The household of an Egyptian dignitary– the case of Ptahshepses

THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX/2017 95 The household o an Egyp ian digni a y – he case o P ahshepses Vě a No áko á Tomb elie s p ima ily in o m us o he means he omb owne employed o secu e his e e nal exis ence. The i les p esen p o ide in o ma ion abou he social s a us o he omb owne . In a much simila manne , he subo dina es depic ed on he walls a e also o pa icula impo ance. These indi iduals cons i u e an in eg al pa o he speci ic deco a i e pa e n depic ed on he omb’s walls, in which he omb owne is su ounded by his amily, dependen s, unc iona ies o se an s who we e embodied in his household. As Seidlmaye (2007: 356) s a ed, one can unde s and he elie deco a ion as a pic o ial map o he social ma ix wi hin which he omb owne was concep ualized. The aim o his a icle is o ocus upon he sociological pe spec i es o he omb elie s. On he g ounds o iden i ied indi iduals, dis inguished by i les and/o names, he p esen au ho would like o desc ibe and analyse wha he household o one high- anking digni a y om he ime o Nyuse e – Vizie P ahshepses ( ig. 1) – looked like.1 Fig. 1 Figu e o P ahshepses in he deco a ion o he une a y chapel wi h h ee niches (pho o M. Zemina) PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 95 In oduc ion The p e ailing iew o ancien Egyp , especially du ing he Old Kingdom, emained among Egyp ologis s un il e- cen ly as a highly cen alized s a e dic a ing he economic ac i i y by means o edis ibu ion (Janssen 1981: 59–77; Al enmülle 2005; Bleibe g 1995: 1373–1385). Howe e , new monog aphs and s udies ha e accen ua ed a sligh ly di e en model. Though H a ch Papazian (2013: 41–83) sees he oyal house as he domina e au ho i y as well, he s essed he geog aphical aspec o he cen aliza ion and edis ibu ion o esou ces – ce ain aspec s necessi a e, acco ding o him, local con ol and s anda ds, e.g. egula- ion o i iga ion and basins2o esou ce managemen , such as g ana y main enance. Juan Ca los Mo eno Ga cía (2013: 89), on he o he hand, conside s he basic pilla o Egyp ian socie y an in o mal, sel -s uc u ed sys em o pa onage.3Ma k Lehne , in his g ound b eaking s udy, assumes he Egyp ian s a e o be managed by local a ai s h ough he use o i s complex adap i e sys em (Lehne 2000: 275–353). Lehne ’s iew o he socie y is a mo e complex han ha sugges ed by edis ibu ion; all sec o s o socie y a e unde s ood o be mu ually dependen , com- posed o and linked h ough ace- o- ace ne wo ks which in eg a e he socie y sys em (Lehne 2000: 275–276). He e e s o Max Webe ’s pa imonialism (Webe 1978: 357–381) and Da id Schloen’s wo k dealing wi h pa imo- nial households in Uga i and he Nea Eas (Schloen 2001). Schloen s essed he ole o a pa imonial household as a undamen al economic uni o he whole Medi e anean egion in an iqui y. In a simila manne , Lehne poin ed ou he impo ance o he ins i u ion o he household o ancien Egyp , in pa icula o he Old Kingdom (no only o he in e media e pe iods o Egyp ian his o y, which was gene ally accep ed by Egyp ologis s). The opic o he Ph.D. hesis o he p esen au ho was inspi ed by he abo e-men ioned wo ks and e e ed o he pa imonial household model. Fo pu poses o he s udy, he household is iewed om a sociological poin . I in- cludes no only he nuclea amily (hAw), wi h people linked by amily ies, bu is de ined as he ex ended household (Ab ), consis ing also o se an s, clien s, subo dina es/col- leagues and iends.4Membe s o his “ex ended” house- hold a e eco ded in he iconog aphy o Egyp ian ombs as pe sonal a endan s, household se an s, o e ing bea e s, e c. The main aim o he hesis is (on he basis o iden i ied pe sons in he ombs) o eco d he changing s uc u e o he Old Kingdom (especially he g ow h in he complexi y o he Egyp ian household in connec ion wi h he numbe and di e si y o i les i s membe s held). In his in oduc o y a icle, he au ho will show wha a pa icula household o an Egyp