EXPLORING FORMER & MODERN VIEWS: A CATCH-ALL TO ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

206 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen EXPLORING FORMER & MODERN VIEWS: A CATCH-ALL TO ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS Ales Be ge 1 1 Uni e si y o H adec K álo é, Facul y o In o ma ics and Managemen , Depa men o In o ma ics and Quan i a i e Me hods, Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0001-9624-586X, [email p o ec ed]. Abs ac : In li e, e e yone aces pe sonalized condi ions such as ageing, disease, and impai men s in hea ing, ision, o mobili y. In addi ion, some indi iduals a e bo n wi h disabili ies ha can limi hei pa icipa ion in a ious a eas o li e, including wo k, educa ion, and daily ac i i ies. Assis i e echnology (AT) is a ield ha aims o p o ide ools and esou ces o acili a e he needs o indi iduals wi h disabili ies o impai men s. This a icle e iews he la es ad ances in AT, ocusing on using In e ne o Things (IoT) echnologies o p o ide inno a i e solu ions. The a icle discusses he deploymen o assis i e de ices in a ious a eas, such as building access, in o ma ion access, and wo k and educa ion pa icipa ion. The goal o his esea ch is o highligh he po en ial o AT o imp o e he li es o indi iduals wi h disabili ies and o p o ide an o e iew o he cu en s a e o he ield. The a icle also discusses he use o IoT-based solu ions in assis i e echnology and iden i ies p omising a eas o u u e de elopmen and deploymen . By p o iding a comp ehensi e e iew o he la es ad ancemen s in AT, his esea ch aims o con ibu e o he ongoing e o s o enhance unc ional capaci ies and imp o e he quali y o li e o indi iduals wi h disabili ies. Keywo ds: Assis i e echnology (AT), in e ne o hings (IoT), ne wo ks, de ices, human suppo , disabili ies, ins uc ional echnology. JEL Classi ica ion: M15, M21. APA S yle Ci a ion: Be ge , A. (2023). Explo ing Fo me & Mode n Views: A Ca ch-All o Assis i e Technology Applica ions. E&M Economics and Managemen , 26(1), 206–218. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In oduc ion One o he newe models, he Human Ac i - i y Assis ance Technology (HAAT), shows ha when human enac men encompasses he p ac ice o assis i e manoeu es, he pe o mance depends on some ele an ac- o s ela ed o people, ac i i ies, and assis i e echnology p oduc s. In ecen cen u ies, he manda e o he g ow h o senio medical se - ices ha u ilize new echnologies and suppo independen li ing has ampli ied. Some ac i- i ies ocus on obse ing and e ol ing in e nal au onomy, exclusi ely o he old and people wi h in i mi ies. Many solu ions a e based on speci ic echnologies such as WLAN connec ion o In e ne o Things (IoT) sys ems, especially o a humanoid iden i y o an ex ensi e collec- ion o in e io ameni ies (Baucas e al., 2021). Howe e , comple e independence in pe o m- ing daily asks and ac i i ies is a challenge o people wi h disabili ies, including hose wi h isual impai men s. Se e al s udies open up new oppo uni ies by p oposing ools, me hods, and assis i e echnologies (AT) o o e come many obs acles. Web and mobile applica ions, such as home au oma ion sys ems, ha e been p oposed o make e e yday ac i i ies mo e ac- cessible and con enien . Howe e , coope a ing wi h ne wo k g ids and po able applica ions is o en p oblema ic o hose who canno see o need good digi al skills. Fu he mo e, oday’s esolu ions a e o en mul i a ious and labo ious E+M_01_2023.indb 206 28.2.2023 10:03:11 207 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen due o he nume ous daily mo emen s o s eps equi ed o pe o m epe i i e asks. To his end, Lepo ini e al. (2019) p oposed a sound-based elec onic de ice o in eg a ion in o ligh ing sys ems o lamps (including sma bulbs) o ligh ing es s. Simila ly, web access o use s wi h poo eyesigh is a long- e m p oblem. Al hough his p oblem is usually managed by web/cons uc- ion design, i is s ill being de e mined whe he he p oblem is in eading pages o in he sys- ems used o ead pages. Pe ie e al. (2006), including an access es o 100 websi es wi h 51 disabled use s, closed ha blind use s ha e many p oblems using websi es, as well as o he disabled use s. Real access equi es minimal scanning ime o ind speci ic in o ma ion. Con- inuous eading o web pages