Introduction : Islands and Ice : Rethinking Island Studies from the Polar Regions

______________________________________________" Shima&<www.shimajournal.org>1ISSN:11834:6057& ISLANDS"AND"ICE" " Rethinking1Island1Studies1from1the1Polar1Regions1 1 [Received1March120th12019;1accepted1March127th120201–1DOI:110.21463/shima.14.1.03]" 1 Johannes1Riquet1 1 Tampere1University,1Finland1<johannes.riqu[email protected]>11 1 1 A1 recent1 collection1 of1 short1 stories1 entitled1 20401and1 published1 in1 the1 Allatta!1 series,1 a1 platform1 for1 young1 Greenlandic1 authors1 writing1 in1 Kalaallisut1 and1 Danish,1 imagines1 Greenland1in1the1year12040,1with1illustrations1by1Greenlandic1artists.1One1of1them1shows1an1 entirely1green1Greenland1 surrounded1by1 a1 blue1ocean1 –1 with1pictograms1of1a1beach1and1 palm1 trees,1 as1 well1 as1 a1 car,1 a1 city,1 and1 factories.1 In1 this1 image,1 Greenland1 looks1 like1 a1 tropical1island.1The1vision1weds1two1representational1traditions.1On1the1one1hand,1it1taps1 into1a1vast1repository1of1utopias1set1on1tropical1islands.1On1the1other,1it1also1connects1with1 the1less1well:known1tradition1of1the1polar1utopia,1which1goes1back1to1the1Hyperboreans1of1 Greek1mythology,1a1happy1people1living1beyond1the1north1wind.1Since1then,1polar1utopia1 has1re:emerged1in1many1contexts1including1early1modern1utopia1(Margaret1Cavendish’s1The' Blazing'World1[1666]),118th1and119th1Century1polar1romance1(notably1the1idea1of1a1warm1 polar1ocean1beyond1the1Arctic1ice),1and,1most1recently,1climate1fiction1(see1Hansson,12015).1 Thus,1Tobias1S.1Buckell’s1Arctic' Rising1(2012)1imagines1a1future1in1which1Greenland1is1“a1 natural1resources1superpower”1and1various1experimental1societies1are1located1in1a1“semi: country1and1series1of1ports…1called1Thule”1on1“an1island1of1ice1floating1around1the1actual1 Pole”1 (in1 Hansson,1 2015:1 75).1 Buckell’s1 novel1 thus1 combines1 polar1 utopia1 with1 another1 imaginary1 that1 goes1 back1 to1 classical1 antiquity,1 namely1 the1 idea1 of1 Ultima1 Thule,1 which1 became1synonymous1with1the1northern1limit1of1the1world1since1the1Greek1Pytheas’s1report1 in1the14th1Century1BC1of1an1island1far1north1of1Great1Britain,1located1near1the1frozen1ocean.1 1 Like1 the1 image1 of1 a1 tropical1 Greenland1 in1 2040,1 this1 thematic1 section1 of1 Shima1moves1 between1the1tropics1and1the1Earth’s1polar1regions.1An1overwhelming1majority1of1scholarly1 publications1within1the1interdisciplinary1field1of1Island1Studies1tends1to1focus1on1islands1in1 the1 tropical1 and1 sub:tropical1 parts1 of1 the1 world.1 In1 western1 cultural1 imaginaries,1 too,1 islands1are1more1frequently1envisioned1as1tropical1spaces1and1most1classics1of1island1fiction1 are1 set1 in1 warm1 waters1 (think1 of1 The' Tempest1[c1610],1 Paul' et' Virginie1[1788],1 Robinson' Crusoe1 [1719],1 Treasure' Island1 [1883]1or1 L’isola' del' giorno' prima1 [1994]).1 In1 the1 wake1 of1 recent1debates1related1to1global1warming1and1melting1polar1ice1caps,1however,1the1Arctic1 and1Antarctic1regions1have1gained1increasing1public1visibility.1Scientists1have1turned1to1the1 climate1archives1of1the1Greenlandic1and1Antarctic1ice1sheets1while1political1and1economic1 actors1look1to1the1increasingly1navigable1polar1seas,1notably1the1Arctic1Ocean,1to1monitor1 possibilities1of1resource1extraction1and1new1shipping1routes.1Climate1change1connects1polar1 