ian high digni a y looked like based on he case s udy o Vizie P ahshepses. Possible in e p e a ions will be gi en o he posi ions which he mino igu es po ayed in he elie s held wi hin he izie al household, and some p oblema ic aspec s o his opic will be poin ed ou . The au ho o his s udy decided o desc ibe he house- hold o Vizie P ahshepses o se e al easons. The mas aba o Vizie P ahshepses is he i s a chaeological loca ion in Abusi ha he Czech ( o me Czechoslo ak) Ins i u e o Egyp ology ha e been exca a ing o almos six y yea s. A he same ime, i is one o he la ges and a - chi ec u ally mos complica ed non- oyal ombs da ed o he Old Kingdom ( ig. 2; see also K ejčí 2009; K ejčí 2011: 253–276). P ahshepses, as a izie , held he pos a he head o he s a e adminis a ion.5As a ule, he numbe o house- hold membe s depended on he s a us o hei mas e . The highe he posi ion in he adminis a ion o he Egyp ian s a e he omb owne held, he highe he numbe o de- penden s we e in ol ed in adminis e ing his household and we e subsequen ly depic ed in he deco a ion o he ombs wi h hei name and i les (Bá a 2011: 275). Thus, i can be supposed ha P ahshepses had he mos elabo a e house- hold among edundan high o icials a ha ime. Ano he impo an ole was played by he ch onological aspec . The numbe o dependen s as well as he numbe and a ie y o hei i les a ied signi ican ly du ing he Old Kingdom. E en a b ie su ey indica es ha in he i s hal o he Fou h Dynas y, he e is sca ce e idence o iden i ied indi iduals – only amily membe s a e eco ded in he iconog aphy o modes chapels, o ins ance he omb o Ne e maa (Ha pu 2001) o Hemiunu (Junke 1929: 132–162). A sligh change can be seen a he u n o he Fou h o Fi h Dynas y. The highes posi ions in he s a e adminis a ion came s ep by s ep in o he hands o o icials o non- oyal o igin (Helck 1954: 18–22; Bá a 2013: 270). This had an impac on he numbe o ombs, no only o weal hy o icials bu also on he sudden in- c ease in ombs o he middle and lowe classes o Egyp - ian socie y. F om he beginning o Fi h Dynas y, he mid- dle and lowe s a a also began o eco d hei dependen s wi h labels o hei names and i les in he iconog aphy o hei ombs. These changes esul ed in a undamen al ans o ma ion du ing he eign o King Nyuse e (Bá a – Dulíko á 2015). He e o med many sec o s: eligious, social, adminis a i e, a chi ec u al e c. (Dulíko á 2016b). In ac , P ahshepses embodies hese changes, as will be elabo a ed u he in he ex . Las bu no leas , he co e mason y o P ahshepses mas aba bea s mo e han 400 hie a ic insc ip ions, which can se e as complemen a y ma e ial o his s udy. Such a high numbe o g a i i is unique e en in he oyal mo ua y complexes (e.g. Pe ing – Vyse 1842: 22–37; Bo cha d 1909: 46–46, 53–54; Bo cha d 1910: 90; Ve ne e al. 2006: 187–204). The omb o P ahshepses G ea , mul i-chambe ed ombs o he eli e eme ged du ing he Fi h Dynas y as a esul o he abo e-men ioned changes in socie y (Jánosi 2000: 445–466). The omb o P ahshepses is e y illus a i e o such monumen s. I was cons uc ed in h ee building phases, p obably e lec ing he g ow h o P ahshepses’ posi ion wi hin he s a e adminis a ion.6A he end o he cons uc ion wo ks, i consis ed o o y ooms (see ig. 2) and acqui ed dimen- sions o 42.24 × 56.24 m (K ejčí 2006: 150–51). Apa om i s immense size, he omb was inno a i e in inco - po a ing elemen s o oyal a chi ec u e in i s a chi ec u al design: monumen al po ico, pilla ed cou ya d, oom wi h h ee niches, eas -wes o ien ed cul chapel, oom o boa s, saddle oo o he bu ial chambe , e c. (Ve ne 1986; 96 PES XIX/2017 THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 96 K ejčí 2009; Bá a 2005: 105–130; Bá a 2011: 175–179). In a simila manne , wo g ani e sa cophagi a e excep ional, bo h ins alled in he bu ial chambe o he mas aba – one belonging o he izie and one o his wi e, Khame e - neb y.7These a e compa able o hei oyal coun e pa s, no only in ma e ial bu also in dimensions (Ve ne 2000: 574; Bá a 2011: 