Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Coprecipitation of Ni(OH)2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ E ec o Reac ion Condi ions on he Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH)2 o Li hium-Ion Ba e ies © 2023 he Au ho s Published e sion Tynjälä, Pekka; Laine, Pe e i; Välikangas, Juho; Kauppinen, Toni; Lassi, Ulla Tynjälä, P., Laine, P., Välikangas, J., Kauppinen, T., & Lassi, U. (2023). E ec o Reac ion Condi ions on he Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH)2 o Li hium-Ion Ba e ies. Chemical Enginee ing and Technology, 46(11), 2279-2284. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/cea .202300086 2023 E ec o Reac ion Condi ions on he Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH) 2 o Li hium-Ion Ba e ies Elec ochemical pe o mance o ca hode ac i e ma e ials (CAMs) is dependen on he p ope ies o cop ecipi a ed p ecu so s (pCAMs). This is a sensi i e p ocess a ec ed by se e al eac ion pa ame e s such as empe a u e, pH, concen a ion o eac an s, agi a ion a e, and esidence ime. In his pape , he e ec o pa ame e s in luencing he pa icle size g ow h and he physical p ope ies, such as pa icle mo phology and apped densi y, was s udied in he cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH) 2 . Fo ma ion o a homogeneous popula ion wi h na ow pa icle size dis ibu ion was obse ed, ollowed by a mo e he e ogeneous popula ion o dense pa icles. Ammonia concen a ion and esidence ime had signi ican e ec s on pa icle size g ow h and mo phology, bu agi a ion a e also had an impac . Keywo ds: Ba e y chemicals, Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH) 2 , Li hium-ion ba e ies, Nickel hyd oxide Recei ed: Feb ua y 05, 2023; e ised: Ma ch 25, 2023; accep ed: May 25, 2023 DOI: 10.1002/cea .202300086 1 In oduc ion Li hium-ion ba e ies (LIBs) a e ex ensi ely used in po able elec onics and elec ic ehicle (EV) applica ions due o hei high ene gy, powe densi y, and enhanced cycle li e compa ed o o he echa geable ba e ies, such as lead-acid o NiMH ba - e ies [1]. Pu e LiNiO 2 (LNO) is a p omising candida e as a ca hode ma e ial in Li-ion ba e ies, as i is Co- ee and has a high heo e ical capaci y o 274 mAh g –1 [2–5]. The elec o- chemical p ope ies o ca hode ma e ials may be aylo ed du - ing he cop ecipi a ion o p ecu so s by applying p ocedu es such as, e.g., doping wi h a ying elemen s [6] and by cop eci- pi a ion o p ecu so s ha ing concen a ion g adien s o ansi- ion me als wi hin he seconda y pa icles [7]. Key LNO p ope ies a e ailo ed p io o li hia ion du ing he cop ecipi a ion o p ecu so Ni(OH) 2 [4]. In addi ion o i s chemical composi ion, hese include apped densi y (po osi y), pa icle size, and seconda y pa icle size dis ibu ion. These mo phological ea u es o he ac i e pa icles a e usually de e - mined du ing he syn hesis o Ni(OH) 2 [8]. Se e al possibili ies a e a ailable o making LNO, such as cop ecipi a ion, sol-gel syn hesis [9], and solid-s a e eac ions a high empe a u e [10]. Cop ecipi a ion is he indus ially el- e an me hod and is conside ed in his pape . Du ing he cop ecipi a ion, se e al pa ame e s a e p esen simul aneously, a ec ing he pa icle size g ow h and pa icle mo phology [11]. The op imiza ion o p ecipi a ion pa ame e s may be challeng- ing and ime-consuming because some pa ame e s may in lu- ence ano he . Fo example, changing he pH may al e he con- cen a ion o ammonia and hus a ec ing he concen a