Pompous ladies and guarded children – Early Iron Age special burials at Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’ (Austria)
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Pompous ladies and guarded children– Early Iron Age special burials at Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’ (Austria) Holger Wendling ABSTRACT The Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’- necropolis was intermittently excavated from 1963–2003. One of the largest and most important cemeteries of the northern alpine salt centre, the ‘Eislfeld’ is characterized by the size and abundancy of grave furnishings. Similar to other Dürrnberg sites, the cemetery includes vertical sequences of grave chambers, and various multiple and secondary burials. 110 graves contained 194 buried individuals, with 84 females and 56 males as indicated by anthropological analysis. The cemetery was in use from Ha D1 until LT B1 with afocus in Ha D2/3 and LT A. Predominant inhumations are complemented by cremations, the relics of two pyres, and drystone remains of funeral architecture. Regular grave goods include food and drink, iron knives, jewellery, and some weaponry. Some female and children burials stand out with regard to exclusive grave goods including gold jewellery, imported vessels, cult items, and amulets. Burial mounds of considerable size conveyed power and wealth and promoted communal identity. KEYWORDS Hallstatt period; La Tène period; cemetery; infant burial; female burial; gender; identity; cult; cultural appropriation. DÜRRNBERG ‘EISLFELD’– GENERAL FEATURES The Dürrnberg near Hallein (Salzburg, Austria) is situated in afavourable position at some major transalpine communication lines connecting mainly the upper Adriatic, northern Italy, and Etruria with the central European Iron Age Cultures north of the Alps. Certainly, its salt made Dürrnberg one of the ‘biggest players’ in European Hallstatt and La Tène economies (Dobiat– Sievers– Stöllner 2002; Stöllneretal. 2003; Wendling 2017; Zeller 2001; 2002a; 2003). Since 2012, research results on the Dürrnberg cemeteries have been published in several volumes of Dürrnberg ‑Forschungen (Lavelle – Stöllner 2019; Moser– Tiefengraber– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2012; Tiefengraber– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2012; 2014; 2015; Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2015). Volume 10 deals with the Eislfeld cemetery, which is the largest burial ground on Dürrnberg both in terms of surface area and number of burials (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017). This most southern and, at around 800 m above sea level, highest necropolis spreads out in anorth -eastern direction alongside amajor road just above the modern centre of Bad Dürrnberg (Fig. 1). The site stretches on anatural plateau from west to east (Fig. 2). Anumber of graves had been documented in aseries of rescue excavations from the 19th century (Penninger 1972; Moosleitner– Pauli– Penninger 1974; Pauli 1978). Consistent excavations carried out at ‘Eislfeld’ by Kurt W. Zeller made up by 2003 for atotal of 104 graves with 194 buried individuals (Zeller 2004a; 2004b). Funeral activity at the ‘Eislfeld’ necropolis spans aperiod from Ha D1 to LT B1. According to the high number of burials dating to the late Hallstatt period, Eislfeld was probably used as aburial ground by the so -called Gründergeneration, i.e. the founding generation and initiSTUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2, 59–77
60 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 Fig. 1: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’. Graves and grave complexes of the late Hallstatt / early La Tène cemetery (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
61HOLGER WENDLING ators of salt mining at Dürrnberg. Aconsiderable number of burials, and the overall quantity of grave goods, confirm the continuous use of the necropolis. 88 individuals date to the late Hallstatt period and 63 individuals to the first phase of the early La Tène period (LT A). Two graves dating to LT B1 indicate the decline and end of local funeral activity, whereas at other Dürrnberg cemeteries, burials were executed also during LT B2 and until LT C (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 712–715; Lavelle – Stöllner 2019). CONSECUTIVE BURIAL AND FUNERAL MONUMENTS 150 individuals out of atotal number of 194 identified burials were inhumations, which mostly had been deposited in awooden burial chamber. The majority of individuals were buried in asupine position with laterally bent arms. As with other Dürrnberg cemeteries, many grave chambers were consecutively used as collective graves and thus may be interpreted as vaults (Fig. 3). Consecutive burials or re -opening of graves frequently resulted