The Analysis of the creative industry linked in connection with the economic development

In oduc ion We conside he abili y o c ea i e hinking o be he basic elemen o he social de elopmen . This unique abili y in luences no jus he quan i y and quali y o goods p oduced [15]. I also shapes he socio-cul u al de elopmen o a socie y. The in luence o he c ea i i y on he p og ess o he socie y is becoming mo e and mo e in ensi e. The ac is p ope ly analysed among scien i ic heo ies by he c ea i e economy [12], [13]. This heo y is based on he g ow h heo ies and supplemen s hem wi h a socio-cul u al and u ban aspec . Among main au ho s dealing wi h c ea i i y, we coun Jane Jacobs [8], [9], Cha les Land y [16], John Howkins [7], Richa d Flo ida [4] e c. This de elopmen has signi ican ly in luen- ced he s uc u e o economy i sel [10] and enabled he c ea ion o a new concep o “c ea i e indus ies” [3]. The o mal oo s o his concep o igina ed in G ea B i ain (1997) whe e he labo go e nmen o Tony Blai es ablished he Depa men o Cul u e, Media and Spo (DCMS). This was ounded o moni o he c ea i e indus ies in o he coun ies. Howe e , i is necessa y o add ha he e is no uni a y de ini ion o c ea i e indus ies. One eason is he ambiguous de ini ion which ies o cap u e inpu s, p oduc s and se ices [2]. The o he is he di e gen cul u al backg ound o e e y coun y. Despi e he p esence o hese inconsis encies, we can no e ha c ea i e indus ies play a signi ican ole in economy o e e y Eu opean coun y and hei impo ance will be inc easing. This is con i med by he ac ha in he yea s 2000–2005 he a e age ise in he in e na ional ade wi h c ea i e p oduc s was 8.7%. The alue o expo o he c ea i e goods and se ices eached almos 425 billion dolla s in 2005. This ep esen s he 3.4% o he o al numbe o wo ld ade (UNCTAD). The sales wi hin c ea i e indus ies we e calcula ed a 654 billion dolla s in 2003, i g ows wel e imes as e han o al economy o Eu opean Union. In addi ion he c ea i e indus ies c ea e 5.6 million o job acancies in Eu ope [18]. Many signi ican scien is s ha e been dealing wi h he c ea i e indus ies. Among hese we e e o no men ioned au ho s such John Ha ley [5] and Da id Hesmondhalgh [6]. Conce ning he analysis o c ea i e indus ies in he Czech Republic hese egional a emp s should be men ioned: Rumpel, Slach & Kou sky [17] o Bedna & G ebenicek [1]. The e we e also a emp s o analyze c ea i e indus ies on he na ional le el Kloudo á [12], Ji ciko a [11]. The goal o his wo k is o ca y ou he analysis o c ea i e indus ies wi hin he indi idual egions o he Czech Republic. The s uc u e o he analysis is based on he ela ion be ween c ea i e indus y and he o al pe o mance o he economy. This ela ion is analyzed no jus om he s a ic poin o iew, he included long- e m end secu es dynamic pe spec i e on he a ea esea ched. 1. The C ea ion o Hypo hesis and Me hodological P ocedu es The basic p esump ions o his s udy a e based on he ac ha c ea i e indus ies a e booming apidly in he de eloped coun ies. They a e becoming he signi ican elemen o egional de elopmen and compe i i eness. The Czech Republic belongs o he coun ies o Cen al Ekonomie 32 2014, XVII, 1 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-1-003 THE ANALYSIS OF THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY LINKED IN CONNECTION WITH THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Ji ka Kloudo á, Ondfiej Chwaszcz EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 32 Economics 331, XVII, 2014 Eu ope. These coun ies s a ed he p ocess o poli ical and economic ans o ma ion a he u n o 80’s and 90’s. The p e ious compa a i e ad an age o cheap labo has been disappea ing and he e is a need o seeking o new possible ways o de elopmen . Based on his ac he i s hypo hesis was de e mined. This assumes mo e signi ican de elopmen o he c ea i e indus y han o o al economy. The s udy expec s ha his