175).8 The size o he omb, i s a chi ec u e inco po a ing ele- men s ha had p e iously been exclusi e o oyal mo ua y monumen s, i s si ua ion in he mos p ominen place in he ceme e y o Nobles nea he py amid complexes o Nyuse e and Sahu e, he high numbe o s o e ooms in- dica ing he la ge numbe o i uals ha we e once ca ied ou he e and he s a ue collec ion ound in he mas aba9 all e eal he high s a us o he omb owne . Wall deco a ion The o iginal elie deco a ion o he mas aba o P ahshep- ses is p ese ed agmen a ily; acco ding o Ve ne (1992: 187), only abou one six h has su i ed up o he p esen .10 I co e s he walls o six ooms o he mas aba: especially Room 3 (se ed as he en ance o he omb be o e he i s g ea enla gemen ), Room 4 (chapel wi h h ee niches), Room 10 (junc ion o he h ee building s ages o he mas aba), Room 11 (adjacen o he pilla ed cou ya d), Rooms 13–15 (walls in he pilla ed cou ya d) and Room 16 ( he only deco a ed s o e oom o he mas aba) (see Ve ne 1986; also ig. 2).11 The omb elie s p ima ily in o m us o he nuclea amily o P ahshepses. Un o una ely, his amily back- g ound is no eco ded in he deco a ion o he omb. This is unknown o us, as is simila o o he high o icials, o ins ance Ti o Saqqa a (Ép on – Daumas 1939). Though we do no know he ank and posi ion ha he a he o P ahshepses p obably held a he oyal cou , P ahshepses’ i les show ha he, himsel , s a ed his ca ee as he king’s hai d esse (Ve ne 1994: 173–192). To wo k in close p oximi y o he king in his p i a e sphe e, indica es ha P ahshepses mus ha e come om a us wo hy amily, which is suppo ed by he ac o his la e ma iage o he king’s daugh e , Khame e - neb y.12 The depic ions show P ahshepses’ wi e and his o sp ing: se en sons, and wo daugh e s (Ve ne 1986). The si ua ion among his sons is a he puzzling. Th ee di e en sequences o P ahshepses’ sons a e eco ded on h ee di e en places in he mas aba, which p obably e- lec P ahshepses’ second ma iage o Nyuse e’s daugh- e Khame e neb y – he sons we e gi en p e e ence o THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX/2017 97 Fig. 2 A chaeological plan o he mas aba o P ahshepses (a e Ve ne 1986: pl. 1) PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 97 sons bo n o he supposed i s o P ahshepses’ wi es, who was o non- oyal o igin (Ve ne 1986: 103).13 Mo e- o e , in all h ee cases, he igu e, name and i les o he i s bo n son, Kha ini, we e ho oughly e ased; ne e - heless, he e is no doub o he o iginal insc ip ion. As Ve ne s a ed, i is e en mo e s a ling because o e ase his name mean also o comple ely emo e he name o he king (Nyuse e) Ini (Ve ne 1986: 103), bu he e a e no clues o explain his si ua ion. One can only su mise ha Kha ini ell in o disg ace.14 Apa om amily membe s, a g ea numbe o anony- mous people (p ies s, sc ibes, c a smen, household se - an s, e c.) appea in he deco a ion o he omb. I pe sons a e labelled (iden i ied wi h name and i le), we can assume a ce ain ela ionship o in imacy be ween he po ayed indi idual and he omb owne . The e seems o be no ules in he ep esen a ion o he iden i ied pe sons in ce ain ypes o scenes. They a e eco ded in di e en con ex s – o e ing able scene, c a sman’s wo kshop, ca le coun , e c. Some o hem bea speci ic objec s ha ha e symbolism closely connec ed o a pa icula p o es- sion/ i le. Howe e , I will no ollow up and elabo a e on his opic, bu look mo e closely a analysing he ela ions P ahshepses had wi h his dependen s.15 The e a e a lo o ques ions o be asked. A e he people po ayed in he omb se an s in a labou -law ela ionship, collabo a es/ iends o lowe posi ion, dependan s based on pa on-clien bonds o dis an ela i es?16 I migh be u he asked whe he hese pa icula o icials a e pa o he omb owne ’s p i a e s a o membe s o cen al adminis a ion, which asks he ques ion, we e alloca ed by he s a e o by he omb owne , himsel ? We e all household membe s ep esen ed in he omb o only a se- lec ion o hem?17 To answe some o hese ques ions, he