ion o ansi ion me al ammine complexes [12]. Also, he change o agi a ion a e may al e he e ec i e olume o a eac o , hus a ec ing he esidence ime o he p ocess. The e o e, op i- mized cop ecipi a ion condi ions may be conside ed as a com- p omise o se e al pa ame e s applied o a ce ain eac o con igu a ion. In his pape , he e ec o eac ion condi ions on he cop eci- pi a ion o nickel hyd oxide ca hode p ecu so ma e ial was s udied. In he se ies o cop ecipi a ion expe imen s, he impac o p ocess a iables, such as eac an concen a ion, ammonia concen a ion, esidence ime, and agi a ion a e, was s udied. 2 Expe imen al 2.1 Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH) 2 Sphe ical Ni(OH) 2 p ecu so s we e syn he ized using alkali me al hyd oxide (NaOH) cop ecipi a ion in an ine gas (ni o- gen) a mosphe e, acco ding o li e a u e e e ences [13, 14]. Ine gas was used o p e en he oxida ion o p ecu so . P e- Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Pekka Tynja ¨la ¨ 1,2, * Pe e i Laine 1,2 Juho Va ¨likangas 1,2 Toni Kauppinen 1,2 Ulla Lassi 1,2 This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial- NoDe i s License, which pe mi s use and dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o adap a ions a e made. – 1 D . Pekka Tynja ¨la ¨([email p o ec ed]), Pe e i Laine, Juho Va ¨likangas, Toni Kauppinen, P o . Ulla Lassi h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5319-9525 Uni e si y o Oulu, Resea ch uni o Sus ainable Chemis y, Pen i Kai e an ka u 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland. 2 D . Pekka Tynja ¨la ¨, Pe e i Laine, Juho Va ¨likangas, Toni Kauppinen, P o . Ulla Lassi Uni e si y o Jy askyla, Kokkola Uni e si y Conso ium Chydenius, Talonpojanka u 2 B, 67100 Kokkola, Finland. Resea ch A icle 1 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( cipi a ion was conduc ed in a con inuous- low s i ed- ank eac o (CSTR) wi h a eac o olume o 3 L a empe a u es o 40, 50, o 60 °C unde igo ous agi a ion (Fig. 1) using di e en agi a ion a es. The key pa ame e s du ing he cop ecipi a ion included empe a u e, pH, agi a ion a e, esidence ime, as well as hyd oxide, ammonia, and me al solu ion concen a- ions. The eac o was p eloaded wi h deionized wa e ; hen, aque- ous solu ions o me al sul a e NiSO 4 6H 2 O, NaOH, and con- cen a ed ammonia we e ed sepa a ely o he eac o using pe is al ic pumps. The ammonia concen a ion in he solu ion was measu ed equen ly du ing he p ecipi a ion and i was adjus ed based on he a ge ammonia concen a ion du ing he expe imen . Pa icle size g ow h du ing Ni(OH) 2 cop ecipi a ion was ol- lowed by de e mining he pa icle size dis ibu ion o he slu y sampled om he eac o ’s o e low ubing. The solu ion was hea ed o a p ecipi a ion empe a u e, and he pH was adjus ed o a desi ed le el wi h NaOH solu ion. The eeding a es o nickel sul a e, NaOH, and ammonia solu ions we e adjus ed o main ain he desi ed esidence ime. A e cop ecipi a ion, he p ecu so slu y was il e ed in a acuum, and he p ecipi a e was ca e ully washed wi h a su icien amoun o wa m deio- nized wa e . The syn he ized Ni(OH) 2 p ecu so s we e d ied o e nigh a 60 °C in a acuum o en. 2.2 Cha ac e iza ion o Ni(OH) 2 The apped densi y was measu ed using an E weka SVM 222 apped densi y analyze acco ding o he ISO EN 787/11 s an- da d. The e olu ion o pa icle size dis ibu ion du ing cop eci- pi a ion was ollowed using a Mal e n Mas e size 3000. The ammonia concen a ion o he