does no p o ide his ype o access. Fo example, use s ha e o na iga e h ough many menus and headings be o e accessing he ac ual ex ual con en o he page. Howe e , i use s can na iga e a web page based on seman ic blocks, hey can ge o he page’s ac ual con en as e and skip all menus and o he sec ions o he page. (de Joode e al., 2010). Au ism, also known as Au ism Spec um Diso de (ASD), is an unp ec- eden ed disease o he b ain, which ela es o a wide ange o complex ne e diso de s cha - ac e ised by di icul y, social skills, ecu ing be- ha iou s, and in e es s in a e y concen a ed senso y manne . Au ism can p o ide challeng- es o people a ec ed by he wo k en i onmen and e e yday li e. Howe e , en i onmen al se - ings s ill g adually modi y he ba ie o people su e ing om his disease. People wi h ASD ha e limi ed skills and canno isola e hei i e senses, which a e o en excessi ely used in he case o music, ouch, la ou s, a oma, ligh , colou s o empe a u es. In his pe spec i e, he people in ec ed wi h unusual challenges can be subjec o mos people, especially in c owded en i onmen s ha a e no associa ed wi h p emises. De eloping echnologies ha in ol e au is ic use ecogni ion can be challenging, es- pecially gi en mul iple collabo a ions’ un eliable capabili ies and impac . Wali and San ilippo (2019) p o ide de ails on he la es ad ances in echnology se ices o people wi h ASD in he wo kplace in hei daily li es, including a a ie y o di e en senso s. To suppo such e lec ion, one p esen ed ele an skills and echniques emphasising he apeu ic and psychological aspec s (I ano e al., 2006). The humani a ian coo dina ion sys em p o- g essi ely ecognises and add esses he needs o pe sons wi h disabili ies a isk, p omo ed by he 2006 Uni ed Na ions Con en ion on he Righ s o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies (CRPD). The p opo ion o olde people in he es o he popula ion has inc eased signi ican ly (Uni ed Na ions, 2014). Since demen ia is an ageing- ela ed neu odegene a i e disease, he numbe o demen ia pa ien s wo ldwide is expec ed o inc ease om 24.3 million in 2006 o 81.1 mil- lion in 2040. The penal ies o he g owing need o ca e o he p ojec ed numbe o people wi h demen ia a e o conce n. One ac ic o his new c isis is o de elop assis i e echnologies ha can compensa e o he physical and cogni i e de ici s o he elde ly wi h demen ia (Fleming & Sum, 2014; Zwijsen e al., 2011). Technology has been applied o e e y aspec o humani a - ian e o s, including special aining. The use o suppo echnology in a comp ehensi e edu- ca ional sys em p o ed help ul as i p o ides imp o ed me hods and oppo uni ies o doing hings. In he pas en yea s, a numbe o s ud- ies ha e shown he e ec i eness o suppo - ing people wi h lea ning p oblems. Assis an academic echnologies a e o en used as an ex ensi e synonym o assis i e echnology, bu ano he wo d con i ms he ole o in eg a ed suppo echnology and in eg a ion in o ming disabled s uden s. Along wi h he compu e , he equi ed ini ia i e p og ams a e s o age, audio & ideo sys ems, and use access, which can ans e and add ess in o ma ion. As Rabonye (2020) men ioned, i is simila o IT bu mainly ocuses on communica ions ools, comp ising he In e - ne , wi eless ne wo ks, po able headse s, and added s a emen s. The e o e, ICT can be done o lea n he academic pe o mance o s uden s wi h disabili ies because i is easy o educe no es in chap e s and o he scien i ic ac ions such as esea ch and cus omisa ion. Howe e , using assis i e echnology o educa e s uden s wi h lea ning disabili ies allows hem o com- pe e wi h o he s uden s in e ms o academic pe o mance (Mul a i e al., 2017; Ryan e al., 2004; Sze, 2009). The au ho belie es ha he e ec i eness o he e idence suppo ing he use o he ech- nology should be e iewed o de e mine i s eliabili y and he e o e a emp o p o ide an assessmen o he s eng h o he da a analysis. The c i ical ques ion in his ega d is whe he E+M_01_2023.indb 207 28.2.2023 10:03:11 208 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen people wi h cogni i e diso de s can use hese ools in hei daily li e and whe he i is e ec- i e in s eng hening independen pe o mance because en i onmen al changes may in luence cogni i e diso de s and he e ec o aining is unknown o his g oup. This s udy explo es