ha is, he ma e ials and money she collec ed and people she hid om ime o ime — was sa e om aids.74 In o he wo ds, emphasizing he impo ance and cou age o he ea s unde aken by apa icula indi idual o ag oup du ing he wa was commonplace in he Yugo- sla p in ed p ess including S a . Indeed, al hough S a ’s jou nalis s as a ule wo ked ha d o b ing con en ha was o iginal and no p in ed elsewhe e— o , a leas w i e abou i in adi e en , mo e inno a i e way— when hey w o e abou he NOB hey did no a oid men ioning he ele ance o agency o indi iduals. Howe e , ha is no he case wi h he euille on abou Du ieux. Agood compa ison, wi hin he bounda- ies o he men ioned en mon hs, p o ides he a icle published on he hi y- i h anni e sa y o he 1943 Su jeska ba le. On his occasion, a esea ch by aVjesnik em- ployee was published. I deal wi h he disco e y o he iden i y o he ou indi idu- als cap u ed in one o he pho og aphs aken by Žo ž Sk igin du ing ha ba le ha became ene a ed h oughou Yugosla ia in he pos -wa yea s. While desc ibing i , he jou nalis w i es: “Some o he igh e s in he pic u e, especially he one holding he ho se by he hal e , look like aces om medie al escoes. The anxie y o he momen , he uphea al o ha ime, he ho o o wa can be ead om hei eyes.”75 Asimila one is main ained h oughou he a icle. The me i s o he pho og aphe , Sk igin, who immo alized ha momen as well as anumbe o o he s (which is why he, like A ić, emained amous in he ollowing decades), a e especially emphasized and lauded. As o he ou pa isans in he pho o and Majo Gene al Ob ad Egić, who helped he jou nalis es ablish hei iden i ies, he au ho o he a icle ocused on he ac s a ising om hei mili a y se ice. Tha is, he enume a ed hei me i s and successes, hus unde lining he pe inence o hei pa icipa ion in he wa e - o . Due o he emphasis on he achie emen s o each indi idual men ioned in he a icle, ega dless o whe he he is apho og aphe , aMajo Gene al o , in he case o he a o emen ioned Vjekosla A ić, ac o and di ec o , hese a icles clea ly a i m 72 Sla a Og izo ić’s memoi Odmazda (Re alia ion) i s published in 1961 is agood example o acon as ing desc ip ion o he li e o an illegal ac i is in Zag eb du ing he wa . 73 T. DURIEUX, Mojih p ih de edese godina (My Fi s Nine y Yea s), Zag eb 2001. 74 N. POPOVIĆ, Pozd a jednoj zag ebačkoj an i ašis ici (G ee ings o a Zag eb An i ascis Woman), in: Radio Go nji G ad, Augus 11, 2016, h ps:// adiogo njig ad.wo dp ess.com/2016/08/11/ nenad-popo ic-pozd a -jednoj-zag ebackoj-an i asis ici/. 75 S.ZVIZDIĆ, P a a is ina opozna oj o og a iji (The Real T u h abou he Famous Pho og aphy), in: S a , No.235, Janua y 25, 1978, p.35. I A JELUšIć 27 adi ionally concep ualized masculini y by endo sing he igu e o aha dy, s ead as and unwa e ing pa isan igh e , no ma e by wha means he ough . CONCLUSION Th oughou he esea ched pe iod, om he incep ion o he magazine in 1969 and du ing he cou se o he p aised and widely app o ed Sead Sa ače ić’s edi o ship up un il 1980, S a ’s jou nalis s insis ed on he exis ing gende inequali y. They b ough o he o e and ein o ced i s sexualized dimension. As My a MacDonald explained in he amous book Rep esen ing Women: My hs o Feminini y in he Popula Media, he jou nalis s de ined emale iden i y as he body ha can be ei he appealing o unap- pealing o men, and he e o e consis en ly p esen ed women as shaped by hei sex- ual desi abili y.76 S a ’s jou nalis s conside ed hei own iews as opposed o he e- s ic i e socialis mo ale ha hey e med as ‘ou gi l’ ideology. Ou gi ls, hey held, should be mo e open abou hei sexuali y, and he i s s ep owa ds ha would be emo ing he ex a laye s o clo hing. Al hough S a ’s jou nalis s conside ed hemsel es mode n and p og essi e, hey we e unable o come o e ms wi h some elemen s o he p ocess o women’s eman- cipa ion in Yugosla ia ha had al eady aken place. Focusing on he ep esen a ion o wa , pa icula ly he People’s Libe a ion S uggle, he analysis demons a ed ha jou nalis s’ in e p e a ion o wa ic o ies and ela ed gains subs an ially leaned on he idea o he gende pa adigm exis ing (a leas ) since he in e wa pe iod. Despi e he mul i ude o a ailable empla es ha ho oughly pe mea ed Yugosla media in all i s o ms, he S a edi o ial boa d’s in e es in women’s pa icipa ion in he NOB was slipshod a bes . In No embe 1978, Sa ače ić’s edi o ial published on he oc- casion o he publica ion o he in e iew wi h Ja a Ribnika included an excuse o he eade ship because hey will ead abou such an ou -o -da e opic in he “S a ’s In e iew”.77 Ribnika , wa ime pa izanka and an au ho , has been publishing so- cial- hemed li e a y wo ks since he ea ly 1950s. She also published bi s and pieces o he memo ies concu en ly wi h o he li e a y wo k. In 1978, she published he i s pa o ase ies o memoi p ose en i led Ži o ip iča (Li e and S o y). Hence, Sa ače ić’s mo e— he habi ually spa ed acouple o sen ences o in oduce S a ’s s a in e iewee in each edi ion, bu ne e wi h an apology— e eals he mos in his espec . Pa izanka, e en when she was s ill an ac i e social ac o , was conside ed as no hing mo e han yes e day’s news. Acco ding o he jou nalis ic mo es o he ime, S a egula ly published con en s abou he People’s Libe a ion S uggle. In acco dance wi h i s epu a ion— as “eli is and being oo cle e ”78— i s edi o ial boa d da ed o publish wha o he en e ain- men p in ed p ess did no . Agood example is Dušan Bilandžić’s his o ical esea ch. 76 M.MACDONALD, Rep esen ing Women: My hs o Feminini y in he Popula Media, New Yo k 1995. 77 S.SARAČEVIĆ, Među nama (Be ween Us), in: S a , No.252, Sep embe 20, 1978, p.11. 78 P.RAMET, The Yugosla P ess in Flux, in: P.RAMET (ed.), Yugosla ia in he 1980s, Boulde and London 1985, p.108. 28 PRAGUE PAPERS ON THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1/2020 A he same ime, any kind o con ibu ions abou emale pa icipan s o he NOB we e exceedingly a e. The edi o -in-chie ’s apology o he eade ship o he publi- ca ion o he in e iew wi h one pa izanka is agood indica ion why. As “decasyllabic sexual swashbuckle s” hey we e, S a ’s jou nalis s could ha e, wi h en husiasm, conside ed he idea o mo e women s ipping o he bene i o hei gaze, bu s ug- gled o a hom how hey could ha e donned mili a y ou i s o pa icipa e in he ca - nage o he NOB. All in all, i is ai o conclude ha S a all bu banished women om i s na a i e o he pa isan s uggle and con iden ly— manly— con ibu ed o he ealiza ion o he condi ions o hei obli ion.