The level of physical development and motor performance of middle school age girls from the Banská bystrica region

94 THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE GIRLS FROM THE BANSKÁ BYSTRICA REGION Pe a Kolodzejo á *Aleš Suchomel Uni e si y o Ma ej Bel Facul y o Humani ies Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo Tajo ského 40, 97401, Banská Bys ica, Slo akia [email p o ec ed] * Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec Facul y o Science, Humani ies and Educa ion Depa men o Physical Educa ion. S uden ská 2, 460 17, Libe ec 1, Czech Republic [email p o ec ed] Abs ac The aim o a icle was o de e mine he le el o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance o middle school age gi ls in a p ima y school in Banska Bys ica. The es ed g oup consis ed o 41 gi ls o Spojo a P ima y School in Banská Bys ica in decimal a e age age o 11.59 yea s. We ha e esea ched hei physical de elopmen on he base o measu emen o basic soma ic pa ame e s: body heigh , body weigh , BMI, skin old on he a m ( iceps) and skin old on he cal (medial cal ). Mo o pe o mance was measu ed using he modi ied es ba e ies used in he s a e o he SR en iched educa ional p og am on he lexibili y es s (S anding b oad jump, si -ups in 30 seconds, Shu le un 10 x 5 m, Pull up, Endu ance shu le un, Si and Reach). Obse ed esul s we e compa ed wi h measu emen s o Mo a ec e al. (2002), gi ls om Spojo a school achie ed in wo es s (shu le un 10 x 5 m, push-ups) s a is ically signi ican ly wo se esul s, whe eas in one es (si -ups in 30 seconds) s a is ically signi ican ly be e ou come and in he h ee es s (s anding b oad jump, endu ance shu le un, si and each) we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences. The esea ch esul s con i m he insu icien le el o school gi ls School Da a link and ecommended limi ing he each le el A. This able modi ied by gi ls assigned o he g oup wi h low physical i ness. A ached a e he esul s o he inpu measu emen o expe imen al in es iga ions aimed a he possibili y o inc easing le els o physical i ness h ough i ness 12 weeks in e en ion p og amme. Resea ch is ca ied ou unde he g an VEGA 1/0840/09 e ec i eness o new app oaches i ness aining in spo s games. Keywo ds: physical de elopmen , mo o pe o mance, middle school age gi ls. In oduc ion The le el o physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o child en in school age is no cu en ly dedica ed wi h as much a en ion as his issue dese es. Nega i e phenomena in he physical and mo o de elopmen o s uden s con i med he conside able amoun o esea ch bo h he e and ab oad. They poin ou ha he s a e o physical de elopmen is no co esponding o he le el o mo o pe o mance and ha he e a e di e ences by school ype and by he ex en o a e -school physical educa ion and spo ac i i ies. This issue is add essed in he wo k o 95 hese au ho s: Celiko sky e al. (1979), Syko a (1972), Pa ek (1980), Seme ka (1982), Mo a ec e al. (1990, 2002), S el (1997), Suchomel (2004, 2006), Š ihec (1999) and also he Coope Ins i u e (2003). Realised s udies o hese and o he au ho s such as Kun zleman & Rei (1992), McMu aye al. (1995), Malina e al., (2004), Bezdeko á (2005) show ha he le el o physical i ness and mo o pe o mance is di ec ly ela ed o heal h, psychological well-being, and ha oday's young gene a ion comes ou o he compa ison wi h he pas gene a ion as mo e ad anced physically, bu i s physical i ness does no keep pace wi h he physical de elopmen . This ac is la gely caused by he lack o egula physical ac i i y and imp ope egimen. One o he ways how o change his si ua ion is o ocus on he quali a i e aspec s o educa ional p ocess in school physical educa ion (Jü imäe Jü imäe T. & J., 2001). The opic o ou epo was c ea ed in o de o ocus on he issue o mo o pe o mance and physical i ness in he selec ed iles. We deal wi h he gi ls in middle school age and he ob ained esul s cha ac e ize he cu en s a e o mo o pe o mance o emale s uden s in selec ed elemen a y schools. Acco ding o He be e al. (1988), he school-age gi ls a e in ol ed in spo s ac i i ies in a smalle numbe wi h less in ensi y and o a sho e pe iod o ime. On he basis o lack o pa icipa ion he e also a ises a low physical i ness. I is e y impo an o no e ha mo o pe o mance, physical i ness and heal h a e ac o s ha make he men al and in ellec ual po en ial o pupils and s uden s bu also o he adul popula ion. Mo emen and spo s ac i i ies should