how echnology can help people wi h se - e al disabili ies/handicaps unc ion and imp o e hei o e all heal h by educing beha iou al p oblems and imp o ing pulmona y mood. This e alua ion aims o measu e suppo o using echnology as an in e en ion o imp o e inde- pendence, sa e y, communica ion, and heal h. 1. Li e a u e Re iew Each o us aces e ms ha ha e pe sonalized condi ions, ageing, diseases, e en s and diso - de s. Same as hea ings, ision, managemen , mo ili y, wo k and educa ion pa icipa ion. Some o us a e bo n wi h disabili ies o diseases o o e come he bounda ies o ou li es. As a e- sul , as a way ha he po en ial is a ec ing e e yone, o as a pe sonal o indi ec use , one can unde s and he alue and impo ance o pe o mance issues. Fo example, a disabled pe son canno comple e impo an ag eemen s hey ace. Howe e , anyone who has selec ed he app op ia e assis i e echnology de ice, pu chased he p oduc and ecei ed aining and suppo o i s use can use AT o pe o m he same asks p e iously di icul o impos- sible. Wi h he igh equipmen and echnical suppo se ices, people can do hei jobs mo e e ec i ely, e icien ly and independen ly wi h- ou equipmen (Sze, 2009; Young & Mihailidis, 2010). Assis i e echnology is o en a unique p oduc designed o special educa ional e- qui emen s and disabled people. The e iew o e s ex ensi e snapsho s o in o ma ion o un- de s and he abili y o educa ional echnology. One can maximize i s educa ional and p ac ical social and economic bene i s by maximizing he unique educa ional equi emen s o s u- den s. I people seem o ha e app op ia e AT, one can pe o m o execu e asks ha canno be g adually illed in o execu ed. As pa o he echnology used in academic ins i u ions (such as educa ional echnologies), he design and ma ke ing o echnical suppo and echnology a e used in he company. The pu pose o he li e a u e was o collec e idence om uni e - si y da abases and g ey li e a u e (no indexed magazines, con e ence, and echnical epo ). The pu pose is o comp ehend he s a e o he a (as in he li e a u e o doc o s) and he si ua ion o science (as in pee in es iga ion esea ch li e a u e) ega ding AT applica ions, esul s, and s uden ad an ages. Diso de s come in many o ms and in ensi- ies. Unde s anding whe e, when, how, and o whom assis i e echnologies may wo k equi es unde s anding bo h he dep h o esea ch in a pa icula disabili y ca ego y and he b ead h o echnologies ha suppo c ucial ou comes. This b ie o e iew p o ides e idence o AT ap- plica ions o all special needs and disabili ies a all le els o he educa ion sys em. Mos esea ch-suppo ed echnical in e en ions ocus on speech, language, and communica- ion diso de s and he use o communica ion sys ems known as augmen ed and al e na i e communica ion de ices (AACs). This amoun o esea ch da a p o ides a way o people o communica e wi h each o he . The ea lie i is, he be e he ou come o independence, edu- ca ional pe o mance, and quali y o li e (Be ge & Maly, 2019; Ja a & Nagesh, 2021; Manship e al., 2019). Mos ag ee ha many people ha e much capaci y o inc ease he powe o disabled people. AT can be awa e ha i can be help ul o each he public p ocess, which can help he use each public cou ses. Use s can also suppo doing any hing o lea ning new con en . Ne e heless, many obs acles ha e success in he daily li e o people. Despi e he g owing in e es and awa eness o he po en ial o assis i e echnologies in helping people wi h disabili ies access adi ional p og amming and de elop ansi ional skills, as e idenced by ed- e al law, many obs acles emain. No all g oups ha e exac bounda ies be- cause he economic esou ces a e he same. Second, he high cos o access o equipmen and ypes o se ices, lack o in o ma ion abou lack o unding, and lack o in o ma ion abou amilies wi h disabili ies a e o en signi ican ba ie s (Hollie & Abou-Zah a, 2018). Thi d, mo e echnical expe ise is needed. Fo ex- ample, he e a e p oblems wi h p og ams, p o- g am mee ings, and many academic p og ams o specially- ained eache s. Fou h, he need o egula suppo can be a big p oblem. Fi h, quali y issues a e o en a signi ican p oblem, and people wi h disabili ies do no use assis- i e echnology. Finally, al hough people wi h disabili ies and hei amilies can use AT, mos pu chases a e disca ded. The main easons