biog aphical insc ip ion o a Middle Kingdom o icial, Khnumhe ep II, eco ded in his la ge omb a Beni Hassan, can help us (Newbe y 1893; Seidlmaye 2007: 357).18 Khnumhe ep s a es ha he made endu ing no only his name bu also he names o his council and o excellen membe s o his household, whom he singled ou om his dependan s (Newbe y 1893: 57–67, pl. XXV). Ce ain selec ion and pe sonal p e e ences a e also con i med by he ac ha se e al pe sons occu on he wall deco a ion se e al imes – mos ly wo imes (9 pe sons occu mo e han once in he omb o P ahshepses, o co ela ion o hei i les, see ab. 1).19 I is essen ial ha any o he occu ence s essed he impo ance o his pe son o he omb owne . On he o he hand, i is necessa y o poin ou 98 PES XIX/2017 THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY Occu ences in o al Name Ti les 3 Memi cHD Hm(w)-kA Hm-kA cHD Hmw (yw) 3 P ahshepses cHD qc (yw) qc y Hm-kA 3 Seshemne e zAb zS, cHD Hm(w)-kA HqA Hw zS Snw , Hm-kA 3 Khnumhe ep Xaq(w) p -aA, Hm-kA Xaq(w) p -aA, Hm-kA i (w)-an p -aA, cHD Hm(w)-kA 2 Nyankhkhnum cHD Hm(w)-kA, i (w)-an p -aA cHD sDAw (yw) 2 Kaihep i (w)Sn p -aA, cHD Hm(w)-kA i (w) Sn p -aA 2 Ankhha i (w)-an , Hm-kA no i le 2 Pehe ne e zAb (zS), Hm-kA no i le 2 Nyankhmin Hm-kA, imy- A cS Hm-kA 2 Tjese cHD zS(w) X y x m, cHD Hm(w)-kA zS nzw , cHD Hm(w)-kA 2 I en e qc y no i le Tab. 1 Indi iduals occu ing se e al imes in he iconog aphy o P ahshepses’ mas aba PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 98 ha i is no ce ain whe he wo people wi h he same name and di e en i les we e iden ical o we e wo di - e en people. In some cases, he i les o bo h names a e no p ese ed, o hey a y o a ce ain deg ee. I is e en unclea whe he people wi h he same i le and he same name a e iden ical, especially in ins ances whe e a pe son has a common name and equally common i les.20 Fu he - mo e, he iden i ica ion is also ques ionable in cases in which one pe son wi h he same name and i les appea s in he same scene, o ins ance an indi idual named Khnumhe ep is depic ed wo imes bea ing iden ical i les in a single scene o sea ed subo dina es (see ig. 3). Small, blank squa es smoo hed in on o pa icula igu es, which a e ese ed o insc ibing a name and/o a i le (clea ly isible, o ins ance, in he omb o Akhe he ep; see Da ies 1901; Ziegle 2007; see ig. 4) in- dica e in en ional and elabo a ed layou o a scene, in which e e y single pe son had his exac ly de ined place and a special sequence o he dependen s was p esumably equi ed. Ne e heless, he e a e nume ous cases o names sc a ched addi ionally in elie s agains he o iginal plan o he omb owne as possible addi ions o poo e membe s o he nex gene a ion o he same amily (Vymazalo á, o hcoming a) (see also ig. 4). Bu we should be e y cau- ious conce ning he da ing o such addi ions and ew i es. The “ex ended” household o Vizie P ahshepses The e a e 76 di e en pe sons no linked wi h amily ies o P ahshepses who a e po ayed in he omb as mino igu es. They p o ide a dis inc pic u e o he izie al household. I con ains bo h a signi ican ly high numbe o dependen s and a conside ably g ea di e si y among hei i les (32 di e en i les a e e idenced). The i les ange om p ies ly, sc ibal, c a and he adminis a i e/manage- ial sphe e o i les o a ious household se an s, se an s engaged in he sphe e o body ca e, e c. (see ab. 2). THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX/2017 99 Fig. 3 Depic ion o P ahshepses’ sons and his closes subo dina es, Room 10, eas wall (a e Ve ne 1986: pls. 51, 52) Fig. 4 Scene o a p ocession o o e ing bea e s in he chapel o Akhe he ep’s omb (pho o H. Vymazalo á) PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 99 A c ucial scene in iden i ying he mos impo an pe sons o P ahshepses household is he scene o he sea ed omb owne accompanied by amily, pe sonal a endan s and subo dina e o icials on he eas wall o Room 10 (see ig. 3). Two egis e s o dependen s below he sea ed omb owne a e headed by ou o