in the dislocation of grave goods or human remains of earlier inhumations (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke- -Schrotta 2017, 731–732; Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2015, 318–320; Wendling 2018a; 2020). The number of individuals buried in collective graves varies between seven individuals in grave 268, five individuals in grave 77 and 125, and four burials in grave 250. Grave 125 shows that, apart from the collective burial of unburnt individuals, also cremated bodies were successively placed into the grave chambers. However, at present, it is unknown how this subsequent deposition of bodies in avault -like grave chamber was actually carried out technically. No mode of access like top trap doors or lateral entrances that would explain this frequent Fig. 2: Aerial view towards the centre of the modern Dürrnberg village with the location of the Iron Age cemetery at the ‘Eislfeld’ (photo by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
62 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 Fig. 3: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 249. Consecutive Hallstatt period burials of afemale (left) and amale individual (right) in one single grave chamber (photo by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung). Fig. 4: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 363. Consecutive Ha D3 period inhumation and cremation burials in asmall grave chamber (photo by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
63HOLGER WENDLING phenomenon at the Dürrnberg burial chambers have yet been unequivocally identified (cf. Lavelle– Stöllner 2018). The size of burial structures varies from small chambers (e.g. 2 × 1.1 m, grave 363) to chambers with larger dimensions such as grave 364 (2.3 × 2.2 m) (Fig. 4). Adirect relation between the number of consecutively buried individuals and chamber size can be discerned only in some rare cases. The modification and re -structuring of grave chambers or stone revetments, which is attested at Dürrnberg’s‘Römersteig’ necropolis, has not been observed at ‘Eislfeld’ (Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2015, 160–167; Wendling 2018a). The wooden grave chambers were surrounded by stones and finally covered by aburial mound. While stone covering of grave chambers is only occasionally attested, stone revetment along the sides of the wooden chamber may have been astabilizing feature. Beyond any structural purpose, the lining of stones along the chamber walls may also have played asymbolic role. Similar notions may have led to the circular covering of grave mound 73, which produced an ostentatious visual feature of gleaming white limestone (Fig. 5). This monument is also one of the rare examples of an amorphous or circular inner burial space. Due to intensive agricultural activity and natural erosion, no burial mounds were identified on the actual surface. However, it was possible to reconstruct the size and layout of some tumuli according to circular stone alignments at the foot of the mounds. Frequently, features were partly preserved only 0.1−0.25 m below the natural surface. In the southern part of the cemetery, the terrain rose considerably and thus caused acoverage of features of more than 0.7 m. The average diameter of the mounds at Eislfeld is estimated at 6−8 m. However, some burials, such as graves 126, 138 or 373 rise to amaximum diameter of c. 12 m. Apart from graves covered by burial mounds, some individual graves do not reveal any traces of awooden chamber or stone cladding and have presumably simply been dug into the ground. As acharacteristic feature of Dürrnberg funeral architecture, the vertical addition of new chambers to an ancient burial chamber (the so -called Stockwerksbauweise or storey construction) can be observed extraordinarily well at the Eislfeld burial ground (Wendling 2018a; 2020; Zeller 1980). This vertical superposition is best illustrated by grave complex K124 (Fig.6). Several phases of mound enlargement coincide with subsequent vertical re -building Fig. 5: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 73. Acircular burial mound covered by abright limestone mantle (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