end is o be caused by closing he gap be ween Cen al and Wes e n Eu ope oge he wi h he e o o main aining o compe i i eness. The le el o he c ea i e indus y boom should co espond o he le el in Wes e n coun ies in las ew yea s. The o he hypo hesis is dealing wi h he ela ion be ween he p esence o he c ea i e indus y and some basic mac oeconomic indica o s; a his poin , he exis ence o posi i e co ela ion linkage is p esumed. This ac would con i m he signi ican unc ion o c ea i e indus ies wi hin he economies o he de eloped coun ies. The na u e o he c ea i e indus ies should be likely o show highe le el o c ea i e indus ies in he egions ied o a huge u ban agglome a ion. On he basis o de e mined hypo heses he me hodology was selec ed. This me hodology p oceeds om he DCMS s uc u e. On he o he hand i is simpli ied and co esponds o basic classi ica ion o economic ac i i ies (NACE). The s uc u e is nowadays used by bo h Czech and Eu opean s a is ic o ices. I is documen ed by his s udy ha his me hod is applicable wi hin in e na ional compa ison, oo. The a eas included in he c ea i e indus y a e ela ed o bo h In o ma ion and Communica ion (IaC) as same as P o essional, Scien i ic and Technical ac i i ies (PSTa). F om he ange o NACE hese i ems belong o he g oup J and M (Tab. 1). Tab. 1: The selec ed s uc u e o indus y (NACE) classi ied in he c ea i e indus y JIn o ma ion and communica ion M00 P o essional, scien i ic and echnical ac i i ies J58 Publishing ac i i ies M70 Ac i i ies o head o ices; managemen consul ancy ac i i ies J59 Mo ion pic u e, ideo and ele ision M71 A chi ec u al and enginee ing ac i i ies; p og amme p oduc ion, sound eco ding echnical es ing and analysis and music publishing ac i i ies J60 P og amming and b oadcas ing ac i i ies M72 Scien i ic esea ch and de elopmen J61 Telecommunica ions M73 Ad e ising and ma ke esea ch J62 Compu e p og amming, consul ancy M74 O he p o essional, scien i ic and echnical and ela ed ac i i ies ac i i ies J63 In o ma ion se ice ac i i ies M75 Ve e ina y ac i i ies Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own Fo a e i ica ion o he ela ion be ween he c ea i e indus y and mac oeconomic indica o s he wo k c ea es new Index o C ea i e Indus y (CII) o each egion. The s uc u e o his index is based on he ela ion be ween he p esence o a c ea i e indus y in he egion and i s a e age alue in all egions. The esul ing index is analyzed by he applica ion o he co ela ion analysis oge he wi h some mac oeconomic indica o s. This p o ides he answe o he o he hypo hesis o his s udy. 2. The De elopmen o C ea i e Indus y in he Czech Republic The basic indica o , which cap u es he de elopmen c ea i e indus y p oduc ion in common p ices wi hin he yea s 1990–2010, con i ms he inc easing end o a p oduc ion. The wo ldwide inancial c isis caused sligh dec ease in PSTa and a he same ime cu he booming end o IaC in 2009 and 2010. Yea - on-yea he PSTa dec eased by -6.6% in 2008–2009. Howe e , in compa ison o o al economy pe o mance which dec eases by EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 33 9.0% he c ea i e indus ies de ec ed lowe downswing. The IaC e en aised by 1.6% in he same pe iod. The whole pe iod is cap u ed in he ollowing igu e. Ekonomie 34 2014, XVII, 1 Fig. 1: The p oduc ion by he a ea (CZ-NACE) – in mil. CZK, common p ices Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions The nex igu e is dealing wi h simila s a is ic as a p e ious one. This igu e links he p oduc ion in he obse ed pe iod o yea o 1990, which has he alue se a he le el o 100. We can no ice ha he p oduc ion o IaC a ea g own mo e apidly. The p oduc ion was eigh imes highe in 2010 han in 1990. In compa ison o he o e all economy i is ex eme inc ease. Iden ically, he PSTa ha e eached almos double g ow h han he o e all economy g ow h in he same pe iod. This ac con i ms he cons an ly inc easing impo ance