and1tropical1islands1in1material1ways.1While1global1warming1happens1at1a1much1faster1pace1 in1the1Arctic1and1Antarctic1regions,1the1low:lying1islands1of1the1Pacific1and1Indian1Oceans,1 such1as1the1coastal1islands1in1the1Gulf1of1Bengal1or1the1Maldives,1are1most1affected1by1the1 sea:level1 rise1 caused1 by1 ice1 melting1 in1 the1 polar1 regions.1 In1 this1 geopolitical1 and1 environmental1 context,1 there1 has1 also1 been1 an1 increasing1 number1 of1 fictional1 representations1 of1 polar1 islands,1 among1 them1 Kim1 Stanley1 Robinson’s1 novel1 Antarctica1 (1999),1Georgina1Harding’s1The'Solitude'of'Thomas'Cove1(2007),1Alexei1Popogrebski’s1film1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"2"; " How'I'Ended'This'Summer1(2010),1Buckell’s1already1mentioned1Arctic'Rising1(2012),1Xavier1 Gens’s1film1Cold'Skin1(2017),1and1the1British1TV1series1Fortitude'(2015:2018).1 1 Polar1research1has1a1lot1to1offer1to1Island1Studies,1and1vice:versa.1There1are1various1reasons1 for1 this.1 For1 one1 thing,1 islands1 are1 arguably1 the1 most1 important1 landforms1 in1 the1 polar1 regions.1In1the1absence1of1an1Arctic1continent,1all1landmasses1that1are1located1entirely1in1 the1 Arctic1 (understood1 as1 an1ecological1region1rather1 than1 one1 defined1by1a1 line1 on1 the1 map)1are1islands,1among1them1what1is1usually1considered1to1be1the1world’s1largest1island1 (Greenland).1 The1 southern1 hemisphere1 has1 a1 polar1 continent,1 but1 Antarctica1 –1 like1 Australia1–1is1frequently1referred1to1as1an1‘island1continent.’1While1the1Antarctic1region1has1 no1permanent1residents,1many1of1its1research1stations1are1located1on1the1islands1and1ice1 shelves1 that1 surround1 Antarctica,1 such1 as1 the1 South1 Shetland1 Islands,1 Alexander1 Island,1 Ross1Island1(which1hosts1McMurdo,1the1largest1Antarctic1station),1and1Ross1Ice1Shelf.1 1 Furthermore,1rethinking1the1planet1from1its1polar1regions1can1bring1new1perspectives1to1 what1has1been1termed1the1“archipelagic1turn”1in1island1studies1(see,1among1others,1Pugh,1 2013).1 Thus,1 for1 instance,1 as1 Brian1 Russell1 Roberts1 and1 Michelle1 Ann1 Stephens1 write1 in1 Archipelagic' American' Studies,1 “the1 Americas’1 continental1 presumptions1 have1 tended1 to1 disrupt1 a1 hemispheric1 consciousness1 of1 Canada’s1 Arctic1 Archipelago1 as1 constituted1 by1 36,0001 islands”1 (2017:1 9).1 Adriana1 Craciun’s1 reframing1 of1 Arctic1 exploration1 history1 is1 similarly1 informed1 by1 an1 archipelagic1 perspective1 on1 what1 she1 terms1 the1 “labyrinth”1 of1 (imagined)1 Northwest1 Passages1 to1 the1 Pacific1 and1 the1 texts1 related1 to1 it.1For1 Craciun,1 engaging1with1these1“archipelagos1of1inscriptions1and1 artifacts1across1and1outside1books,1 disciplines,1and1authors”1(2016:1232)1challenges1teleological1views1of1Arctic1exploration1as1a1 forward1 march1 centred1 around1 the1 fantasy1 of1 a1 single1 passage1 between1 oceans1 and1 continents.1The1circumpolar1view1of1the1Arctic1and1of1Arctic1cultures1that1has1played1an1 increasingly1important1role1in1indigenous1political1movements1and1cultural1life1can1also1be1 thought1 of1 as1 an1 archipelagic1 challenge1 to1 structures1 and1 institutions1 based1 on1 continentalist1thinking1and1the1borders1of1the1nation:state1(think1of1the1Inuit1Circumpolar,1 the1Arctic1Winter1Games,1and1the1leading1role1of1Arctic1peoples1in1global1indigenous1rights1 movements).1For1Craciun,1“[t]he1circumpolar1Arctic…1reaches1out1beyond1territoriality1in1 