mo he liquo was analyzed by au oma ic i a ion using a 1 mol L –1 HCl solu ion. Field emis- sion scanning elec on mic oscopy (FESEM) images o he pa - icle mic os uc u e we e ob ained on a Zeiss Sigma a he Cen e o Ma e ial Analysis o he Uni e si y o Oulu, ope a - ing a 5 kV. 3 Resul s and Discussion 3.1 E ec o Tempe a u e on P ecipi a ion Cop ecipi a ion is ypically done a empe a u es o 40–80 °C. The empe a u e is known o ha e a signi ican e ec on cop e- cipi a ion kine ics o ansi ion me al hyd oxide ma e ials [15]. In his s udy, he impac o p ecipi a ion empe a u e was i s s udied using empe a u es o 40–60 °C. The mo phology o he p ecipi a ed Ni(OH) 2 pa icles was ollowed and is p e- sen ed in Fig. 2. Acco ding o FESEM imaging, he highe p ecipi a ion em- pe a u e led o he o ma ion o mo e closely packed p ima y pa icles. A he highes p ecipi a ion empe a u e, c acking o he seconda y pa icles was obse ed. The ob ained pa icle mo phology p esen ed in Fig. 2 is compa able o ha epo ed ea lie by Yang e al. [11]. The de e mined apped densi y al- ues o he p ecu so s p ecipi a ed a di e en empe a u es a e gi en in Tab. 1. They we e consis en wi h isual obse a ions. The mos homogeneous pa icle size dis ibu ion wi h ac- cep able apped densi y was achie ed a a cop ecipi a ion em- Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Figu e 1. Con inuous s i ed- ank eac o used o cop ecipi a- ion. Figu e 2. E ec o p ecipi a ion empe a u e on he mo phol- ogy o p ecu so s. Table 1. Tapped densi y alues o he Ni(OH) 2 p ecu so s p e- cipi a ed a di e en empe a u es. P ecipi a ion empe a u e [°C] Tapped densi y [g cm –3 ] 40 1.86 50 2.00 60 2.07 Resea ch A icle 2 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License pe a u e o 40 °C. Highe empe a u es, especially 60 °C, e- sul ed in he c acking o he seconda y pa icles. The e o e, based on he obse a ions made in Fig. 2, he p ecipi a ion em- pe a u e 40 °C was selec ed o u he s udies. 3.2 E ec o Cop ecipi a ion Condi ions on Pa icle Size G ow h Du ing he eac ion, Ni(OH) 2 p ecipi a ion occu ed as ol- lows: Me alammonia complex o ma ion: Ni2þþnNH3fiNi NH3 ðÞ n  2þ(1) Me alhyd oxide p ecipi a ion eac ion: Ni NH3 ðÞ n  2þþ2OHfiNi OHðÞ 2þnNH3 (2) The o ma ion o ansi ion me al hyd oxide p ecu so s om a me al sul a e solu ion in ol es se e al physicochemical phenomena. Due o hei high solubili y p oduc , ansi ion me al sul a es eadily dissol e in wa e . I he pH o he solu ion is inc eased by adding NaOH, ansi ion me al hyd oxides a e p ecipi a ed. In he case o impu e solu ions, impu i y phases may o m [16] in he p esence o ansi ion me als and g oup II/III me als. Pa icle size g ow h du ing Ni(OH) 2 cop ecipi a ion (Fig. 4) a 40 °C was ollowed by de e mining he pa icle size dis ibu- ion as desc ibed in Sec . 2.1. Du ing he i s s age o he p e- cipi a ion p ocess, a pa icle popula ion wi h a homogeneous size was o med. As he popula ion g ew, he pa icles appea ed o be dense and sphe ical, esul ing in a na ow pa icle size dis ibu ion. The g ow h o he i s pa icle popula ion is p e- sen ed in Fig. 4 (cop ecipi a ion ime o 22 h) and in Fig. 5 (6 h, 12 h, and 18 h). A e a ce ain p ecipi a ion ime, depending on he p ocess condi ions, a second popula ion o small pa - icles is o med (Fig. 3, p ecipi a ion ime o 24 h; Fig. 5, 24 h). The o ma ion o he second pa icle popula ion can also be seen as a bimodal pa icle size dis ibu ion cu e (Fig. 3). The g ow h o he i s popula