E+M_01_2023.indb 208 28.2.2023 10:03:11 209 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen o lea ing a e: (1) a lack o conside a ion o he essen ials o olks wi h in i mi ies and/o hei amilies; (2) a amily membe o he apis chose auxilia y echnology o he indi idual; (3) complex de ice design elemen s ela ed o se up, p og amming, and po abili y; (4) lack o unding o he de ice; (5) un eliable ech- nology; (6) lack o echnical suppo ; and (7) equipmen ha a ouses ad e se in e es in he indi idual. A p esen , s uden s wi h disabili ies and handicaps a e ep esen ed as s uden s wi h special equi emen s and handicaps na u e e e ywhe e in socie y. The global u ili y o e s access o ins umen s on e e y sma phone, able PC, lap op, and desk op compu e . Pa - en s and eache s a e ecommended o explo e accessibili y ea u es as he i s impo an s ep o s uden s explo ing access o hei de ices. To e ec i ely coo dina e he capaci ies o second- a y echnologies, i will be necessa y o s u- den s, pa en s, eache s, o icials, policymake s, de elope s, and se ice p o ide s o scale he numbe o s uden s aking ad an age o e ec i e assis i e echnology (Mul a i e al., 2017). Tech- nology se ices include p oduc s and se ices ha enhance he unc ioning o child en wi h dis- abili ies. Many “high” and “low” skills help people wi h disabili ies use hei ene gy o a oid o pay o hei disabili y. The e o e, app op ia e assis- i e de ices can be powe ul ools o p omo e independence and imp o e child en’s pa icipa- ion. I can help child en mo e, communica e, see, hea , and pa icipa e in lea ning and play. Assis i e echnology enables child en o access and exe cise hei igh s and engage wi h wha is impo an o hem. Se ices can imp o e he quali y o li e o amilies and child en. Technology can be used o help people wi h a ious disabili- ies, including cogni i e and physical disabili ies. One is examining he use o assis i e echnolo- gies o imp o e child en’s lea ning. On he o he hand, his knowledge allows child en o deal wi h hei disabili ies. In gene al, assis i e echnologies comple- men s uden s’ abili ies and allow s uden s o ake compensa o y lessons o educe de ec s, such as so wa e designed o imp o e poo speech skills (Wali & San ilippo, 2019; Whi - ake e al., 2021). Assis i e echnology is equen ly endo sed as a esou ce o main ain- ing independence and he alue o li espan in g own-up adul s because i allows people o con inue li ing in hei own homes. The e hical deba es su ounding using AT in-home ca e o he elde ly do no seem o be o pa amoun impo ance. A li le discussion elies hea ily on ocused concep s like au onomy and bullying. This complica es he discussion a he han cla i ies i , as i con ains many ague concep s and assump ions. Mos mo al objec ions a e based on he idea ha humans a e indepen- den and mus make hei own decisions. I is ques ionable whe he his iew is accu a e and meaning ul in discussing he use o AT o ca e o he (weak) elde ly. O he e hical app oaches ha people conside social and ecip ocal a e mo e p ac ical and may shed ligh on he e hical aspec s o using AT (Rabonye, 2020). 2. Assis i e Aid in Ins uc ional Technology Many echnologies manu ac u ed by he use a e help ul o hose equi ing speci ic equi emen s and o a wide ange o people. The e o e, one encou ages he eache o ind chances o apply inno a i e echnologies as a pa o academic ac i i ies. O cou se, many comp ehensi e classes also use academic and auxilia y ech- nologies due o hei a luence, bu educa ional echnology is inhe en ly mo e common. Unlike assis i e echnologies ailo ed o indi idual child en’s s eng hs and needs, edu- ca ional skills suppo cu iculum eaching and acili a e lea ning. The line be ween aining and suppo has begun o blu in he cu en e a o a ailable echnological equipmen . Some echnologies, such as digi al ex books, can be educa ional and suppo i e. High- ech assis- i e echnology ools a e inc easingly common in class ooms, and all s uden s ha e access o hei expe ise (Manship e al., 2019; Wali & San ilippo, 2019). This includes a wide ange o educa ional echnologies wi h simila ea u es as auxilia y echnology. Fo example, he sound de ec ion p og am is bene icial o s uden s in eading and w i ing and is egula ly known as a echnique o disabled s uden s (Alpe and Raha ini ina, 2006). Con