ha e a unique place mainly in child en and you h. The impo an ole in shaping he pe sonali y is o o m an indi idual whose ela ionship o ac i e spo and mo emen is posi i e (Kasa, 1994). Only in a small amoun o school child en he e was o med a las ing posi i e ela ionship o ac i e mo emen conce ned in he in e es s o ec ea ional ac i i ies and spo s. All his has esul ed in he inc easing numbe o child en wi h low i ness le els, many boys and gi ls ha e a ious heal h p oblems and excess weigh (Mo a ec e al., 1990). Acco ding o Kea ing & Sil e man (2009), i is necessa y o ully unde s and he ole and he impo ance o es ing physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o young people in school, which is an impo an p e equisi e o good heal h and i is a pa o issue o school educa ion in he subjec o physical and spo s educa ion. Fo his pu pose we use es s as ools o e alua e he pe o mance o physical educa ion and aining p ocess, bu also o indi idual and g oup pe o mance e alua ion. We conside hem as a signi ican and one o he main diagnos ic ools in he wo k o eache s, educa o s, aine s and so on. Ce ainly hey a e also mo i a ing o ces, because hey in ol e indi iduals in he di ec ion o u he mo o and physical de elopmen and sel -imp o emen (Mikus, Kasa, Syko a, 1991). C ea ing posi i e a i udes owa ds physical ac i i y and physical i ness a his age can be posi i ely e lec ed in he le el o physical ac i i y in la e li e (Bunc, 1994, Wes co e al. 1995; Ignico & E h idge, 1997). 1 Aim The aim o epo was o de e mine he le el o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance o middle school age gi ls in p ima y school in Banska Bys ica. 96 2 Me hods To ob ain a da a o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance o he 10-11 yea s old emale s uden s, he e was selec ed a single c oss-sec ional esea ch. I s objec s we e gi ls o he 6 h yea o ully o ganized p ima y school in he s ee Spojo a in Banska Bys ica. The es ed gi ls ell wi hin he no mal popula ion, i.e. gi ls who pa icipa e in compulso y school physical educa ion wi hin h ee hou s pe week, and hose who pa icipa e in in e es physical and spo s ac i i ies. Tes ing included 36 school gi ls o p ima y school in Banska Bys ica. Acco ding o Mo a ec (2002), Slo ak a e age was es ed by he ained eams o scien i ic p o essionals in collabo a ion wi h s uden s and eache s o physical educa ion du ing mos o he yea 1993. Tes ing by sys em Eu o i was a ended by all pupils o selec ed classes o 23 p ima y schools. The e we e 122 es ed gi ls in decimal age o 11.51 yea s. Physical de elopmen was e i ied on he basis o measu ing he basic soma ic pa ame e s: body heigh , body weigh , BMI, skin old on he a m ( iceps) and skin old on he cal (medialcal ). Mo o pe o mance was measu ed using he modi ied es ba e y used in he s a e o he SR en iched educa ional p og am on he lexibili y es s (S anding b oad jump, si - ups in 30 seconds, Shu le un 10 x 5 m, Pull up, Endu ance shu le un, Si and Reach). The main me hods o e alua ing he ac s, used in ou esea ch, a e: a i hme ic a e age, s anda d de ia ion, ables and ba cha s, BMI, one-sample - es unequal a iances. 3 Resul s and Discussion In Table 1 we can see di e ences in measu ed alues o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance o gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a and Slo ak a e age. Tab. 1 O e iew o he esul s and di e ences in physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance ZŠ SR Di e ence  s  S ZŠ-SR BH 150.86 6.79 151.43 8.26 -0.57 cm BW 41.55 9.02 39.85 8.25 +1.70 kg BMI 18.42 17.54 D. AGE 11.59 11.51 SF T 12.91 5.37 9.81 6.71 +3.10 mm SF MC 13.37 5.88 10.81 4.25 +2.56 mm JUMP 148.86 20.01 154.52 18.43 -5.66 cm SU 24.36 1.86 21.67 4.31 +2.69 10x5 24.22 4.20 21.86 1.98 +2.36 s PU 8.47 6.64 18.61 15.59 -10.14 s ESR 37.55 14.46 38.57 16.66 -1.02 SaR 19,00 7.11 21.64 6.20 -2.64 cm 97 In Table 2 we can see ha 66.2% o gi ls om p ima y school Spojo á a ained in all es s acco ding o modi ied able o Mo a ec (1996) minimum basic s anda d. Only 9.4% o gi ls achie ed le el o pe o mance abo e a e age s anda d and so in he es o Endu ance shu le un he e we e 11 gi ls and in he es Pull up 6 gi ls. Based on hese indings, we can conclude ha physical i ness and mo o pe o mance on he p ima y school is on a e y low le el and he e o e we ecommend o s eamline hou s o physical educa ion on non- adi ional physical ac i i ies (hockey, ound - hockey, ingo, Pila es, ae obic e c.) and mo i a e gi ls o a e -school physical ac i i y. Tab. 2 Numbe o gi ls included in he a ious s anda ds acco ding o modi ied able S anda d/ numbe o gi ls Shu le un 10x5 S anding b oad jump Si -ups in 30 seconds Endu ance shu le un Pull up C 0 0 0 11 6 B 8 17 3 11 5 A 28 19 33 14 25 Toge he 36 36 36 36 36 Legend: A = minimum basic s anda d, B = a e age s anda d, C = abo e he a e age s anda d (Hause , 2008) Tab. 3 S a is ical signi icance o he inc ease in physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o he s uden 's one-sample es Soma ic pa ame e s and es s o mo o pe o mance P (T˂= ) P alue o es ˂0,05 BH 0.53918* BW 0.37355* BMI 0.00201* D. AGE 0.01577* SF T 0.14461* SF MC 0.00035* JUMP 2.5116* E-08 SU 1.4902* E-09 10x5 0.72046* PU 0.05603* 98 F ig. 1 Compa ison o body heigh Fig. 2 Compa ison o body weigh In Figu e 1, we compa ed he body heigh o wo iles. School gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a eached du ing ou esea ch lowe le el o body heigh wi h di e ence 0.57 cm. Figu e 2 shows ha p ima y school Spojo a gi ls, al hough hey showed lowe le els o body weigh , hei physical addi ions show he opposi e alue wi h he inc ease which is abou 1.7 kg om he Slo ak na ional a e age o gi ls. F ig. 3 Compa ison o skin old on iceps Fig. 4 Compa ison o skin old on medialcal On he igu es 3 and 4 we can see he skin old hickness a iceps and medialcal . In e ms o gene ic de e mina e body a componen o he on ogene ic pa e ns does no gi e in as much as he basic physical dimensions, especially heigh o he body (Mo a ec, 2002). Bigge alue o he skin old hickness on iceps wi h di e ence o 3,1 mm and he cal wi h 2,56 mm was eco ded in gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a. The physical de elopmen can con i m ha only in he a e age hickness o iceps skin old was con i med s a is ical signi icance (see Table 3). F ig. 5 Compa ison o s anding b oad jump Fig. 6 Compa ison o shu le un 10 x 5 m In igu e 5 we can obse e di e ences in he explosi e powe o lowe limbs in a es S anding b oad jump o he na ionwide a e age in compa ison wi h he es ing o he se a he p ima y school Spojo á. Based on one - sample - es we can conclude ha in his es we did 150,86 151,43 150,4 150,6 150,8 151 151,2 151,4 151,6 cm ZŠ SR Body heigh ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 41,55 39,85 39 39,5 40 40,5 41 41,5 42 kg ZŠ SR Body weigh ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 12,91 9,81 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 mm ZŠ SR Skin old on he a m ( iceps) ZŠ Spojo á P ieme SR 13,37 10,81 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 mm ZŠ SR Skin old on he cal (medial cal ) ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 148,86 154,52 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 cm ZŠ SR S anding B oad Jump ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 24,22 21,86 20,5 21 21,5 22 22,5 23 23,5 24 24,5 sec ZŠ SR Shu le Run 10 x 5 m ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 99 no con i m he s a is ical signi icance, see he able 3 (0.145*). Tes S anding b oad jump showed ha gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a had wo se a e age esul s in he explosi e powe o lowe limbs and in es esul s lagged behind he Slo ak a e age wi h 5.66 cm. The e alua ion aimed a es ing o he c oss-coun y speed accele a ion (Figu e 6). In e ms o es ing, we can conclude ha he Slo ak a e age achie ed signi ican ly be e esul s again. P alue o - es is less han 0.05 and i means ha in his case he s a is ical signi icance was con i med, see able 3 (2.5116* E-08 ˂ 0.05). The di e ence be ween a se o p ima y school Spojo a and he na ional a e age showed in he alue o 2.36 seconds. These esul s sugges ha he speed-powe capabili ies o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a a e a a low le el, whe eupon i would be mo e app op ia e o ank lessons´ exe cises o de elop speed and s eng h abili ies. F ig. 7 Compa ison o si -ups 30 sec Fig. 8 Compa ison o pull up To es he s eng h de elopmen o abdominal and hip- high muscles o Slo ak a e age and o gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a we used he es o Si -ups in 30 seconds. In a igu e 7 we can see he measu ed di e ences in a e age es Si -ups in 30 seconds be ween ou obse ed se s. Calcula ed p- alue o - es shown in a able 3 con i ms a s a is ically signi ican di e ence in bene i