o he c ea i e indus ies in his pe iod o ime. A he same ime we need o add ha he c ea i e indus y was a almos ze o le el be o e 1990. The doo o he de elopmen o he c ea i e indus ies was open widely wi h he ans o ma ion o he ma ke economy. Fig. 2: The p oduc ion – olume indexes (yea 1990 = 100) – by he a ea (CZ-NACE), %, 1990 = 100 Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions , , , , , , , . . . . . . EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 34 Economics 351, XVII, 2014 Besides he olume o he p oduc ion, i is necessa y o obse e he de elopmen o in e na ional ade o he c ea i e indus ies. I was al eady men ioned ha he in e na ional ade wi h he ou pu s o c ea i e indus ies eaches highe inc ease han a e age indica o s o he in e na ional ade. The ou pu s o he c ea i e indus ies a e usually easily adable so hey can suppo he expo o he gi en a ea o i s economic de elopmen . The e o e indi idual egions should seek an expansion o he c ea i e indus ies. The expo o goods and se ice om c ea i e indus ies keeps an inc easing end in he Czech Republic (Figu e 3). Howe e , he e was a dec easing end de ec ed in some yea s. The mo e impo an in o ma ion a he igu e is a ac ha he inc easing end was slow in he obse ed pe iod (1990–2003). The g ow h in he ollowing yea s was e en mo e signi ican . We can assume ha he Czech Republic could no compe e wi h i s c ea i e indus ies p oduc s and se ices o he Wes e n coun ies a beginning o economy ans o - ma ion. The e o e he expo was ocused on expo o p oduc s om o he economic a eas. Recen ly, he end o expo ing he p oduc s om c ea i e indus ies has eached high le el. This indica es ha he Czech Republic has ans o med success ully in o de eloped economy. Fig. 3: The expo o goods and se ices (FOB) – by commodi ies (CZ-CPA) – mil/CZK, common p ices Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions Ano he signi ican con ibu ion o he c ea i e indus ies is he c ea ion o new job acancies. These demand he highe educa ion and he e o e he be e emune a ion and highe axa ion. In compa ison o he inc ease o he le el o p oduc ion he e is no such a signi ican change in he amoun o people employed. Howe e , e en he e he inc ease occu ed. In he obse ed pe iod he a io o he people employed wi hin he c ea i e indus ies was aised by 2.78%. The Figu e 4 shows he de e- lopmen o indi idual sec ions o c ea i e indus y in he Czech Republic. The highe employmen a e is de ec ed a PSTa (2010 – 5.63%). The new job acancies wi hin he c ea i e indus y c ea e he highe sala ies s a um which spends i s money wi hin he egion and suppo s he economy o he egion. The Figu e 5 documen s his by he a e age sala y o he c ea i e indus y, which is compa ed wi h he o al a e age sala y. The a e age sala y in bo h sec ions o he c ea i e indus ies has been g owing as e han he a e age sala y in he whole economy. The sala ies did almos no di e be o e 1990. Wi h he ou se o he ma ke economy he labo ma ke was eleased and he sala y de i ed om he kind o he wo k. The a eas o IaC we e exceeding he a e age sala ies in economy by 46%. I became e en 86% in 2003. I was less s iking in he a ea o PSTa. Ne e heless, he sala ies in his a ea we e highe by 10% in 1990 and by 23% han he o al a e age sala y o he economy. The pe cen age di e ence be ween he sala ies in 2003 co esponds o he di e ence in he ollowing yea s. , , , , , EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 35 Employees in he na ional economy – acco ding o economic a ea (CZ-NACE) – Fig. 4: he igu e ep esen he de elopmen o he c ea i e indus y employmen a io o all employees in he indus y Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions Fig. 5: The a e age mon hly sala y in he na ional economy – by he a eas (CZ-NACE). In housands CZK/employee, common p ices Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions Ekonomie 36 2014, XVII, 1 The comple e o e