Transmission of genes for cilour polymorphism in Philaenus

262 BRIEF REPORTS BRIEF REPORTS 0. HALKKA, L. HALKKA, M. RAATIKAINEN and A. VASARAINEN: T ansmission o genes o colou polymo phism in Philaenus. (Recei ed Janua y 3 h, 19GS) Colou polymo phism in na u al popula ions o Pilaenus spuma ius (L.) (Ho nop e a, Ce copidae) has been he subjec o a leas 27 publica ions. In mos pa s o he wo ld, a numbe o colou o ms occu in each popula ion, in such a ios ha he moa equen o m, in he emaks, seldom exceeds 10 O/o o he o al o his sex. In sou he n Finland, he equency o mos o he coloa o ms anges be ween 3 and 5 pe cen . Thus, in c ossing expe imen s, i any o he colou o ms is obse ed in h ee successi e gene a ion,^ wi h a equency signi ican ly highe han 5 Oio, his implies ha ansmission is due o he edi a y de e minan s ei he in he cy opla,sm o in he ch omosomes. In c os,sing meadow spi lebugs o gene ic analysis, we s a ed wi h 60 pai s in he P gene a ion. O hese, 24 yielded F1 p ogeny (HALKKA e al., 1966). In he F2 gene a ion, only 9 p ogenies wi h e y small sibships could be sco ed. These 9 p ogenies we e enough, howe e , o 'demons a e beyond doub he exis ence o ch omosomal de e minan s speci ic o each o he colou pheno ypes. Six o he nine p ogenies e.sul ed om sib ma ings in he F1 and hei ou come is p esen ed in he pedig ees below. The code numbe s used o he c osses a e he same as we e used in ou analysis o he F1 gene a ion (HALXKA e al., 1966). The F1 and F2 p ogenie i o c osses 9 and 57 p oduced only ypica pheno ypes. Ob iously, in he males o he P gene a ion, no unexp essed colou genes we e p esen . C oss 30, on he o he hand, is in elligible i i is assumed ha in he P gene a ioa male an unexp essed lop gene was p esen . This gene was inhe i ed b he Fl emale pa en and u he by he single e nale which alone cons i- u es he F2. In c oss 19, a i gene, o iginally p esen in he P male, is ansmi ed h ough he F1 gene a ion o an F2 emale. C oss 59 shows ansmission o i and c oss 41 ansmission o lop h ough h ee gene a ions in he emale line. Th ee o he nine F2 p ogenies a e he esul o non-sib ma ings in he F1 gene a ion, and a e gi en in he amily ees below. BRIEF REPORTS 263 (A) Ice ? X yp d mia X i d Ice 9 i d i ? yp Q yp ? yp d lop 9 i d i d (B) lop ? X yp d i ? X yp d (C) ma 9 x yp d ma 9 x i d ma 9 yp d ma 9 On case A, he i gene is ansmi ed om P male o F1 male o F2 emale, and he Ice gene om P emale o F1 emale. Occu ence o yp indi iduals in he F2 shows ha bo h he F1 pa en s a e he e ogyzo es. In case B, he i gene is ansmi ed om P emale o F1 male o F2 male and he lop gene om P emale o F1 emale. In case C, he ma gene exp essed in he 172 emale was inhe i ed ei he in he emale line o h ough he F1 male, in which, as in gene al in males, his gene was no exp essed. Summa izing, he pooled e idence o hese c ossings shows ha : (1) The colou genes (o pe haps "supe genes", as de ined by E. B. FORD) a e ansmissible h ough 3 gene a ions, om one sex o ano he as well as in he Same sex. (2) The genes a e ch omo5omal and no cy oplasmic. (3) Since Philaenus males a e XO as ega ds he sex ch omosomes and since i is inhe i ed om male o male, his gene mus be au osomal. The o he genes may be allelomo phs o i. The genes de e mining colou polymo phism in Philaenus also egula e he esponze o he meadow spli lebug o clima ic and o he ac o s in he na u al en i onmen . Recen pape s on his subjec include hose o HUTCHINSON (1964), REREGOVOY (1966), HALKKA, KAATIKA~NEN and VILHASTE (1967), HALKKA, RAATIKAINEN, VASARAINEN and HEINONEN (1967) and FARISH and SCUDDER (1967). Depa men o Gene ics, Uni e si y o Helsinki, P. Rau a ieka u 