ion subsequen ly slowed down and inally ceased. Las ly, he sys em eached pa icle size dis ibu ion equilib ium. Due o he con inuous nuclea ion and o ma ion o p ima y pa icles, he sys em was composed o small and highly po ous agglome a es, seconda y pa icles a a ious g ow h s ages, and dense pa icles ha eached hei maximum size, esul ing in a ai ly b oad pa icle size dis ibu- ion. In his con inuous p ocess, he sys em eached a s eady s a e (Fig. 5, p ecipi a ion imes o 30–33 h). A e 33 h o p e- cipi a ion, he pa icles we e dense, wi h he apped densi y o 2.1 g cm –3 . The g ow h o he i s pa icle popula ion and he o ma ion o a s eady-s a e pa icle size dis ibu ion in a con inuous co- p ecipi a ion is p esen ed in Fig. 5. The obse ed pa icle g ow h is in acco dance wi h esul s epo ed by Zheng e al. [17]. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Figu e 3. Bimodal pa icle size dis ibu ion a e 30 h o p ecipi- a ion (D50: 5 mm; apped densi y: 2.1 g cm –3 ). Figu e 4. E olu ion o Ni(OH) 2 pa icle size dis ibu ion as a unc ion o p ecipi a ion ime a 40 °C. Figu e 5. E olu ion o pa icle size dis ibu ion as a unc ion o p ecipi a ion ime (6–33 h). Resea ch A icle 3 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 3.3 E ec o Ammonia Concen a ion As illus a ed in Fig. 6, a highe ammonia concen a ion no a- bly inc eased he g ow h a e o he seconda y pa icle popula- ion. Unlike in he case o a lowe ammonia concen a ion, he i s pa icle popula ion g ew con inuously wi hou he spon a- neous o ma ion o a second popula ion. Due o he highe ammonia concen a ion, small p ima y pa icles p obably unde wen dissolu ion/ ep ecipi a ion eac ions simila ly as in Os wald ipening. The o ma ion o he second pa icle popula- ion was ini ia ed by dec easing he ammonia concen a ion in he mo he liquo . Thus, in a CSTR p ecipi a ion p ocess, he pa icle size and pa icle size dis ibu ion can be ailo ed by ca e ully con olling he ammonia concen a ion and pH le el. Addi ionally, he esidence ime also a ec s he p ima y pa i- cle size g ow h. The sho e he esidence ime is, he highe is he g ow h a e o seconda y pa icles. The inc eased g ow h a e may be due o a highe nuclea ion a e, which p o ides mo e building blocks o he g ow h o seconda y pa icles. The g ow h o he i s pa icle popula ion s opped wi h a dec easing ammonia concen a ion in he mo he liquo , which is in line wi h Ba ai e al. [12]. 3.4 E ec o Agi a ion Ra e P ecu so p ope ies, i.e., o ming o he agg ega es and he g ow h o he agg ega es, a e highly dependen on he agglom- e a ion mechanism due o pa icle collisions aking place in he eac o . The luid mo ion is de e mined by he eac o layou and he ype and a e o applied agi a ion [18]. Homogeneous mixing is much easie o achie e in a labo a- o y-scale eac o han in la ge -scale eac o s. The linea eloci y o he luid mus be g ea e han he se ling eloci y o he pa icles. O cou se, pa icle size and se ling eloci y o he pa icles do no scale wi h he size o a eac o . High speci ic powe inpu (high agi a ion speed) imp o es mixing and he homogenei y o pa icle suspension in he eac o . Howe e , pa icle damage is an unwan ed e ec ha is ela ed o high agi a ion a es. The e o e, mixing has o be a comp omise be ween app op ia e homogenei y o he suspension (high agi- a ion a e p e e ed) and a oidance o unad an ageous p o- cesses like pa icle damages (low agi a ion a e p e e ed). The e ec o applied agi a ion ene gy on he ap densi y and speci ic capaci y has been epo ed by Pu e al. [19]. Inc eased agi a ion ene gy has a posi i e e ec on ap den- si y, bu oo igo ous agi a ion esul s in dec eased speci ic capaci y p ope ies. Agi a ion is one possible pa ame e o con ol he pa icle g ow h and pa icle size dis ibu ion. By aising he agi a ion ene gy, he pa icle size can be dec eased when app oaching a s eady s a e in a con inuous cop ecipi a- ion p ocess (Fig. 7). 