e sely, his echnol- ogy is e e ywhe e on cu en sma phones and o he po able de ices used by people wi hou daily disabili ies. Ideological p og ams, and oid de ices, and wo d p ocessing a e equipped wi h many ea u es o auxilia y echnology, such as oice ecogni ion, p edic ion, spelling, and au oma ed modi ica ion. As a esul , mos echnologies ha help and p o ide in o ma ion a e sca e ed (Rabonye, 2020). E+M_01_2023.indb 209 28.2.2023 10:03:11 210 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen Schools ha e made i possible o access suppo echnology h ough gene ally acces- sible de ices and p og ams. Pe sonal digi al de ices a e popula and cos -e ec i e and a ailable o s uden s. They can o e a com- p ehensi e way o in eg a e suppo echnology in o he semes e . Because oday’s s uden s in- c ease he use o echnology wi hin he school, eache s should use he a ailable echniques and mus ind a way o in eg a e hem in o hei ins uc ions. The au ho p o ides a “ e o m echnology” o p o ide a gene ally a ailable de ice o backing s uden s o upkeep lea n- ing, e en i hese de ices a e unin en ional as aid. The e ision o join echnology o assis school echnology is p o ided o educe he challenges ela ed o hei use. The p ima y esea ch showed ha nea ly a hi d o dono echnological de ices had been abandoned. S uden s can gi e up hei echnologies o look di e en om hei coun e pa s and des oy hem conce ning he de ice. The abandon- men o s uden s om echnological assis ance can be educed i echnologies a e desi able and used. As a esul , business echnologies, such as sma phones, able s, mp3 games, and engaging educa ional oys equipped wi h in e nal access ea u es, can dec ease echnol- ogy adop ion. These de ices help o o e come mass p oduc ion, educe cos s, and ha e high p o essional budge s (Bowes e al., 2013; Lep- o ini e al., 2020). 3. Assis i e Technology & In e ne o Things The In e ne o Things (IoT) e e s o “a combina- ion o compu ing de ices con ained in mode n elec onic de ices ha enable he ansmission and ecep ion o in o ma ion wi hin hemsel es and wi h he use ”. IoT o en discusses in e e - ence wi h i s echnology. This means adding physical and i ual de ices based on exis ing da a o suppo high-end se ices o upg ading exis ing ones and de eloping communica ion echnology. Al hough he impo ance o he echnical ounda ions does no ejec he impo - ance o socie y, he ision o socie y is always connec ed and less a ec ed by he echnical e - ec s, and i aises i o a ec ou daily needs o Comics Poin since he 1930s (Bandyopadhyay & Sen, 2011; Bowes e al., 2013). Wi h he ad en o echnology, IoT has ound applica ions in sma ci ies, in elligen sys ems, and e en assis i e echnology. Pe spec i es o he IoT in assis i e echnology a e b igh , and di e en applica ions ha e been de eloped and implemen ed o assis he ones in need and o ease he wo k. Applica ions such as sma homes allow use s o in e ac and con ol he de ices enabling he use o wo k wi h assis- ance (Li e al., 2015). The eal-wo ld esul s ha e a highligh ed, in gene al, he loan o build he wo d “In e ne ” in 1999. People need mo e ime and accu acy. This means ha no e e yone is e y good a unde s anding a lo abou hings in his scien- i ic e a which is a ba ie o IoT. The limi s o human in e ac ion unde sco e he po en ially signi ican bene i s o he In e ne o Things as a iable echnology, bu only i all membe s o socie y expe ience hese bene i s. 15% o he wo ld’s popula ion has a li e ime o disabili y (WHO, 2022). One o he main de e en s o he employmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies is c ea - ing a highe educa ion en i onmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies. I is essen ial o conside whe he i is mo e accessible in an educa ional con ex . Recen indings add ess signi ican limi a- ions and inconsis encies in access o global heal hca e. COVID-19 hus emphasizes he impo ance o heal h and ac s as an engine o imp o e business and ela ionships. Howe e , well-es ablished heal hca e sys ems a e ac- ing challenges ne e seen be o e by popula- ion, ansmission, and public heal h changes. The clinic ocuses on imp o ing he e iciency and e ec i eness o se ices. Physicians mus ake ad an age o new echnologies ha can im- p o e hei abili y o p e en , diagnose and ea disease. IoT