13, Hel- sinki, and Depa men o Pes In es iga ion, Ag icul uTal Resea ch Cen e, Tikku ila, Finland. Li e a u e ci ed BEREGOVOY, V. E. 1966. Va ia ion o he na u al popula ions o he meadow spi le- bug (Phi aenus spunin ius L. Ho nop e a, Ce copidae). - Gene ika 2: 134-144. (In Russian, wi h English summa y.) FARISH, D. J. and SCUDDER, G. G. E. 1967. The polymo phism in Phi uenus spu nmius (L.) (Hemip e a: Ce copidae) in B i ish Colnmbia. - J. En omol. SOC. B i ish Columbia 64: 45-51. HALKKA, O., HEINONEN. L., RAATIKAINEN, M. and VASARAINEN, A. 1966. C ossing ex- pe imen s wi h Phi aenus spunia ius (Ho nop e a). - He edi as 56: 406-312. HALKICA, O., RAATIKAINEN, hi., VASARAINEN, A. and HEINONEN, L. 1967. Ecology and 264 BRIEF REPORTS ecological gene ics o Philoenus spumn ius (L.) (Homop e a). - Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4: 1-18, HALKKA, O., KAATIKAINEN, M. and VILBASTE, J. 1967. Modes o halance in he poly- mo phism o Philaenus spumn ius (I,.) (Homop e a). - Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. HUTCHINSON, G. E. 1964. A no e on he polymo phism o Philaenus spumn ius (L.) A IV 207: 1-16. (Homop ., Ce copidae) in B i ain. - En omol. Mon h. Mag. 99: 175-178. I<.-H. GUSTAVSON and J. VERNEHOLT: The XYY synd, ome in a p epube - (Recei ed Janua y 12 h, 1968) al boy. The esul s o an XYY sex-ch omosome cons i u ion in man appea s o be a iable. Some cases a e no mally de eloped e ile males wi h no mal in elli- gence (HAUSCHKA e al., 1962). In o he cases he e a e abno mali ies o he ex e nal geni alia (DUNN nl., 1961; FRACCARO e al., 1962; VIGNETTI e nl., 1964) and/o men al e a da ion (FRACCARO e al. 1962; WILTON and LEVER, 1966; KICCI and MALACARNE, 1964; COURT BROWN e al., 1964). The XYY sex-ch omosome cons i u ion has gained inc easing in e es since JACOBS e 01. in 1965 epo ed an inc eased incidence o his ka yo ype among men ally subno mal pa ien s wi h agg essi e beha iou and all s a u e. No abno mal physical ea u es dis inguished hese pa ien s om no mal men (PRICE e al., 1966) bu hei pe sonali ies showed ex eme emo ional in- s abili y combined wi h an incapaci y o ole a e e en mild us a ions. They began hei c iminal ac i i ies a a e y young age bu he e was no signi ican amily his o y o c ime OT men al illness (PRICE and WHATMORE, 1967). Recen in es iga ions indica e ha he e is an inc eased equency o elec oencephalo- g aphic abno mali ies and epilepsy in XYY pa ien s (FORSSMAN, 1967 ; Fo~ss- MAN and HAMHERT, 1968). The e a e only a ew epo s wi h de ailed clinical desc ip ions o p e- pube al pa ien s wi h an XYY sex-ch omosome cons i u ion (DUNN e al., 1961; SANDBERG e al., 1963; KOSENOW and PFEIFFER. 1967). We ha e ecen ly s udied an 8 ‘/e yea -old boy, who wa? admi ed o he Paedia ic clinic, Uni- e dy Hospi al, Uppsala, because o di icul ies a school and clumsy mo e- men s. A he ime o he pa ien ’s bi h his mo he was 31 and his a he 37 yea s o age. Bo h pa en s we e no mal and in good heal h. A pa e nal i s cou7in o he pa ien was men ally subno mal and o all s a u e. The amily his o y was o he wise nega i e. The mo he ga e no his o y o abo ions. She had had wo p egnancies; he i s esul ed in a no mal gi l, whose subsequen de elopmen was no mal. The second p egnancy, esul ing in he bi h o he p esen pa ien , was une en ul. He was bo n 2 weeks a e e m. The deli e y was no mal. The bi h weigh was 4250 g and heigh 56 cm. The chiild’s psycho- mo o de elopmen was somewha e a ded and he had ob ious di icul ies in keeping ab eas a school. He was abno mally sensi i e, lacked ini ia i e, be- came e y easily i ed and had g ea di icul y in es ablishing con ac wi h