iew o he c ea i e indus y de elopmen o he o al economy de elopmen is p esen ed in he Table 2. A selec ed indica o s he change wi hin he pe iod is indica ed (∆5 yea s = 2005/2010; ∆10 = = 2000/2010; ∆15 = 1995/2010). The basic indica o ela ed o he p oduc ion o c ea i e indus y con i ms he assump ion ha hese speci ic a eas would each he highe ou comes han he o al economy. This ac was con i med in all obse ed pe iods. The analogous is he expo o he c ea i e indus ies p oduc s. The expo o he PSTa a ea did no each such an inc ease as a o al expo in he obse ed 15 yea pe iod. Howe e , i has been acqui ing he in ensi y ecen ly and he a e age alues o expo a e exceeded. . . . . . . , , , , , EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 36 Economics 371, XVII, 2014 Tab. 2: The de elopmen o c ea i e indus y wi hin he ime wi h ega d o he a e age de elopmen o he indica o s (%) In o ma ion P o essional, To al and scien i ic and communica ion echnical ac i i ies P oduc ion – by sec o (NACE) ∆5 yea s 30.5 30.9 22.2 ∆10 yea s 87.8 96.5 69.4 mil. CZK, cu en p ices ∆15 yea s 355.6 213.7 161.9 Expo s o goods and se ices ∆5 yea s 57.2 88.2 28.0 ( ob) – acco ding o ype (CZ-CPA) ∆10 yea s 235.1 104.6 86.3 mil.CZK, cu en p ices ∆15 yea s 433.3 98.4 249.5 Impo s o goods and se ices ∆5 yea s 45.3 32.3 27.4 (ci ) – acco ding o ype (CZ-CPA) ∆10 yea s 166.1 13.8 71.6 mil. CZK, cu en p ices ∆15 yea s 296.7 84.0 210.0 Wo ke s in he na ional ∆5 yea s 30.0 15.8 2.0 economy – by sec o (NACE) ∆10 yea s 41.5 32.3 3.4 numbe o employees ∆15 yea s 67.2 27.1 -1.5 Wages and sala ies – by ∆5 yea s 48.1 36.2 21.7 indus y (NACE) ∆10 yea s 142.9 109.6 73.1 mil. CZK, cu en p ices ∆15 yea s 375.0 221.9 152.7 A e age mon hly sala ies in ∆5 yea s 19.3 18.0 22.0 he na ional economy – by ∆10 yea s 81.2 80.6 72.7 sec o (NACE) housand CZE pe empl., cu en ∆15 yea s 201.1 214.2 175.4 p ices Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions The c ea i e indus ies ha e been c ea ing a huge amoun o job acancies. This end is con i med also in he Czech Republic. The a io o employees wi hin c ea i e indus y has been inc easing du ing he ime. The a io has inc eased by 30% in IaS and by 15.8% n PSTa in he las 5 yea s. The simila inc ease was de ec ed also wi hin he sala ies paid in he c ea i e indus y. Rega ding he a e age sala y he e is a signi ican inc ease wi hin he long pe iod. In compa ison o he na ional economy he sala ies wi hin he c ea i e indus ies ha e aised by 25.7% in he IaC and 38.8% in PSTa (∆15). The opposi e end has been de ec ed wi hin he las 5 yea s when he a e age inc ease in c ea i e indus y sala ies was below he g ow h in he whole economy. This ac can be explained by he global economic c isis. Many pos s wi hin he c ea i e indus y a e e y lexible he e o e he decline o he demand a ec s he sala y le el mo e quickly. Howe e , speaking in he absolu e numbe s he le el o he sala ies wi hin he c ea i e indus ies is de ini ely highe han he le el o he a e age sala y in he na ional economy. The a e age sala y was 24,377,- CZK, and i was 43,450 wi hin IaC and 30,849 wi hin PSTa in 2010. The pape conside s no jus he na ional le el, bu i analyses also he ep esen a ion o he c ea i e indus ies wi hin he indi idual egions o he Czech Republic. The C ea i e Indus ies Index was c ea ed o his analysis (CII). I s cons uc ion is based on he a io o c ea i e indus ies on he o al p oduc ion and he a io o people employed in c ea i e indus ies o he o al manpowe . The CII was de e mined o each egion o he yea s 2009 and 2010. The highes ep esen a ion acco ding o CII occu s in capi al ci y o P ague. The second posi ion belongs o he egion o Sou h Mo a ia. The bo h hese egions a e ied o he wo bigges ci ies o he Czech Republic. This con i ms he assump ion ha he c ea i e indus y is mainly concen a ed in he big agglome a ions. This is EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 