64 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 and superposition of burial chambers (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 260–290): The upper part of an existing burial mound had been removed up to the ceiling of the chamber. This roof served as aplatform for asecond chamber, which had been subsequently erected on top of the initial structure and again covered with an earthen mound. This second vault had been used to bury several individuals, both cremated and inhumated. Eventually, in athird phase of vertical growth, another chamber was built on top of the second one, which housed the remains of amale individual buried in LT B2. Thus, amulti -generation funeral activity is attested, which connected the living community by ancestral ties. Asignificant spatially alternating succession of the bodies emphasizes this personal and emotional relationship of deceased and bereaved or aparticular social connection between the individuals buried in those chambers. In every subsequent phase, the above space in the superimposed chamber was deliberately kept void by depositing the bodies at the other, adjacent side of the chamber. Fig. 6: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave complex K124. Vertical succession of three superimposed grave chambers 124, 125, and 126 (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
65HOLGER WENDLING The alternating position of the deceased presumably created an ‘undisguised view towards the sky’, which gives ahint on the perception of the afterlife in aprocess of ritual transition. Social bonds would also have determined the horizontal correlation of successive burials or graves in so -called ‘grave complexes’. Grave complexes K67 and K80, for example, consist of several different graves grouped closely together (Fig. 1). However, it is quite difficult to identify the relative sequence of grave structures. Clusters of separate graves gradually began to form acomprehensive burial monument and thus became part of the landscape (Wendling– Eggert 2018). Similar phenomena of gradually ‘merging’ mounds have been documented at other Dürrnberg cemeteries and at Iron Age burial complexes at other sites, e.g. the late Hallstatt necropolis of Schirndorf in Bavaria or at the early La Tène period cemetery of Mannersdorf in Lower Austria (Müller -Scheessel 2009; Ramsl 2011). Apart from the horizontal and vertical correlation of burial chambers, some secondary burials in astrict sense exist at Eislfeld. These simple inhumation or cremation burials had been dug into existing tumuli. However, it is not clear to what extent this practice of secondary burials reflects social, economic or judicial differences between the buried individuals or their descendants. Interconnected linear dry -stone walls made of large blocks of rock were excavated in the south eastern part of the necropolis (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 39–40) (Fig. 7). Whether these walls were built to divide the steep area into larger terraces or form an integral part of the burial monuments remains unclear. The interrelated orientation of these Blockmauern (block walls) and adjacent graves suggest an architectural connection of both features. The size, layout, and bright colour of the stones may have enhanced the visual effect and monumentality of individual graves. Fig. 7: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’. Linear drystone structures as part of an elaborate funeral architecture (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
66 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 ONE CEMETERY– DIFFERENT RITUALS As abi -ritual cemetery, apart from inhumation, cremation was afrequent ritual phenomenon at Eislfeld. 21 out of 38 cremations were deposited in grave chambers, whereas nearly an equal number of burned remains were buried in separate individual burials. The situation is similar to other Dürrnberg cemeteries with equal ratios of cremations and inhumations (Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta in print). However, coexistent cemeteries, as for example at the Hexenwandfeld or the Moserfeld necropoleis also exhibit distinct differences with asignificantly smaller number of cremated bodies. For the moment, it is difficult to suggest any satisfying explanation for the parallel execution of those burial rites. Neither sex, chronological differences nor age or any other socio -economic or identity -related distinction suggest reproducible reasons for ritual differentiation. Two features in the cemetery represent cremation sites or ancient sites of apyre (Verbren‑ nungsplatz; Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 35–39). Asmaller cremation site (VP1) was located south of grave complex K124. Another, considerably larger site (VP2) was identified in the centre of the burial ground. The date and period of use of those cremation zones can only vaguely be determined by embedded objects and stratigraphic sequences with associated graves. The latter occasionally provides contradictory data, whereas object -related chronology suggests abeginning of cremation in Ha D2/3 with aclimax in LT A(Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 37). The remains of 176 individuals were analysed by physical anthropology (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 649–697). Anthropological determination of the sex of 91 individuals