ways1uniquely1possible1in1a1polar1world1encircling1an1ocean”1(2009:1113)1–1in1“connecting1 Asia,1 North1 America1 and1 Europe1[it]1 peripheralizes1 all1 of1 the1 imperial1 centres1 of1 the1 northern1 hemisphere”1 (ibid:1104).1 The1 drawing1 of1 a1 polar1 projection1 map1 by1 Sámi1 artist1 Hans1 Ragnar1 Mathisen1 (Keviselie)1 entitled1 ‘Davviálbmogat’1 (1990)1portrays1 a1 fluid1 archipelagic1 Arctic1 without1 national1 borders,1 where1 regions1 flow1 into1 each1 other1 in1 the1 colours1 of1 the1 Northern1 Lights,1 where1 islands,1 peninsulas,1 and1 continental1 coastlines1 converge1around1a1centre1of1concentric1yellow1circles,1evoking1the1sun1or1a1circular1island,1 while1the1bulk1of1continental1landmasses1are1outside1the1frame1(cf.1Craciun,12009:1112).1 1 The1 islands,1 archipelagos,1 and1 ice:shelves1 of1 the1 polar1 regions1 destabilise1 the1 territorial1 logic1 of1 the1 Westphalian1 state1 system1 in1 other1 ways,1 too.1 Greenland1 is1 a1 case1 in1 point:1 politically,1 it1 is1 an1 autonomous1 territory1 of1 a1 European1 state;1 geographically,1 it1 is1 much1 closer1to1North1America;1geologically,1it1belongs1partly1to1the1North1American1plate1and1 partly1to1the1Eurasian1plate;1culturally,1it1is1linked1to1the1North1American1and1the1Eastern1 Siberian1 Arctic;1 economically,1 it1 is1 tied1 to1 Denmark;1 in1 handball,1 the1 national1team1 of1 participates1in1the1Pan1American1Championship.1Further1east,1the1Svalbard1Archipelago1did1 not1 belong1 to1 any1 nation1 state1 before1 it1 became1 a1 demilitarised1 zone1 under1 Norwegian1 sovereignty1in1the119201Svalbard1Treaty,1which1granted1the1other1signatories1(notably1the1 Soviet1 Union)1 rights1 of1 commercial1 exploitation.1 In1 the1 southern1 hemisphere,1 South1 Georgia1 and1 the1 South1 Sandwich1 Islands1 are1 a1 British1 Overseas1 Territory1 but1 are1 also1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"3"; " claimed1 by1 Argentina.1 More1 generally,1 the1 materialities1 of1 polar1 geography1 challenge1 territoriality;1 as1 Philip1 Steinberg1 and1 Berit1 Kristoffersen1 argue,1 “the1 production1 of1 static1 ontologies1through1cartographic1representations1becomes1particularly1problematic1in1an1icy1 environment1of1extraordinary1temporal1and1spatial1dynamism”1(2005:1625).11 1 The1uncertain1territorial1and1legal1status1of1ice1shelves,1ice1islands,1and1icebergs1adds1to1 these1 ontological1 confusions.1 We1 might1 think,1 for1 instance,1 of1 the1 enigmatic1 ice1 islands1 discovered1by1both1the1Soviet1and1the1US1Air1Force1in1the1late11940s1and1early11950s,1named1 T:1,1T:2,1and1T:31by1the1latter.1While1these1islands,1as1N.1N.1Zubov1writes1about1T:11in1the1 Russian1journal1Priroda,1“from1the1air1had1an1appearance1so1suggestive1of1ordinary1Artic1 islands1that1this1was1what1it1was1taken1to1be,”1it1soon1“became1apparent1that1this1‘island’1 was1changing1its1position”1(1955:12).1This1questioning1of1the1“island’s”1status1by1placing1it1in1 quotation1marks1is1echoed1by1Kaare1Rodahl1in1Scientific'American:1“[b]ut1the1‘island’1was1in1 motion!”1 (1954:1 41)1 The1 establishment1 of1 a1 manned1 meteorological1station1 on1 T:31 (also1 known1as1‘Fletcher’s1Ice1Island’)1by1the1US1in119521speaks1to1the1entwinement1of1military1 strategy1and1Arctic1research1in1the1early1Cold1War1(see1Farish,12006).1Circling1the1Arctic1 Ocean1like1Allan1Gordon1and1Nancy1the1polar1bear1on1their1iceberg1in1James1Hogg’s118371 novella1 