37 unde lined by he egion on he hi d posi ion which is geog aphically igh ly connec ed wi h he capi al ci y o P ague. The o he side o he igu e belongs o he egion o Ka lo y Va y which is amous o i s ec ea ional po en ial. Ekonomie 38 2014, XVII, 1 Fig. 6: C ea i e Indus ies Index o he Czech Republic egions Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions The CII se es no jus o mapping o he c ea i e indus ies in he egions bu i also con ibu es o an analyzing o he ela ion be ween c ea i e indus ies and economic le el in he egions. The hypo hesis was o mula ed in he in oduc ion; his p esumes he posi i e co ela ion be ween he c ea i e indus y p esence and some mac oeconomic indica o s. This was con i med wi h he use o co ela ion analysis. The ou comes a e cap u ed in he Table 3. Regions wi h highe le el o he CII in mos cases each a highe GDP, mo e job acancies and highe a e age sala ies. The Table 3 se s he alues o a co ela ion coe icien . The close a e he alues o 1 he highe is he mu ual connec ion o indi idual indica o s. The CII i sel eached he igh con- nec ion o in he ela ion o open job acancies by he co ela ion coe icien o 0.51 in 2010. The ela ion was e en mo e signi ican in p e ious yea . The co ela ion analysis o CII and i s ela ion o GDP indica o s was luc ua ing a ound 0.95 o co ela ion coe icien . Iden ically, he ac is con i med wi hin indi idual he sec ions o he c ea i e indus y by he ela ion o p oduc ion and o employees in he c ea i e egions. Acco ding o he able 3 c ea i e indus ies con ibu e o he de elopmen o he economic le el o he whole egion. The high posi i e co ela ion be ween CII and GDP indica o s con i ms ha . To analyze his ela ion closely he Figu e 7 was c ea ed. This igu e cap u es all esea ched egions. The GDP pe capi a indica o is cap u ed on he x axis, he CII in 2008 is cap u ed on he axis y. Wi h all egions cap u ed in he igu e he linea end and coe icien o dominance we e de e mined. They con i m he igh ness. I is ob ious ha one egion is beyond om he esea ched ange. The egion o capi al ci y o P ague is ound in he uppe pa o he igu e. This egion de ec s he signi ican p esence o c ea i e indus ies and oge he wi h highe economic le el. O he egions s agna e a i s sigh . Fo he eco d he ange was analyzed epea edly wi hou he capi al ci y o P ague. This means ha he egion which signi ican ly di e s om he es was emo ed. The ollowing co ela ion analysis examined he ela ion be ween CII and GDP pe capi a. The co ela ion coe icien was 0.77 wha is s ill posi i e co ela ion. . . . . . . EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 38 Economics 391, XVII, 2014 Tab. 3: The ela ion be ween c ea i e indus y and mac oeconomic indica o s showed by he co ela ion coe icien Yea Vacancies GDP pe GDP pe Ne cash capi a pe son empl. income (CZK) (CZK) (CZK) Businesses by CZ-NACE p incipal ac i i y In o ma ion and communica ion 2010 0.508 0.936 0.941 0.874 2009 0.794 0.954 0.964 0.902 P o essional, scien i ic and echnical ac i i ies 2010 0.376 0.860 0.872 0.740 2009 0.679 0.862 0.876 0.749 The employed in he na ional economy by CZ-NACE In o ma ion and communica ion 2010 0.587 0.969 0.961 0.908 2009 0.841 0.971 0.975 0.909 P o essional, scien i ic and echnical ac i i ies 2010 0.506 0.912 0.879 0.849 2009 0.876 0.958 0.938 0.913 C ea i e indus ies C ea i e indus ies index 2010 0.540 0.957 0.947 0.888 2009 0.840 0.973 0.973 0.910 Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions Fig. 7: The ela ion be ween C ea i e indus ies index and GDP pe capi a (2010) Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice; own calcula ions We can conclude on he basis o he analysis ha he p esence o he c ea i e indus ies wi hin he egion has an impo an impac on he egion. These impac s a e e lec ed by c ea ion o new job acancies o he inc ease o he p oduc ion exp essed by GDP. I he egions wan o main ain he compe i i eness, hey should aim he suppo a he c ea i e indus ies. This would indi ec ly suppo he u u e de elopmen . Conclusions The c ea i e indus ies ha e become he signi ican pa o he economy o he de eloped coun ies. The p opo ion o in he o al p oduc ion is s ill inc easing and c ea i e indus ies employ mo e and mo e labou . The goal o his pape was o analyse he si ua ion o c ea i e indus ies in he Czech Republic. Fo his pu pose he wo k de ined he c ea i e . . . . . . 