resulted in the identification of 48 men and 43 women. Seven individuals showed indifferent sexual characteristics, while 79 individuals could not be assigned either sex. The combination of anthropological and archaeological data resulted in afurther specification of sex with 84 female, 56 male and two indifferent individuals, and three individuals with ambiguous sex estimation. Neither archaeological nor anthropological sex determination lead to any substantive results in 49 cases. Anthropological determination of age resulted in 54 subadult individuals and 125 adults. Only 29 of these adult individuals reached amature or senile bone age. LADIES AND CHILDREN– IRON AGE IDENTITIES Age determination at the Eislfeld cemetery reveals aquite substantial proportion of subadult individuals in the sample (n = 54; 27.8%). More than athird of these individuals are children, which makes aproportion of 10.8% (n = 21) of the overall sample of burials (n = 194) (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 670–671). Obviously, this high ratio of dead children buried at the Eislfeld indicates apersistent phase of danger in the first years of any Iron Age individual. This tenuous situation in the childhood is aresult of individual illnesses, hard work in the salt mines but also reflects general living conditions with malnutrition and hardship. Infant burials also occur in variable numbers at other Dürrnberg cemeteries and at the main settlement in the Ramsau valley (Wiltschke -Schrotta 1999). Here, they figure inside and in the close vicinity of houses but do not contain any items which may be interpreted as grave goods. In contrast, the Eislfeld stands out with regard to variability of grave goods and particularly the use of amulets. Early La Tène period grave 77, for example, contained several children and juvenile individuals, which were fitted with arange of small, presumably religious items (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 125–138)
67HOLGER WENDLING (Fig. 8). These include necklaces with glass amber beads, miniature weaponry, aboar’stusk, and asmall bronze triangle, or triscel. An almost identical set of special finds is associated in an Early La Tène burial of two children in grave 71 (Pl. 3/1): It includes glass, amber, stone, and iron beads, pendants in the shape of miniature weaponry and shoes, asmall bronze spoked wheel and triangle, deliberately mutilated jewellery and aset of bronze jingle bobs (Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 87–98). As results of sex determination of children skeletons are extremely precarious, analysis of directly associated objects may help to distinguish girls and boys. However, other archaeological, and ethnographic evidence suggests that children of either sex are not generally distinguished according to custom fittings or clothing up to acertain age (Burmeister– Müller- -Scheessel 2005). This uniformity does not necessarily exclude dualistic colour symbolism but certainly does not involve items, which may easily be distinguished archaeologically. Thus, infant individuals fitted with bracelets or anklets do not unambiguously follow ‘regular’ distinction as female according to costume rules in adulthood. In fact, during childhood, sex or rather gender may have been consistently attributed on the basis of the regular social environment. Innumerable transcultural analogies indicate that this sphere is fundamentally female. Irrespective of actual sex or gender, special objects like those in graves 71 and 77 ostentatiously conveyed meaning and probably had an apotropaic and protective purpose (Pauli 1975). The assumed post mortem fitting of adead person with amulets suggests belief in an afterlife or the notion of apossibly dangerous journey in aharmful transitional phase. Both in life and in death children were in need of protective elements reassuring safe passage from one life period into another. Most likely, the amulets associated with children only represent amaterial expression of alarger variety of ‘rites de passage’ (Turner 1964; Turner 1969, 95–96). Identical objects were sometimes also associated with adult or juvenile women who may have suffered death in an equally perilous phase of life. Extended risk potential during the early years of female adulthood is documented in the statistical documentation of age at death in several Dürrnberg cemeteries (e.g. Rabsilber– Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2017, 671; cf. however Wendling– Wiltschke -Schrotta 2015, 265). Amulets associated with Fig. 8: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 77. Consecutive Early La Tène period burials of adult, juvenile and infant individuals furnished with variable sets of amulets and costume fittings (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