de ices wi h assis i e echnology o e many ad an ages o medical se ices, bu he e is also a p oblem wi h pa ien s, da a ime, se ice in e ac ion, ha dwa e limi a ion, and p i- acy. P i acy and secu i y o pe sonal pa ien in o ma ion we e always in e es ed in childca e se ices. Deli e y on a wi eless connec ion con ains ulne abili ies ha can play wi h use in o ma ion (de Joode e al., 2010). Con inu- ous da a ans e can lead o se e down ime and ne wo k conges ion. Also, a discon inuous da a low can be de imen al o he se ice o applica ions needing da a o access he se e in eal- ime. Rega ding in e ope abili y, some echnology se ices do no wo k and only collec o send da a. The heal h se ice is e- sponsible o ans o ming his in o ma ion in o a help ul manne o diagnosing o e alua ing E+M_01_2023.indb 210 28.2.2023 10:03:11 211 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen pa ien s. Howe e , da a submissions and slow p ocessing p e en s apid esponses om public heal h agencies and delay es ing unde challenging si ua ions. Sys ems ha enable apid in e ac ion be ween clinics and pa ien s can deli e as e and mo e eliable se ices. A he same ime, he pe o mance o he se ices is limi ed by he b ims o he equipmen used o collec and send da a. Re e ing in pa icula o he abili y o he de ice o mee he elec ical and ope a ional needs o he se ices p omp ly (Edybu n, 2020; Fe nandes e al., 2006). Tab. 1 summa izes he wo k ha inco po- a es he IoT wo k which has been done o as- sis he ones in need. 4. Me hods and Discussion In he 21s cen u y, he e ha e been coun less ad ances in echnology. The e is a cohe en heme unning h ough his p og ession. I is a ecu ing pa e n ha s a s wi h a su p ising in en ion ha p omises exci ing new ea u es o a lucky ew, e en ually changes, and ul ima ely bene i s almos e e yone. The li e a u e e iew Re e ences Ta ge ed expe ience Desc ip ion Assis ance a ea Ka mel e al. (2019) Dumb dea and blind Google API, a Raspbe y Pi-based de ice o assis he audibly challenged by aking inpu as audio and con e ing i o ex ; o he isually impai ed, con e ing image o ex and con e ing o audio; o he ocally impai ed, he de ice akes inpu as ex by he onsc een keyboa d, con e s i o audio, and, ia he speake , gi es he speech Communica ion Shubanka e al. (2019) Dumb dea and blind Sign language ges u es a e picked up by he glo es and con e ed o speech; he sys em inco po a es OCR and li e acking Communica ion Kuma e al. (2021) Dumb and dea Sign language is based on speci ic commands o communica e wi h people and con e sion o speech; in o ma ion ans e using messages and and oid applica ions as well; eme gency ale o he ca e ake Communica ion Guo and Bai (2014) IoT based heal hca e o he elde ly and disabled Fou -le el models a e sugges ed o he heal h moni o ing home-based pa ien s o doc o s and emo e consul a ion; i al signs can be moni o ed and au oma ically sha ed wi h he hospi al Heal hca e Hussain e al. (2015) Heal hca e o he elde ly and disabled wi h IoT and sma ci ies People-cen ic sensing sys em p oposed which moni o s he heal h and, in case o abno mali ies in s a s, sha es he eme gency enabling app op ia e esponse Heal hca e La i e al. (2017) Heal hca e o he elde ly and disabled wi h IoT and oice analysis SVM and IoT-based sys ems we e de eloped o analyze he oice o he diseased o ca e ing o he medical eme gencies o people su e ing om hys e ia, bipola diso de , e c. Heal hca e Khan e al. (2020) Heal hca e o he elde ly and disabled wi h IoT IoT-based sys ems and ideas o wea able de ices o enable moni o ing o he heal h o he disabled and elde ly Heal hca e Be ge and Maly (2018) Dea o ha d o hea ing Sma glasses solu ion based on a neu al ne wo k ha cap u es he oice om su oundings and con e s i in o app op ia e ex and display o be e unde s a ing o he use Su ound eel aid Bempong e al. (2015) Dea o ha d o hea ing A sma home in eg a ion sys em was de eloped ha , when in eg a ed wi h he sma home, would allow dea o ha d o hea ing people o access IoT-based sma homes and ea u es Con ol and accessibili y Tab. 1: Assis i e echnology applica ions – Pa 1 E+M_01_2023.indb 211 28.2.2023 10:03:11 212 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen Re e ences Ta ge ed expe ience Desc ip ion Assis ance a ea Kim e al. (2009) Disabled