his sons.21 Holding a p ominen posi ion, he physician Kaiwedja si s imme- dia ely behind P ahshepses’ sons ( i s om he igh in he i s uppe egis e ). In ac , we do no know i P ahshepses su e ed om any diseases and o wha ex en he needed he ca e o a physician,22 bu he posi ion o he physician in he scene indica es closeness and a special ela ionship wi h he omb owne , p esumably e lec ing he in ima e cha ac e o his p o ession. Sc ibes, a la ge g oup o indi iduals egula ly depic ed in he ombs, cons i u e an essen ial pa o a household o a high- anking pe son.23 We encoun e “sc ibesˮ, “inspec o o sc ibesˮ and “seal-bea e sˮ as well as “ju idical sc ibesˮ in he abo e-men ioned scene in he mas aba o P ahshepses (see ig. 3). These we e p obably in cha ge o ope a ions o household income and legal ma e s. They we e highly likely o be membe s o P ahshepses’ household because each o hese pe sons simul aneously ook ca e o he une a y cul o he deceased as “kA-p ies ”/“inspec o o kA-p ies ”, indi- ca ing a pe sonal ela ionship wi h he omb owne . On he o he hand, sc ibes wi h sligh ly di e en i les occu in he omb elie s, e.g. “sc ibe o he T easu y”. This pe son could be, con a y o hose sc ibes who we e membe s o P ahshepses’ household, P ahshepses’ di ec subo dina e in his unc ion o a izie , o “o e see o he wo T easu ies”, espec i ely. In he o e all deco a ion in he omb, o he po en ial di ec subo dina es o P ahshep- ses a e p esen . They a e pe sons employed in he ield o o ganiza ion o wo ks unde he supe ision o P ahshep- ses as holde o he i le “o e see o all wo ks o he king” (see ab. 2). These o icials a e pic u ed in he scenes o he p ocession ca ying he deceased in a palanquin o d agg - ing he s a ues o he omb owne – po ayed iewing o accompanying he omb owne (Ve ne 1986: Pl. 54, Insc. No. 155; Pl. 55, Insc. No. 144; Pl. 60, Insc. No. 169; Pl. 82, Insc. No. 184). The e a e se e al o he pe sons who held i les connec ed o he cen al ins i u ion, s a e o he king himsel in he abo e-men ioned scene on he eas wall o Room 10 as well as on o he places o he omb (see ab. 2). They a e, o ins ance, indi iduals wi h he i les “o e see o he wo T easu ies” Iyme i and “inspec- o o he G ea House” Izyankh (see ig. 3); o wo “sc ibes o he g ana y” p ese ed in he scene o b inging o e ings a e p esumably anspo ing ui s om a s a e g ana y (see Ve ne 1986: Pl. 9, Insc. No. 19, 20).24 Two o he abo e-men ioned indi iduals a e p esen no only in he iconog aphy o he izie ’s omb, bu hey a e also eco ded on he oyal monumen s, s essing hus hei con- nec ion o he oyal cou .25 Howe e , i is essen ial o say ha he si ua ion in he case o a izie al household is a he peculia . In ac , all Egyp ian o icials we e di ec o indi ec subo dina es o he izie . Thus, o icials wi h gi en i les we e mos likely bo h execu i e cou o icials and a he same ime loyal subo dina es o hei mas e . In e es ingly, mino igu es in he iconog aphy who held i les connec ed wi h cen al adminis a ion do qui e o en occu in he ombs o he izie s, con a y o ombs o o he s a a o socie y whe e hey a e almos missing.26 Among he mino igu es in P ahshepses’ omb, he e a e also indi iduals employed in he sphe e o body ca e depic ed. Fi e pe sons holding i les o o dina y “mani- cu is s” o “ba be s,” who wi hou doub ca ied ou hei p o ession wi hin P ahshepses’ household, a e exhibi ed. Ano he nine pe sons a e labelled wi h he i les o “hai - d esse o ba be o he G ea House”. A pa o hei i le p -aA e e s o he “G ea House”.27 They we e mo e likely employed in he sphe e o body ca e o he king a he han he izie . I is possible ha he king p o ided se ices in he o m o hese specialis s o he izie o o he high o icials as is a es ed wi hin he c a smen specialis s wi h an epi he p -aA o nzw (Ey e 1987: 5–47). Bu i seems his is no he case, as he si ua ion wi hin P ahshepses’ household is mo e complex (see below). I is o ce ain impo ance ha a nume ous g oup o pe - sons employed in he sphe e o body ca e is depic ed in he mas aba o P ahshepses, which was no usual in o he o icials’ ombs. I could be pu down o he ac ha his is he same p o essional sphe e in which P ahshepses began his ca ee as oyal hai d esse . I seems likely ha hese pe sons we e his colleagues. Wi hin he same g oup o people, we also ind he well-known b o he “ma - nicu is s o he G ea House”, Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhe ep (Moussa – Al enmulle 1977). We can p e- sume a iendship o simila special ela ionship be ween hem and he izie . Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhe ep occupy p ominen places in he iconog aphy in he icini y o he omb owne . They occu on se e al places in he omb and bo h appea se e al imes e en in he hie a ic in- sc ip ions collec ed on he co e mason y o he mas aba (see ab. 3). Mo eo e , he household o he izie and hese b o he manicu is s a e linked oge he wi h he o icial named Ankhha . And possibly h ee o he pe sons wi h iden ical names occu in he iconog aphy o bo h he ombs o P ahshepses and Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhe ep.28 In addi ion, he name o one o Khnumhe ep’s sons was P ahshepses, which can be u he p oo o close ela ions and possible pa on-clien bonds be ween bo h amilies. To p oceed wi h desc ibing he s uc u e o P ahshepses’ household, an impo an pe son was a “s ewa d/o e see o he house/es a e” who s ood as he head o he house- hold se an s. Mo eo e , a o al o ou di e en o e see s o he house a e iden i ied in he iconog aphy.29 One o hem is eco ded among he impo an o icials on he eas wall o Room 10 (see ig. 3). He is p esumably he chie “o e see o he house”, si ing in he close icini y o he omb owne . The o he h ee “o e see s o he house” a e depic ed as commande s, each po ayed on one o h ee ships anspo ing a ious p oduc s om es a es in o he omb ( ig. 5). They appea in he same egis e , which can indica e ha hey ca ied ou hei unc ions in pa allel a he han succeeding each o he in a ch onological o de . They we e p obably adminis a o s o P ahshepses’ es a es, being esponsible o p o iding ood om he es a es o he izi ial household, because he i le HqA Hw “es a e manage ” is simul aneously a ached o each o hese h ee pe sons. Thei numbe p obably e lec s he size o he izi ial household. 100 PES XIX/2017 THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 100 THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX/2017 101 Ti les Numbe o occu ences Sc ibal p o essions zAb zS, “ju idical sc ibe” 7 zS, “sc ibe” 4 imy- A zS(w), “o e see o sc ibes” 2 sHD x m (yw), “inspec o o he seal-bea e s” 2 zS Snw , “sc ibe o he G ana y” 2 zS p -HD, “sc ibe o he T easu y” 1 cHD zS(w) X y x m , “inspec o o sc ibes o he egis y” 1 zS mDA(w) , “documen sc ibe” 1 Household managemen imy- A p , “o e see o he house/es a e, he S ewa d” 4 HqA Hw , “es a e manage ” 3 imy- A cS , “o e see o he linen” 1 O ganisa ion o labou imy- A ap w, “commande o he ap -de achmen ” 2 imy- A izw , “o e see o c ews/gangs” 1 x p izw , “di ec o o he gang o he wo kmen” 2 Specialis s zwnw, “physician” 1 C a men qc y, “sculp o ” 4 cHD qs (yw), “inspec o o sculp o s” 1 imy- A Hmw (yw), “o e see o c a smen” 1 cHD Hmw (yw), “inspec o o c a men” 1 Sphe e o body ca e i (w) Sn p -aA, “hai d esse o he G ea House” 3 Xaq(w) p -aA, “ba be o he G ea House” 3 Xaq(w), “ba be ” 3 …Xak(w), “… ba be ” 1 i (w)-an p -aA, “manicu is o he G ea House” 2 i (w)-an , “manicu is ” 1 i y m H p -aA, “keepe /cus odian o he oil/sal e (?) o he G ea House” 1 Food suply cSm( y), “bu che ” 1 cSm( y) n p -D , “bu che o he une a y es a e” 1 imy- A Sdw-Apd(w), “o e see o he poul y- eede s” 1 P ies ly se ices Hm-kA, “kA-se an ” 26 cHD Hm(w)-kA, “inspec o o une a y-p ies s” 16 wab nzw , “wab-p ies o he king” 4 Ti les connec ed wi h s a e/cen al ins i u ion/king cHD p -aA, “inspec o o he G ea House” 1 imy- A p -HD, “o e see o he T easu y” 1 c p-zA, “p o ec o , cou councillo ” 2 cHD Smsw n(w) Xnw, “inspec o o he e aine s o he Residence” 