74 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 of prestigious metal and ceramic vessels characterize Dürrnberg women as distinct social actors (Metzner -Nebelsick 2009). However, the pompous headdresses of golden balls and rings cannot unanimously be identified as adistinct functional ornament, of apriestess for example, or as asocial marker in abroader sense. Beyond this socio -religious sphere, graves 59 and 353 also communicate the eminent role of women in the social transformation of late Hallstatt society towards an emerging La Tène culture. Both cases exemplify the cultural appropriation of exotic and external elements (Wendling 2017; cf. Eggetal. 2009). Bronze and glass spindles figure as unique social and religious markers, which clearly relate to models derived from Este, Etruria, and other cultures of the Italian peninsula (Manca –Weidig 2014). An original Etruscan beaked flagon in grave 59 is not imitated, but transformed into an indigenous ceramic vessel in grave 353, which then gives direct impulse to one of the most intriguing icons of early Celtic art– the famous Dürrnberg bronze spouted jug (Moosleitner 1985; Wendling 2018b). BIBLIOGRAPHY Bofingeretal. 2016 = Bofinger, J.– Ebinger -Rist, N.– Eska, M.– HagnerM.C.– Sikora, P.: Die Keltendame vom „Hegelesberg“– ein unerwartetes Frauengrab bei Kirchheim unter Teck. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden ‑Württemberg 2015, 125–128. Bofinger etal. 2017= Bofinger, J.– Ebinger -Rist, N.– Eska, M.– HagnerM.C.– Sikora, P.– Steffen, C.: Langhäuser und Keltengold am Albtrauf. Rettungsgrabungen im zukünftigen Gewerbegebiet am „Hegelesberg“ bei Kirchheim unter Teck. Denkmalpflege in Baden ‑Württemberg 2017/1, 36–41. Burmeister, S.– Müller -Scheessel, N. 2005: Der Methusalemkomplex. Methodologische Überlegungen zu Geschlecht, Alter und Sozialstatus am Beispiel der Hallstattzeit Süddeutschlands. In: J. Müller (ed.): Alter und Geschlecht in ur‑ und frühgeschichtlichen Gesellschaften. Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 126. Bonn, 91–125. Classen, E. 2012: Die Dame von Ilmendorf– Ein Prunkgrab aus Südbayern. In: Die Welt der Kelten. Zentren der Macht– Kostbarkeiten der Kunst. Begleitband zur großen Landesausstellung Baden -Württemberg 2012. Ostfildern, 200–201. Classen, E.– Wiedmann, S.– Herzig, F. 2010: Mit reichem Schmuck ins Jenseits. Ein hallstattzeitliches Grab in Ilmendorf. Das Archäologische Jahr in Bayern 2009, 62–64. Dobiat, C.– Sievers, S.– Stöllner, T. eds. 2002: Dürrnberg und Manching. Wirtschaftsarchäologie im ostkel‑ tischen Raum. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums in Hallein/Bad Dürrnberg vom 7. bis 11. Oktober 1998. Kolloquien zur Vorund Frühgeschichte 7. Bonn. Egg etal. 2009= Egg, M.– Goedecker -Ciolek, R.– Schönfelder, M.– Zeller, K.W. (†): Ein eisenzeitlicher Prunkschild vom Dürrnberg bei Hallein, Land Salzburg. Jahrbuch des RGZM 56, 81–103. Guštin, M.– Preložnik, A. 2005: Die hallstattzeilichen Frauen mit Goldschmuck von Dolenjsko (Slowenien). In: J. Leskovar– R. Karl (eds.): Interpretierte Eisenzeiten. Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsberichte der 1. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie. Studien zur Kulturgeschichte Oberösterreichs 18. Linz, 113–130. Herrmann, F.-R.– Frey, O.-H. 1996: Die Keltenfürsten vom Glauberg. Ein frühkeltischer Fürstengrabhügel am Hang des Glauberges bei Glauburg ‑Glauberg, Wetteraukreis. Archäologische Denkmäler Hessen 128/129. Wiesbaden. Krausse, D. 1996: HochdorfIII. Das Trink‑ und Speiseservice aus dem späthallstattzeitlichen Fürstengrab von Eberdingen ‑Hochdorf (Kr. Ludwigsburg). Forschungen und Berichte zur Vorund Frühgeschichte in Baden- -Württemberg 64. Stuttgart.
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76 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 Tiefengraber, G.– Wiltschke -Schrotta, K. 2015: Der Dürrnberg bei Hallein. Die Gräbergruppen Lettenbühel und Friedhof. Dürrnberg -Forschungen 8. Rahden. Tomedi, G. 2002: Das hallstattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Frög. Die Altgrabungen von 1883 bis 1892. Archaeolingua 14. Budapest. Turner, V.W. 1964: Betwixt and Between. The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage. In: J. Helm (ed.): Symposium on new approaches to the study of religion. Proceedings of the 1964 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. Seattle, 4–20. Turner, V.W. 1969: The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti ‑Structure. New York. Wendling, H. 2017: Vom Caput Adriae gegen Norden– Transalpine Kontakte in der Späthallstattund Frühlatènezeit des Salzburger Raumes. In: M. Guštin– W. David (eds.): The Clash of Cultures? The Celts and the Macedonian World. Proceedings of the Conferences “Going south” in Piran 2013 and “Going north” in Manching 2014. Schriften