o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a (0.00035* ˂ 0.05). Endu ance s eng h o abdominal and hip - high muscles in he es ed g oup is signi ican ly di e en . Bes pe o mances we e measu ed in gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a and i is abou 2.69 be e han he gi ls’ na ionwide a e age. In Figu e 8 we can see ha he s a ic s eng h endu ance in es Pull up was again signi ican ly be e in he Slo ak a e age. The di e ence be ween he measu ed a e age imes (see able 3) was s a is ically signi ican (1.4902* E-09 ˂ 0.05). S a ic a m s eng h o main ain posi ion in Pull-up palms up g ip on ho izon al ba was in gi ls om he na ionwide a e age 10.14 seconds be e han in he ile o p ima y school Spojo a. F ig. 9 Compa ison o endu anceshu le un Fig. 10 Compa ison o si and each 24,36 21,67 20 20,5 21 21,5 22 22,5 23 23,5 24 24,5 N ZŠ SR Si -ups in 30 Seconds ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 8,47 18,61 0 5 10 15 20 sec ZŠ SR Pull up ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 37,55 38,57 37 37,2 37,4 37,6 37,8 38 38,2 38,4 38,6 N ZŠ SR Endu ance Shu le Run ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 19 21,64 17,5 18 18,5 19 19,5 20 20,5 21 21,5 22 cm ZŠ SR Si and Reach ZŠ Spojo á A e age o SR 100 On igu e 9 we can see he measu ed alues o he es o ae obic endu ance, which shows us a be e eadiness o Slo ak a e age gi ls. The di e ence be ween he s udied popula ion ep esen s a alue o 1.03 in his case we can speak o s a is ically signi ican di e ence (0.720). We sha e he iew ha in he le el o pe o mance in endu ance shu le un we e also in ol ed mo i a ional ac o s, me hods o making he es and he lack o p opo ional ep esen a ion o means o he de elopmen o ae obic endu ance in pe o med physical ac i i ies. The es Si and Reach, which can be seen in igu e 10, shows he ana omical condi ions in he hip-wais and back a ea o a max. ange o mo ion. Obse ed se o gi ls a a p ima y school Spojo á eached 2.64 cm wo se ou come han i was in he case o he second ollowed g oup o Slo ak a e age. The di e ence be ween measu ed da a o p ima y school Spojo a and na ionwide a e age is no s a is ically signi ican (0.0560*) in ou case, measu ed di e ence may be only coinciden al. Conclusion Based on he esea ch esul s we can conclude ha mo o pe o mance and physical i ness o esea ch iles o p ima y school Spojo a is a a lowe le el in mos o he pa ame e s o he na ional a e age o Slo akia. Obse ed esul s we e compa ed wi h measu emen s o Mo a ec e al. (2002), gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a achie ed in wo es s, Shu le un 10x5 (2.5116* E-08 ˂ 0.05), Pull up (1.4902* E-09 ˂ 0.05) s a is ically signi ican ly wo se esul s, whe eas in one es Si -ups in 30 seconds (0.00035* ˂ 0.05) signi ican ly be e ou come and in he h ee es s (S anding b oad jump, Endu ance shu le un, Si and Reach) he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences. The esea ch esul s con i m he insu icien le el o physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a. A he ecommended limi s 66.2% o gi ls achie ed le el A, which acco ding o a modi ied able assigned gi ls o he g oup wi h low physical i ness. Howe e , hese esul s canno be gene alized o he en i e popula ion. Fo p ac ice, we would like o ecommend he ollowing: - o make he pupils o p ima y school Spojo a achie e good esul s in ela ion o gene al physical pe o mance, i is necessa y o assume a posi i e a i ude owa ds physical educa ion and physical ac i i y. We should he e o e look o such p ocedu es and ac i i ies ha will con ibu e o hei de elopmen and will mo i a e pupils. I hese measu es sa is y he assump ion he physical pe o mance o p ima y school Spojo a will be a a highe le el -pe iodical check he le el o mo o pe o mance and physical i ness o s uden s wi h a ha ime mos alid es ba e ies. - in de eloping he con en o a lesson i is necessa y o ocus on he o e all physical de elopmen o he indi idual. Nowadays he compu e s a e hanks o he p og am o he Minis y o Educa ion (e.g. In o ek) ins alled in e e y school which sa is ied one equi emen o s eamline he diagnos ic sys em in school physical educa ion. I is only needed o c ea e a so wa e sys em, o upg ade es ba e ies as equi ed by he needs o he p esen and we ha e a chance o c ea e signi ican social p essu e because o he ac ual s a e o physical de elopmen and physical pe o mance o he Slo ak popula ion. 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