and s oked/sick Mobile o LAN, ne wo k-based emo e consul a ion o s oked on disabled people o medical p esc ip ion and moni o ing, was de eloped and es ed Consul a ion and moni o ing Tuna e al. (2015) Disabled and elde ly WSN-based heal h moni o ing o he elde ly and disabled using he senso s; a sys em is capable o up-g ada ion o obse e pa e ns o beha iou Moni o ing Send a e al. (2014) Moni o ing o elde ly and disabled A sma phone-based collabo a i e amewo k was de eloped in which da a om he mobile senso s was used o p edic he case o an eme gency based on da a om he neighbou ing phones; any odd beha iou could be obse ed based on he neighbou ing da a wi h a ein o cemen lea ning-based model Moni o ing and eme gency Akhund e al. (2020) Disabled and COVID-19 a ec ed people An IoT-based obo ic agen was de eloped o handing o e hings (medicine, ood, e c.) o minimize he in e ac ion o COVID-19 s uck disabled people aiding he mobili y o deli e ing he needs wi hin he same house In-home deli e y o main ain isola ion Chaudha i e al. (2016) IoT-based assis ance o he disabled(dumb, dea , and blind) and elde ly Assis i e li ing o an elde ly and disabled sys em uses senso s and IoT o ale he use abou collision a oidance and household objec iden i ica ion and p o ide con ol o bo h Mobili y, ecogni ion, and con ol assis ance Be ge e al. (2017) Blind o isually impai ed Sma glass solu ion o undamen al na iga ion issues, which a e usable o daily suppo o blind o isually impai ed people Mobili y assis ance Kuma e al. (2017) Blind o isually impai ed Ul asonic senso based walking s ick o blind o isually impai ed o wa n o obs acles by de ec ing hem Mobili y assis ance Nada e al. (2015) Blind o isually impai ed IR based mobili y assis ance walking s ick o blind o isually impai ed o de ec and wa n o obs acles. Mobili y assis ance Sumi e al. (2019) IoT based all p e en ion o disabled sys ems The IoT-based amewo k was de eloped o assis disabled people om alling, which could esul in inju ies; he sys em u ilizes an accele ome e o iden i y a all, ale s use s abou alls, and no i ies ca e ake s and medica e a endan s Mobili y assis ance Isyan o e al. (2020) IoT based home con ol o disabled IoT-based oice-con olled de ice o con ol home appliances was de eloped o disabled people p o iding mo e in e ac ion and con ol wi h he daily li e home en i onmen and basic de ices o need Home de ises con ol assis ance Schmi e al. (2012) Blind/ eading disabili y The use o a eading pen o ins uc ional pu poses and e iciency was checked in he s udy; al hough he numbe o subjec s was small, he use o a eading pen helped he blind o memo ize wha was w i en Blind/ eading disabili y Plumme and Meindl (1972) Blind A di ec ansla ion om ex o he speech-based sys em was de eloped, which would scan and con e he wo ds on he page a a speed o 80 wo ds pe minu e Ins uc ional/ eading aid Khan e al. (2020) Blind An AI-based sys em was de eloped o assis mobili y by de ec ing obs acles, and an image- o-speech con e e assis s he blind wi h eading Mobili y and eading Ahmed e al. (2016) Dea The de eloped sys em ac s as a sign language in e p e e , con e s he speech o sign language, and shows i by 3D anima ed signs using he sc een In e ac ion/ speech in e p e e Sou ce: own Tab. 1: Assis i e echnology applica ions – Pa 2 E+M_01_2023.indb 212 28.2.2023 10:03:11 213 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen aims o iden i y and e alua e e idence o he suppo and p o i s o assis i e echnology. Technical audi s deli e ed h ough he o icial se ice we e p o ided o p i a e o pe sonal use. Audi p ocesses a e iden i ied and ha e a wide ange o e idence and an in eg a ed app oach. The me hod used o assess he cos -e ec i eness o he assis i e echnology is di e en , and i is appa en om he beginning ha he e idence was low. A documen o a i- ous measu emen s o pe cei ing such emo e echnology should help. Assis i e echnologies ha e g ea u u e po en ial, especially when add essing eg ession issues mo e cos -e ec- i ely han adi ional se ice deli e y me hods. O e he pas 100 yea s, echnological p og ess has been inc edible as we keep he whole o human knowledge on ou palms. How- e e , in many un o una e aspec s, one is no always able o p oceed wi h assis i e echnol- ogy. The con inued imp o