des Kelten Römer Museums Manching 9. Manching, 7–17. Wendling, H. 2018a: Gemeinsam bis in den Tod– Eisenzeitliche Nachbestattungen und Grabmanipulation auf dem Dürrnberg bei Hallein. In: Wendlingetal. eds. 2018, 157–172. Wendling, H. 2018b: Frühkeltische Kunst. Vergangene Bildwelten– Vergessene Mythen. In: R. Kastler– F. Lang– H. Wendling (eds.): Faber Salisburgi. Festschrift für Wilfried K. Kovacsovics zum 65. Geburtstag. ArchaeoPlus 10 = Salzburg Studien 18. Salzburg, 359–375. Wendling, H. 2018c: Zeitsprünge | Ursprünge– Reise in die Urgeschichte Salzburgs. Ein Handbuch der urgeschicht‑ lichen Archäologie einer Alpenregion. Salzburg. Wendling, H. 2019: Kopfputz feiner Damen – Hallstattzeitliche Goldkugeln vom Dürrnberg bei Hallein. In: H. Baitinger – M. Schönfelder (eds.): Hallstatt und Italien – Festschrift für Markus Egg. Monographien des RGZM 154. Mainz, 171–194. Wendling, H. 2020: Iron Age Ancestral Bonds: Consecutive Burials and Manipulated Graves at the Dürrnberg Cemeteries (Austria). In: E. Aspöck – A. Klevnäs – N. Müller-Scheeßel (eds.): Grave disturbances. Studies in funerary archaeology. Oxford, 157–174. Wendling, H.– Eggert, M.K.H. 2018: Monuments. In: C. Haselgrove– K. Rebay -Salisbury– P.S. Wells (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. Available online: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/ view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199696826-e-12 (visited 17/11/2018). Wendling, H.– Wiltschke -Schrotta, K. 2015: Der Dürrnberg bei Hallein. Die Gräbergruppe am Römersteig. Dürrnberg -Forschungen 9. Rahden. Wendling, H.– Wiltschke -Schrotta, K. in print: Cremation at Iron Age Dürrnberg. Special Sepulture and Social Selection. In: C. Metzner -Nebelsicketal. (eds.): Cremation Burials in Europe between the 2nd mill. BC and the 4th c. AD. Archaeology and Anthropology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the DFG Research Unit FOR 1670 ‘Transalpine Mobility and Cultural Transfer’. LMU Munich, 12th–14th October 2017. München. Wendlingetal. eds. 2018= Wendling, H.– Augstein, M.– Fries -Knoblach, J.– Ludwig, K.– Schumann, R.– Tappert, C.– Trebsche, P.– Wiethold, J.: Übergangswelten– Todesriten. Neue Forschungen zur Bestattungskultur der europäischen Eisenzeit. Beiträge zur internationalen Tagung der AG Eisenzeit in Hallein 2015 und zur Sitzung der AG Eisenzeit während des 8. Deutschen Archäologiekongresses in Berlin 2014. Beiträge zur Urund Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 86. Langenweissbach. Wiltschke -Schrotta, K. 1999: Die Kinderskelette aus der latènezeitlichen Siedlung Ramsautal/Dürrnberg. In: E. Pucher: Archäozoologische Untersuchungen am Tierknochenmaterial der keltischen Gewerbesiedlung im Ramsautal auf dem Dürrnberg (Salzburg). Dürrnberg -Forschungen 2. Rahden, 113–127. Zeller, K.W. 1980: Die neuen Grabungen auf dem Dürrnberg– Techniken und Ergebnisse. In: Die Kelten in Mitteleuropa. Kultur– Kunst– Wirtschaft. Salzburger Landesausstellung 1. Mai–30. Sept. 1980 im Keltenmuseum Hallein, Österreich. Salzburg, 159–181. Zeller, K.W. 2001: Der Dürrnberg bei Hallein. Ein Zentrum keltischer Kultur am Nordrand der Alpen. Hallein.
77HOLGER WENDLING Zeller, K.W. 2002a: Dürrnberger Gräber als Spiegel der Fernbeziehungen. In: Über die Alpen. Menschen, Wege, Waren. ALManach 7/8. Stuttgart, 191–203. Zeller, K.W. 2002b: Statussymbole und Reichtum am Dürrnberg nur für Frauen? Archäologie Österreichs 13/2, 60–62. Zeller, K.W. 2003: Luxus und Fernhandelsgüter für den keltischen Adel auf dem Dürrnberg bei Hallein. In: C. Schwanzar– G. Winkler– J. Leskovar (eds.): Worauf wir stehen. Archäologie in Oberösterreich. Bibliothek der Provinz 1. Weitra, 275–282. Zeller, K.W. 2004a: Neue Ausgrabungen auf dem Dürrnberg– Forschungsprojekt Eislfeld. Salzburg Archiv 29, 6–20. Zeller, K.W. 2004b: Zum Ende einer Erfolgsgeschichte– die Nekropole Eislfeld ist zur Gänze erforscht. Archäologie Österreichs 15/1, 58–61. Zürn, H. 1987: Hallstattzeitliche Grabfunde in Württemberg und Hohenzollern. Forschungen und Berichte zur Vorund Frühgeschichte in Baden -Württemberg 25. Stuttgart. Holger Wendling Keltenmuseum Hallein / Salzburg Museum Pflegerplatz 5 AT-5400 Hallein holger.[email protected]
171PLATES Pl. 3/1: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 71. Costume fittings and amulets of an Early La Tène period infant burial (graphics by Keltenmuseum Hallein, Dürrnbergforschung).
172 STUDIA HERCYNIA XXIV/2 Pl. 3/2: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 353. Pompous headdress with seven golden bivalve hollow balls and aselection of atotal of 17 massive golden ‘hairrings’ (photo by Salzburg Museum, R. Poschacher).
173PLATES Pl. 3/3: Dürrnberg ‘Eislfeld’, grave 73. Massive golden ‘hairrings’ match the identical objects in grave 353 (photo by Salzburg Museum, R. Poschacher).