3.5 E ec o Residence Time In a cop ecipi a ion p ocess, p ecu so pa icles de elop om an amo phous ma e ial o dense and sphe ical seconda y pa - icles ha ing a mean pa icle size o se e al mic ome e s. Unde app op ia e eac ion condi ions, he g ow h o seconda y pa - icles ake place in adial di ec ion, hus esul ing in he p es- ence o adially o ien a ed c ys alli es inside he pa icle [20]. A adial g ow h o a seconda y pa icle obse ed in he p esen s udy is p esen ed in a c oss-sec ional SEM image in Fig. 8. A sho e esidence ime enhanced signi ican ly he g ow h a e o he i s pa icle popula ion du ing he i s hou s o he p ecipi a ion as demons a ed in Fig. 9. The inc eased g ow h a e may be due o highe nuclea ion a e, hus p o iding mo e ‘‘building blocks’’ o he g ow h o seconda y pa icles. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Figu e 6. E ec o ammonia concen a ion on pa icle size g ow h a e. Figu e 7. E ec o agi a ion a e on he pa icle size g ow h. Figu e 8. Radially o ien a ed c ys alli es in a seconda y pa icle. Resea ch A icle 4 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License In a con inuous cop ecipi a ion p ocess he esidence ime has a signi ican e ec on he ap densi y and he mo phology o p ecipi a ed seconda y pa icles (Fig. 10). Unde he used cop ecipi a ion condi ions, esidence imes ha a e sho e han 2.5 h esul ed in unwan ed p ope ies o he p oduc . In such cases, he a e age esidence ime in he eac o is oo sho o he seconda y pa icles o achie e he desi ed physical p ope ies such as sphe ical mo phology and high ap densi y. 4 Conclusions The aim o he p esen pape was o s udy he e ec o eac ion pa ame e s on he cop ecipi a ion o nickel hyd oxide ca hode p ecu so ma e ials. In a se ies o cop ecipi a ion expe imen s, he e ec o p ocess a iables, such as eac an concen a ion, ammonia concen a ion, esidence ime, and agi a ion a e, was s udied. The main conclusions o his esea ch a e as ollows: – A homogeneous pa icle popula ion wi h a na ow pa icle size dis ibu ion is always o med be o e a s eady s a e. A semi-ba ch ype cop ecipi a ion can be applied o p oduce high-quali y p ecu so pa icles. In a s eady-s a e p ecipi a- ion, a he e ogeneous pa icle popula ion was o med a y- ing om small, po ous pa icles o la ge and dense pa icles, hus esul ing in he b oadening o he pa icle size dis ibu- ion. – The concen a ion o ammonia had a signi ican e ec on he g ow h a e o p ecu so pa icles. Fu he mo e, by ad- jus ing he ammonia concen a ion o he mo he liquo he o ma ion o a new pa icle popula ion can be con olled. – The esidence ime has a no able impac on he physical p ope ies o he p oduc pa icles. Sho ened esidence imes esul ed in a p oduc wi h smalle pa icle size, bu also signi ican ly dec eased ap densi y alues as well as e- sul ed in poo e mo phology o he pa icles. In CSTR p e- cipi a ion wi h sho esidence imes, a su icien concen a- ion o ammonia is essen ial in o de o achie e p ope ap densi y o he p oduc . The size o he p oduc pa icles can also be a ec ed wi h an e