The' Surpassing' Adventures' of' Allan' Gordon,1 the1 station1 both1 participated1 in1 the1 domestication1of1the1Arctic1–1the1North1Pole,1concludes1Rodahl,1“has1lost1the1terror1of1the1 unknown”1(1954:145)1–1and1unsettled1Western1territorial1and1institutional1frameworks1when1 an1electronics1technician1shot1and1killed1his1boss1at1the1station:1“[b]ecause1of1its1location,1it1 was1unclear1what1state,1if1any,1had1jurisdiction1to1try1the1case”1(Steinberg1et1al.12015:145).1 1 It1is,1perhaps,1in1the1fantastic1geographies1of1fiction1and1art1that1the1dynamic1materialities1 of1 the1 polar1 regions1 can1 best1 unfold1 their1 subversive1 force.1 As1 colonial1 exploration1 increasingly1pushed1north1and1south1in1attempts1to1map1and1claim1polar1islands1for1various1 national1territories,1some1fictional1texts1went1in1the1opposite1direction.1Thus,1a1late119th1 Century1 account1 of1 a1 legendary1 island1 that1 first1 appeared1 on1 maps1 in1 the1 15th1 Century1 (Higginson,1 2006:1 99:100)1 by1 Thomas1 Wentworth1 Higginson,1 ‘The1 Isle1 of1 Satan’s1 Hand,’1 constructs1a1highly1mobile1and1indeterminate1geography.1The1island1“constantly1change[s]1 place”1 (ibid:1 57)1 and1 reaches1 out1 to1 crush1 boats1 in1 a1 conflation1of1 volcanic1 and1 icy1 imaginaries.1As1the1island1finally1topples1over1like1the1icebergs1around1it,1“the1whole1water1 boiled1 for1 leagues1 around,1 as1 if1 both1 earth1 and1 sea1 were1 upheaved”1 (ibid:1 58).1 A1 similar1 superimposition1of1heat1and1cold1can1be1found1in1a1group1of1fictional1islands1that1respond1 to1 centuries1 of1 exploration1 in1 the1 South1 Pacific1 in1 search1 of1 the1 mythical1 Southern1 Continent,1Terra1Australis,1and,1later,119th1Century1attempts1to1push1further1and1further1 south.1Edgar1Allan1Poe’s1The'Narrative'of'Arthur'Gordon'Pym1(1838),1whose1protagonist’s1 last1 landfall1 on1 his1 journey1 towards1 the1 South1 Pole1 is1 on1 the1 island1 of1 Tsalal,1 is1 an1 influential1novel1in1this1textual1archipelago.1In1Tsalal,1he1and1his1companions1encounter1a1 “vast1chain1of1apparent1miracles”1(1999:1169),1before1they1are1swallowed1by1a1cataract1in1an1 increasingly1hot,1milky1sea,1surrounded1by1white1mist1and1a1white1powder1that1seems1to1be1 something1 between1 snow1 and1 ashes.1 Various1 fictional1 texts1 expand1 Poe’s1 fictional1 archipelago1 and1 its1 hybrid1 geography,1 notably1 Jules1 Verne’s1 An' Antarctic' Mystery1(1897)1 and1Charles1Romyn1Dake’s1A'Strange'Discovery1(1899),1which1projects1a1warm1polar1sea1of1 over12001islands1with1a1volcanic1island1at1the1South1Pole1(Figure11).1 1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"4"; " 1 1 Figure11:1The1Antarctic1archipelago1in1Charles1Romyn1Dake’s1A'Strange'Discovery1(1899)1 1 Other1 creative1 re:mappings1 of1 the1 polar1 regions1 are1 more1 overtly1 political.1 Thus,1 a1 map1 entitled1 ‘Denmark’1 (2004)1 by1 Inuk1 Silis1 Hoegh1 and1 Asmund1 Havsteen:Mikkelsen1 shows1 Denmark1as1a1Greenlandic1colony1(Figure12).1The1map1depicts1Qallunaat1Nunaat1(‘the1land1 of1the1white1people/Danes’)1as1an1Arctic1archipelago1with1mountains1and1ice1sheets1that1 resemble1those1of1Greenland.1Its1archipelagic1appearance1is1underscored1by1the1fact1that1 the1Jutland1peninsula1is1cut1off1from1continental1Europe,1and1the1Swedish1mainland1does1 not1 appear1 (instead,1 we1 only1 sea1 the1 blue1 sea).1 The1 cities,1 seas,1 ice1 sheets,1 glaciers,1 and1 coastal1 regions1 carry1 the1 names1 of1 