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 39 indus ies by he s a is ic classi ica ion o he economic ac i i ies (NACE). This classi ica ion is used by Czech S a is ical O ice and EUROSTAT. Despi e he signi ican simpli i- ca ion he s uc u e has been e ec i e and i con i med he selec ed hypo hesis. The i s hypo hesis p esumed he g ow h in impo ance o he c ea i e indus ies in he Czech Republic. The wo k analyzed he pe iod om he ime when he Czech Republic en e ed he ma ke en i onmen (1990) o yea 2010. In compa ison o he na ional economy he signi ican inc ease in p oduc ion and expo was con i med wi hin he c ea i e indus ies. The p opo ion o he people employed wi hin he c ea i e indus y was inc eased oo in compa e o o al employmen in he economy. These people eaches highe sala ies and pays mo e money di ec ly o indi ec ly back o s a e budge . The di ec ela ion be ween he p esence o he c ea i e indus ies and economy o he egion was con i med while es ing he second hypo hesis o his wo k. The C ea i e Indus ies Index (CII) was c ea ed o e i y his hypo hesis. The index enabled o measu e he p esence o he c ea i e indus ies wi hin he egions o Czech Republic. The ollowing co ela ion analysis p o ed ex emely s ong posi i e ela ion be ween he p esence o c ea i e indus ies and selec ed mac o- economic indica o s. These indica o s a e GDP, job acancies and a e age income. On he basis on he ou comes, he con ibu ion o he c ea i e indus ies o na ional and egional de elopmen is mo e han signi ican . The aimed suppo o hese indus ies should posi i ely in luence he de elopmen and compe i i eness o he egion. This s a emen should be con i med by analysis wi hin he o he de eloped coun ies. Au ho s a e hank ul o he In e nal G an Agency o FaME UTB No. IGA/FaME/2013/033 o inancial suppo o ca y ou his esea ch. Re e ences [1] BEDNÁ¤, P., GREBENÍâEK, P. Mapping C ea i e Indus ies in he Zlin Region. Jou nal o Compe i i eness. 2012, Vol. 4, Iss. 1, pp. 20-35. ISSN 1804-1728. [2] CIKÁNEK, M. K ea i ní p Ûmysly pfiíleÏi os p o no ou ekonomiku. P aha: Ins i u umûní – Di adelní ús a P aze, 2009. ISBN 978-80-7008-231-7. [3] FLEW, T. 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The Signi icance o Business Localiza ion Fac o s in he Czech Republic. C ea i e and Knowledge Socie y. 2012, Vol. 1, Iss. 2, pp. 16-36. ISSN 1338-4465. [11] JIRâÍKOVÁ, E. K ea i ní p Ûmysl a jeho ˘konnos . In Sbo ník pfiíspû kÛ z meziná odní ûdecké kon e ence Finance a ˘konnos i em e ûdû, ˘uce a p axi. Zlín: Uni e zi a Tomá‰e Ba i e Zlínû, 2009. ISBN 978-80-7318-798-9. [12] KLOUDOVÁ, J. K ea i ní ekonomika a její mûfiení. Ekonomick˘ ãasopis / Jou nal o Economics. 2009, Vol. 57, Iss. 3, pp. 247-262. ISSN 0013-3035. [13] KLOUDOVÁ, J., CHWASZCZ, O. T ans o - ma ion o 3 Model owa ds he Compa ison o C ea i e Cen es wi hin he Eu opean Union. E+M Ekonomie a Managemen . 2012, Vol. 15, Iss. 4, pp. 56-70. ISSN 1212-3609. [14] KLOUDOVÁ, J., CHWASZCZ, O. New Way o Analysis o C ea i e Cen e s wi hin Eu ope. Economics and Managemen . 2011, Vol. 16, pp. 197-206. ISSN 1822-6515. [15] KRAFTOVÁ, I., KRAFT, J. High ech i my a o ba boha s í zemích EMEA. E+M Eko- nomie a Managemen . 2010, Vol. 13, Iss. 4, pp. 4-20. ISSN 1212-3609. [16] LANDRY, C. The C ea i e Ci y: A Toolki o U ban Inno a o s. Nea S oud: Comedia/ /Ea hscan, 2000. ISBN 978-1853836138. Ekonomie 40 2014, XVII, 1 EM_01_14_zlom 20.3.2014 8:44 S ánka 40