emen o he exis ing echnology is he only ac o de e mining he ex ensi e app o al o he wo k, he school, and he home/ho el echnology, which can be osy. Howe e , his echnique, obliging o one and all wi h a disabili y ha gi es access o daily li e, should be assumed, used, and app o ed. Implemen ing a new assis i e echnology de- pends on he pe spec i e o many mo e people han jus hose who bene i physically. Ins uc- o s, colleagues, and amily play an essen ial ole in his ega d. Mo eo e , wi h ha comes many biases and misconcep ions ha can p e- en o delay an excellen ool o p ocess om aking ull ad an age o i s in ended use s. Fo such conce ns, he echnology aces dis inc- i e bu plausible hind ances. Equipmen is as nominal as he people ained o such auxilia y echniques. The au ho used he c i e ia o Cice one e al. (2005) o e alua e he eminence o eclaimed s udies. The au ho ’s amewo k con ains e idence-based endo semen s o he p ac ice o assis i e echnology in he na u al wo ld and how people wi h di e en cogni i e diso de le els seem o apply i in a ious disciples, loca- ions, and o clinical ehabili a ion. Fi y pape s we e s udied, o which hi een we e disca ded on behal o quali y assessmen , ou een was ma ked as duplica e and wen y- h ee me inclu- sion c i e ia. Tab. 1 p o ides de ails abou he implemen ed s udies which we e selec ed. Like all o he s, esou ces mus be p esen o enable he comple e execu ion o assis i e echnology. In gene al, he e is no money. Auxilia y echnol- ogy is an ex a agance o coun less olks wi h handicaps because hey canno manage o pay o i . E e y business and o ganiza ion ha e s ood ou because o he cons ain o cheap echnology o ee se ices. Fo said easons, he li e a u e has also conside ed cos and ben- e i di e ences, as p esen ed in Tab. 2. The e iewed s udies we e classi ied in o main ca ego ies acco ding o he asse s o examina ion. Tab. 3 ou lines he assis i e echnology goals included in he s udy. Again, some ools a e so e sa ile ha hey appea in mul iple ca ego ies. Type Cos s Bene i s Numbe Pe cen (%) Numbe Pe cen (%) Financial 14 52 19 70 Physical 9 33 16 59 Psychological 11 41 15 56 Social 12 44 17 63 O ganisa ional 6 22 8 30 Socie al 4 15 9 33 The publica ion does no e e o cos s o bene i s 5 19 6 22 O he 3 11 4 15 Sou ce: own Tab. 2: Types o cos and hei pe cen age E+M_01_2023.indb 213 28.2.2023 10:03:12 214 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012 In o ma ion Managemen The ange o ea u es is impo an because he p oblem a ises in he con ex o economic easibili y s udies. Tab. 4 lis s whe e he e- la ed echnologies will be deployed. The able ocuses on home echnologies and shows ha some o he echnologies included can also be used in public acili ies. The sea ch ocuses on a a ie y o ou - comes. This may a ec he le el o bene i s, le el o pe sonal ea men , men al o emo ional well-being, and/o bene i s associa ed wi h human in e en ion wi h he se ice. In some cases, hese esul s a e due o echnology p o ide s. In o he cases, i is a decision made by he pa icipa ing scien is s. In many cases, he sea ch conside s mul iple possibili ies. Depending on he measu emen esul s, he pe o mance measu e o he cos may p oduce di e en esul s. Tab. 5 shows pe son-le el ou comes. Conclusions The ad en o IoT in he consume sec o may no be a new concep , bu i s po en ial as an assis i e echnology o people wi h eme ging disabili ies is being ecognized. Connec i i y, a o dabili y, he shee olume o da a a ailable, and he way we in e ac wi h ha da a daily allow he IoT o bene i many a eas, including highe educa ion. In o ma ion p o ided by people wi h disabili ies guides some IoT po en ial es p ojec s. Fi s o all, using eal- ime audio ex , o Google Home. Roles Numbe Pe cen (%) Mobili y/na iga ion based 14 61 Heal h & moni o ing 15 65 Eme gency based 6 26 Educa ion 9 39 Communica ion 16 70 Remo e consul a ion 6 26 Home de ices con ol 7 30 Things deli e y 29 Sou ce: own Ca ego y Loca ion Numbe Pe cen (%) Medical Hospi als 3 13 P ima y cen e s 29 Dayca e 1 4 P i a e Apa men s 5 22 Ca e homes 3 13 Local Municipal 1 4 Thi d sec o 2 9 Social wo k homes 29 No speci ic loca ion Na iga ion aids 3 13 O he 29 Sou ce: own Tab. 3: Assis i e echnology oles s udied Tab. 4: Loca ions o equipmen E+M_01_2023.indb 214 28.2.2023 10:03:12