icien agi a ion in he p ecipi a- ion eac o . Al hough knowing a well-known disad an age o ha ing nume ous conjuga ed p ecipi a ion a iables ha a ec he quali y o he p oduc , CSTR p ecipi a ion can be used o he p oduc ion o p ecu so ma e ial wi h desi ed p ope ies by a s ic con ol o he p ecipi a ion condi ions. Acknowledgmen The au ho s acknowledge Business Finland o esea ch und- ing 2021–2024 (Uni e si y o Oulu, BATCi cle2.0, No. 44612/ 31/2020). D . Tao Hu is acknowledged o FESEM analyses. The au ho s ha e decla ed no con lic o in e es . Symbols used D10 [mm] 10 % o pa icles a e smalle han he gi en D10 alue D50 [mm] 50 % o pa icles a e smalle han he gi en D50 alue D90 [mm] 90 % o pa icles a e smalle han he gi en D90 alue Abb e ia ions CAM ca hode ac i e ma e ial CSTR con inuous s i ed- ank eac o LIB li hium-ion ba e y LNO li hium nickel oxide pCAM p ecu so o ca hode ac i e ma e ial SEM scanning elec on mic oscopy Re e ences [1] G. E. Blomg en, J. Elec ochem. Soc. 2017,164, A5019– A5025. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1149/2.0251701jes [2] H. A ai, S. Okada, H. Oh suka, M. Ichimu a, J. Yamaki, Solid S a e Ionics 1995,80, 261–269. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/ 0167-2738(95)00144-U [3] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, M. Nagayama, J. Elec ochem. Soc. 1993, 140, 1862–1870. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1149/1.2220730 Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Figu e 9. E ec o esidence ime on he g ow h a e o he i s pa icle popula ion in a con inuous cop ecipi a ion. Figu e 10. E ec o esidence ime on ap densi y in a con inu- ous cop ecipi a ion. Resea ch A icle 5 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License [4] J. Va¨likangas, P. Laine, M. Hie aniemi, T. Hu, P. Tynja¨la¨, U. Lassi, Appl. Sci. 2020,10 (24), 8988. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/ 10.3390/app10248988 [5] J. Va¨likangas, P. Laine, M. Hie aniemi, T. Hu, M. Selen , P. Tynja¨la¨, U. Lassi, J. Solid S a e Elec ochem. 2023,27, 641– 654. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10008-022-05356-y [6] Y.-Q Sun, W. Fu, Y.-X. Hu, J. Vaughan, L.-Z. Wang, Tungs en 2021,3, 245–259. 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(( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46, No. 00, 1–7 ª2023 The Au ho s. Chemical Enginee ing & Technology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH www.ce -jou nal.com Resea ch A icle: A p ecu so de e mines he p ope ies o ca hode ac i e ma e ial in ba e ies. Physical p ope ies like pa icle mo phology and apped densi y can be con olled by op imized p ecipi a ion condi ions. The e ec o p ecipi a ion pa ame e s, i.e., empe a u e, pH, mola a ios o eac an s, agi a ion a e, and esidence ime, on he o ma ion o dense, homogeneous, and sphe ical seconda y pa icles is e alua ed. E ec o Reac ion Condi ions on he Cop ecipi a ion o Ni(OH) 2 o Li hium- Ion Ba e ies Pekka Tynja ¨la ¨*, Pe e i Laine, Juho Va ¨likangas, Toni Kauppinen, Ulla Lassi Chem. Eng. Technol. 2023,46 (XX), XXX KXXX DOI: 10.1002/cea .202300086 Cop ecipi aon o Ni(OH)2 Cop ecipi aon condions P ope es o Ni(OH)2 p ecu so Resea ch A icle 7 These a e no he inal page numbe s! (( 15214125, 0, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cea .202300086 by Uni e si y O Jy äskylä Lib a y, Wiley Online Lib a y on [29/06/2023]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License