1 H y-cS A, “one who is p i y o he sec e ” 1 imy- A p -Sna nzw , “o e see o he oyal depa men o s o es” 1 zS nzw , “sc ibe o he king” 1 Tab. 2 S uc u e o P ahshepses’ household PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 101 102 PES XIX/2017 THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY Tab. 3 Hie a ic insc ip ions wi h pe sonal names o indi iduals appea ing in bo h sou ces – iconog aphy and g a i i Fig. 5 Scene o ca go-ships in he mas aba o P ahshepses, Room 3, sou h wall (a e Ve ne 1986: pl. 3 and 4) Ti les in iconog aphy Name Ti les in g a i i Numbe o occu ence s in g a i i G a i o no. (name) G a i o no. (name+ i le) G a i o no. (name+da e) G a i o no. (name+ i le+da e) imy- A m H p aA Nyankh a cHD p -aA; cm wa y 14 13, 15 200, 201 60 39, 89, 91, 93, 116, 299*, 305, 404, 408 Hak(w) p -aA, Hm-kA; i (w)-an p -aA, cHD Hm(w)-kA Khnumhe ep wi hou a i le 13 386 27, 79, 115, 253, 262, 367, 371, 372, 376, 418, 420, 421 cHD Hm(w)-kA, i (w)-an p -aA Nyankhkhnum cHD Hm(w)-kA, i (w)-an p -aA 10 22, 23 98, 117, 301, 378, 400, 401 , 406, 412 imy- A izw He epi imy- A izw 8 109 106, 123*, 125, 128*, 409, 414 410 imy- A p , HqA Hw Khenu imy- A izw 5 122, 402# 102*, 124 148 cHD Hm(w)-kA, wab nzw , zS Nymenekhinepu zAb zS 3 34, 52, 81 H y cS A, wab nzw , cHD Hm(w)-kA, zAb zS Duahep zAb zS 3 28, 43 120 cHD Hm(w)-kA; Hm-kA; cHD Hmw (yw) Memi wi hou a i le 1 385* Haq(w) p -aA, cHD Hm(w)-kA, wab nzw Ankhha /Nekhha wi hou a i le 1 33 wi hou a i le Ti: Kai X y p nzw , zAb 1 163 * wo names on a g a i o # h ee names on a g a i o PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 102 To compa e he epe oi e o scenes in he mas aba o P ahshepses wi h ombs o some high o icials om he second pa o he Fi h Dynas y, e.g. he omb o Sened- jemib In i (B o a ski 2001) o he omb o Akhe he ep (Da ies 1901), we ma kedly lack he “daily-li e” scenes which make he pic u e o he household membe s mo e complex. The e a e only a ew scenes wi h ga dene s on he chapel’s no h wall and scenes wi h ishe men, he ds- men milking cows and an o e see o poul y on he sou h wall o he chapel in he omb o P ahshepses ha ha e su i ed up o he p esen . As a esul , some common p o essions absen a e as ollows: washe s, a me s o people who had o end o he needs o P ahshepses in he a ea o ood and d ink – bake s, b ewe s, as well as wdpw-se an s. Household se an s a e in P ahshepses’ household ep esen ed by se e al “bu che s”, and mana- ge ial unc ions hen a e ep esen ed by he “o e see o he linen” and he al eady men ioned “o e see o he poul y” (see ab. 2). Ano he g oup o indi iduals depic ed in he omb can e lec he pa on-clien ela ionship. Ma celo Campagno (2014: 13) s a es ha he la ge households depic ed in some Old Kingdom ombs, such as hose o Ti, o Nyankhkhnum and Khnumhe ep, p obably included no only a kinship g oup bu also iends o dependen s o di e en ypes likely ela ed o he omb owne h ough pa onage ies. In his ca ego y, Ch is ophe Ey e (1987: 5–46) includes c a smen wi h i les connec ed wi h he oyal cou (designa ed wi h “p -aA” o “nzw ”).30 Ey e s essed ha hey had highe s a us han he o dina y wo kmen. He also poin ed ou ha hey we e only a ailable by allowance o he s a e. Ne e heless, no such i le is a es ed in he iconog aphy o P ahshepses’ omb, bu we can asc ibe i o he agmen a y p ese a ion o he wall elie s. Wi hin he g oup o o dina y c a smen, D enkhahn asc ibes a sligh ly highe s a us o sculp o s, who a e ep esen ed in P ahshepses’ omb (see ab. 2), and o a ce ain ex en also pain e s (D enkhahn 1995: 331–343). Acco ding o he s udy, sculp o s made up a dis inc g oup among c a s- men, which she deduced om de ails in scenes o c a wo k, such as hei designa ion as mHnk, “ ewa ded”, and because hei wo k was p oduced exclusi ely o u nish ombs. As such, hey we e employed only o he du a ion o hei commission, no being pe manen membe s o an o icial’s es a e. O he indi iduals appea ing in eli e ombs can be consid- e ed clien s o he