well:known1 Greenlandic1 personalities1 from1 different1 time1 periods,1 such1 as1 politicians1 and1 artists,1 while1 others1 are1 given1 a1 range1 of1 other1 Greenlandic1names,1sometimes1with1the1Danish1names1written1added1in1small1letters1and1 in1 brackets,1 inverting1 Danish1 colonial1 naming1 and1 mapping1 practices.1 Copenhagen,1 for1 instance,1is1renamed1as1“Nunap1Utsussua”1(‘The1Land’s1Great1Vagina’),1mockingly1evoking1 figurations1 of1 colonial1 lands1 as1 female1 bodies.1 Two1 small1 islands1 on1 the1 west1 coast1 of1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"5"; " Jutland1 are1 named1 ‘Independence1 I’1 and1 ‘Independence1 II,’1 referring1 not1 only1 to1 the1 Greenlandic1independence1movement1but1also1to1the1archaeological1names1of1the1Paleo: Inuit1cultures1that1settled1Greenland1several1thousand1years1ago.1The1choice1to1attach1these1 names1to1of1two1of1the1westernmost1islands1of1the1Danish1archipelago1thereby1signals1the1 direction1 from1 which1 the1early1 Inuit1arrived1 in1 Greenland.1 Silig1 Hoegh1 and1 Havsteen: Mikkelsen’s1 map1 comments1 on1 a1 tradition1 of1 claiming1 islands1 through1 colonial1 cartographic1practices1that1goes1back1to1early1modernity.1In1this,1too,1polar1and1tropical1 islands1are1linked,1as1both1have1long1histories1of1suffering1colonial1oppression.1 1 1 1 Figure12:1‘Denmark’1(2004)1by1Inuk1Silis1Hoegh1and1Asmund1Havsteen:Mikkelsen1 1 This1brings1us1back1to1the1links1between1cold:1and1warm:water1islands1I1started1with.1This1 link1 is1 also1 the1 subject1 of1 the1 first1 essay1 in1 this1 thematic1 section,1 Daniel1 Graziadei’s1 ‘Caribbean1Snow1and1Ice:1Exploring1Literary1Tropical:Arctic1Island1Relations,’1which1traces1 the1presence1of1snow,1ice,1and1coldness1in1the1writings1of1various1Caribbean1authors.1As1 Graziadei1 demonstrates,1 these1 texts1 create1 surprising1 connections1 between1 Caribbean1 islands1and1the1cold1regions1of1the1Earth1to1figure1experiences1of1colonisation1and1diaspora,1 decolonise1representation,1and1create1global1relations.1If1Graziadei1is1interested1in1how1the1 poetics1of1snow1and1ice1challenge1stereotypical1representations1of1tropical1islands,1Barney1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"6"; " Samson1explores1how1literary1phenomenologies1of1cold:water1islands1can1question1–1and1 ultimately1 dissolve1 –1 appropriations1 of1 islands1 as1 vehicles1 of1 metaphor.1 In1 ‘Resisting1 Metaphor:1A1Phenomenology1of1Cold1and1Heat1in1Pincher1Martin,’1he1argues1that1William1 Golding’s1lesser:known1island1novel1presents1us1with1a1northern1island1that1ultimately1only1 exists1 in1 the1 bodily1 sensations1 of1 the1 protagonist1 and1 thereby1 questions1 assumptions1 of1 essential1island1identities.1The1next1article,1Johannes1Riquet’s1‘Filming1Bear1Island:1Arctic1 Island1 Narratives,1 Polar1 Exploration,1 and1 Poetic1 Geometry,’1 is1 similarly1 interested1 in1 phenomenology’s1 potential1 to1 challenge1 conventional1 representations.1 Unlike1 Samson’s1 contribution,1however,1it1focuses1on1the1filmic1life1of1an1existing1island,1Bjørnøya1in1the1 Svalbard1Archipelago.1Examining1the1poetic1geometries1through1which1experiences1of1the1 Arctic1island1are1mediated1in1a1Cold1War1thriller1and1two1recent1documentaries,1it1offers1a1 geocritical1exploration1of1how1these1films1interact1with1the1materialities1of1polar1geography1 to1transform1the1spatial1ideologies1of1island1narratives.1 1 