omb owne s. They a e pe sons labelled wi h he i le sn-D . , “his b o he o he une a y es a e”, as Mo eno Ga cía (2007: 117–136) e e ed o hem in one o his a icles. Bu i is ques ionable i hese pe sons a e no a he con ac wo ke s (Ma ina Ba doňo á, pe sonal communica ion). Mo eo e , indi iduals wi h such i les a e comple ely missing in he omb o P ahshepses, bu hey a e igu ed in o he izi ial households, o ins ance in he omb o Senedjemib In i (B o a ski 2001: 75, 87, ig. 61), o hey a e eco ded in he Abusi papy i (Posene - -K iége 1986: 397–398, 472–475). Hin s o pa onage can also be seen in scenes in which a pe son occupies an honou able posi ion among amily membe s/impo an o icials/household manage s bu is no iden i ied wi h a co esponding i le ( o ins ance kA-p ies P ahshepses; see ig. 3); o i an indi idual appea s on he walls o he omb se e al imes, o ins ance, a ce ain Hezy in he omb o he izie , Sesha he ep He i (G 5150), al hough o he pe sons clea ly o highe posi ion do no appea in he mas aba epea edly (Kanawa i 2002: 28, Pls. 9, 47). Howe e , i is impo an o say ha hese pe sons can, a he same ime, e lec a dis an /unsaid kin ela ion. Hie a ic insc ip ions Fo econs uc ion o he social ne wo k a ound Vizie P ahshepses, we ha e a g ea oppo uni y o use ano he p ese ed sou ce – he hie a ic insc ip ions eco ded as builde s’ o masons’ ma ks on he co e walls o he izie ’s mas aba (see Ve ne 1992). I is he la ges co pus o hie - a ic insc ip ions which has so a been assembled in he Abusi nec opolis (Vymazalo á, o hcoming b). I amoun s o mo e han 400 g a i i. This co pus con ains a g ea a ie y o insc ip ions: no only building and phyle signs, qua y ma ks, da es and geome ic ma ks, bu also abou 30 di e en pe sonal names (Ve ne 1992: 186, ab. 5). In his ype o insc ip ion, a name alone, a name and a i le, a name and a da e, o all h ee – a name, a i le and a da e, is eco ded. The e a e se e al possible in e p e a ions o g a i i wi h a pe sonal name/s. Some schola s conside g a i i wi h a name o be a dona ion he subo dina e olun a ily p o- ided o was obliged o p o ide o his mas e , in pa icula wi h ega d o g a i i eco ded on he walls o oyal mon- umen s, while pe sonal names eco ded in a non- oyal omb we e ega ded o be he designa ion o he omb owne o pe sons closely associa ed wi h him (Bo cha d 1907: 146; Bo cha d 1909: 46).31 Pe a And ássy (2009: 6–8) sugges s he blocks o s ones insc ibed wi h pe sonal names could ha e been le o e ma e ial collec ed om he Abusi nec opolis and hen used o he cons uc ion o P ahshepses’ omb. As holde o he i le “o e see o all wo ks o he king”,32 P ahshepses could ha e used ma - e ial o iginally in ended o cons uc ing ombs o his subo dina es; o con a ily, hese pe sons migh ha e gi en he blocks o ma e ial as a sign o hei espec o hei mas e , as was usual in a oyal con ex (Vymazalo á 2014: 278). In con as , Mi osla Ve ne (1992: 185) s essed he connec ion o pe sonal names wi h he supe ision, inspec ion and con ol mechanism o he cons uc ion wo ks, in cases whe e se e al pe sons and a da e a e eco ded (see ab. 3).33 An impo an ole in in e p e ing g a i i is played by he o ien a ion o an insc ip ion. In he collec ion o gi en g a i i, we ind insc ip ions on blocks in si u o ien ed upside-down ( o ins ance, see Ve ne 1992: No. 43, 106 o 163), indica ing ha he eco d was c ea ed be o e he block was ins alled in i s place. Bu we can only specula e whe he he insc ip ion was insc ibed on he s one in a qua y, in a s o e oom di ec ly on he nec opolis, o on some o he occasion. The e a e en pe sons occu ing in bo h he iconog aphy and g a i i o he mas aba (see ab. 3).34 Simila o he elie s, he equency o i les connec ed wi h he sphe e o body ca e is qui e s a ling. Pe sons wi h such i les occu al oge he on 53 blocks om a o al numbe o 141 g a i i bea ing a pe sonal name and a i le.35 In he THE HOUSEHOLD OF AN EGYPTIAN DIGNITARY PES XIX/2017 103 PES XIX_2017_s udied_90-136_PES 14.12.17 9:47 S ánka 103