The1second1group1of1articles1focus1on1lived1experiences1of1cold:water1islands1as1well1as1the1 representational1forms1that1mediate1these1experiences.1Like1Riquet’s1essay,1Eimear1Tynan’s1 ‘Arctic1Islands,1Archival1Exposures’1is1invested1in1an1expansive1and1multifocal1exploration1 on1the1Arctic1islands1off1the1Norwegian1mainland,1including1Bjørnøya1(as1well1as1Hopen1 and1Jan1Mayen).1Alternating1between1historical1photographs1and1site1analysis,1she1includes1 her1own1fieldwork1notes1and1drawings1in1an1attempt1to1engage1with1the1shifting1coastlines1 of1these1islands1through1both1human1inscriptions1and1non:human1objects1and1processes,1 thereby1adding1new1perspectives1to1the1discipline1of1landscape1architecture.1Hans1Connor,1 Laurie1Brinklow,1and1Adam1Fenech’s1‘An1Icy1Layer1of1Isolation:1Prince1Edward1Island’s1Sea: Bound1Particularity’1also1discuss1coastal1experiences,1yet1the1island1they1focus1on1is1fully1 inhabited.1Taking1the1old1debate1of1island1isolation1v1island1interconnection1as1a1starting1 point,1 their1 article1 investigates1 the1 complex1 sense1 of1 place1 emerging1 from1 the1 sea1 ice1 around1the1island1–1from1the1beginnings1of1European1settlement1to1contemporary1coastal1 erosion1 in1 the1 wake1 of1 climate1 change.1 With1 Michael1 Pearson’s1 ‘‘‘Knowing”1 the1 South1 Shetland1Islands:1The1Role1of1Sealers’1Charts,’1we1leave1the1northern1hemisphere1and1turn1 to1the1Antarctic.1Carefully1examining1the1charts1and1journals1of1early119th1Century1sealers,1 Pearson1is1attentive1to1the1differences1between1British1and1American1contexts1and1argues1 for1a1 nuanced1 understanding1 of1 the1complex1and1sometimes1 contradictory1interests1that1 came1 together1 in1 the1 mapping1 and1 naming1 of1 the1 islands.1 As1 he1 demonstrates,1 these1 interests1ranged1from1colonial1appropriation1and1commercial1exploitation1to1patronage1and1 very1practical1concerns1related1to1navigation.11 1 Finally,1Felicity1Greenland1and1Philip1Hayward’s1contribution,1‘Ningen:1The1Generation1of1 Media:Lore1 Concerning1 a1 Giant,1 Sub:Antarctic,1 Aquatic1 Humanoid1 and1 Its1 Relation1 to1 Japanese1 Whaling1 Activity,’1 follows1 the1 erratic1 movements1 of1 a1 21st1 Century1 mythical1 creature1through1(and1beyond)1sub:Antarctic1waters1and1digital1communication1channels.1 Evoking1 icebergs1 in1 its1 whiteness1 and1 shape:shifting1 characteristics,1 the1 ningen,1 as1 Greenland1 and1 Hayward1demonstrate,1negotiates1the1politically1 charged1discourse1 about1 Southern1 Ocean1 whaling.1Greenland1 and1 Hayward’s1 engagement1 with1 the1 notion1 of1 the1 “aquapelagic1imaginary”1in1sub:Antarctic1waters1is1also1significant1in1another1regard.1While1 there1has1been1considerable1critical1debate1concerning1the1manner1in1which1the1notion1of1 the1 aquapelago1 extends1concepts1 of1 islands1 and1 islandness1 into1 integrated1 aquatic1 and1 terrestrial1spaces1(see1the1online1Shima1anthology1on1the1topic,1nd),1discussion1of1manners1 in1 which1 ice1 extends1 and/or1 complicates1 both1 islands1 and1 aquapelagos1 has1 been1 conspicuous1by1its1absence.1The1contributions1to1this1thematic1section1suggest1manners1in1 which1 the1 aquapelago1 concept1 can1 be1 developed1to1 be1 more1 globally1 inclusive1 and1 the1 journal1invites1further1exploration1of1this1topic.1 Riquet" – Islands and Ice _______________________________" Shima&Volume"14"Number"1"2020& ;"7"; 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