Toward culturally sensitive tourism Report from Finnish Lapland

1 Toward culturally sensitive tourism Report from Finnish Lapland OUTI KUGAPI EMILY HÖCKERT MONIKA LÜTHJE NUCCIO MAZZULLO RITVA SAARI 2 3 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Multidimensional Tourism Institute (MTI) Rovaniemi www.luc.fi/matkailu Design: Lappi Design / Tytti Mäenpää ISBN 978-952-337-209-2 3 Publications of the Multidimensional Tourism Institute Matkailualan tutkimusja koulutusinstituutin julkaisuja Toward culturally sensitive tourism Rovaniemi 2020 Report from Finnish Lapland OUTI KUGAPI EMILY HÖCKERT MONIKA LÜTHJE NUCCIO MAZZULLO RITVA SAARI 4 5 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic ARCTISEN Promoting culturally sensitive tourism across the Arctic Funder: Budget: Partners: Main result: Improved entrepreneurial business environment for culturally sensitive tourism that will be achieved by improving and increasing transnational contacts, networks and cooperation among different businesses and organizations. Improvement of business environment will also result in concrete products and services, locally and transnationally designed, that support the capacities of start-ups and SMEs to develop sustainable, competitive and attractive tourism businesses drawing on place-based opportunities. Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme University of Lapland (Lead Partner), Finland UiT The Arctic University of Norway Northern Norway Tourist Board Umeå University, Sweden Ájtte - Mountain and Sámi museum, Sweden Aalborg University, Denmark University of Waterloo, Canada WINTA - World Indigenous Tourism Alliance 1.455.547,88€ 5 6 7 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Contents Introduction .............................................................................................. 8 Cultural sensitivity of tourism in Finnish Lapland ...................................... 12 Sámi cultures ................................................................................................ 12 Land use........................................................................................................ 14 Ethical guidelines and quality certificates in tourism ................................ 15 Tourists ......................................................................................................... 17 Possibilities and challenges of culturally sensitive tourism ....................... 22 On possibilities ............................................................................................. 22 On challenges ............................................................................................... 24 Examples ...................................................................................................... 27 Final reflections on future tourism development ....................................... 30 Seasons and scales in tourism ............................................................. 30 Local and other actors ................................................................................. 31 Sámi cultural elements in tourism .............................................................. 31 Diverse tourism destinations in Lapland ............................................... 32 Acknowledgments .................................................................................... 36 Notes and references ............................................................................... 36 7 Introduction 8 9 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic This publication builds on the idea that using Sámi cultural elements in tourism requires cultural sensitivity. In past decades, tour operators and other tourism companies have marketed and commodified Lapland by misusing the ‘exotic’ features of Sámi cultures – without considering how this misuse was experienced by the Sámi themselves. Many Sámi have sharply criticized the ways in which the tourism industry has constructed a stereotypical and distorted image of the Sámi, which economically benefits non-Sámi tourism companies3. Such extensive forms of exploitation have not taken place in the other Nordic countries4. Today the need for more culturally sensitive forms of tourism development has been recognized in Finnish Lapland. There are various factors that indicate this new recognition. Firstly, there are more Sámi entrepreneurs. Secondly, the misuse of Sámi cultural symbols by non-Sámi tourism comIntroduction In recent years, tourism has grown rapidly in Finnish Lapland. International tourists travel to the region to experience the northern lights, snowmobiling, husky rides, sleeping in an igloo, and feeding reindeer in a snowy winter wonderland. Tourism development has been the most expansive in Rovaniemi, which is both the home of Santa Claus and the administrative capital of Lapland. Besides Rovaniemi, there are several large tourist resorts in Lapland – such as Levi and Saariselkä – offering a great variety of winter and summer activities and entertainment. The Inari region, which hosts the Sámi Parliament and has a strong identity of Sámi cultures, has also been attracting an ever-growing number of tourists with an interest in encountering the North with all its special cultural features. Moreover, there are smaller nature-based destinations around Lapland, where the pace of tourism development has been slower. This report approaches tourism in Finnish Lapland from the point of views of cultural sensitivity. While ‘culturally sensitive tourism’ is a new concept in Finland, the idea of respecting and caring for cultural diversity in tourism has been discussed in previous research1. Like this report, previous research has focused on the ways in which Sámi cultural elements are used in tourism settings2. In addition to economic development, culturally sensitive tourism aims at enhancing: ystakeholders’ self-determination yintraand intercultural understanding and respect yinclusion and empowerment. 9 panies has been decreasing in their marketing communication5. Thirdly, the Sámi Parliament of Finland (2018) has created new guidelines for the responsible and ethically sustainable use of Sámi cultural features in tourism (in Finnish), which aim at ‘removing tourism that exploits Sámi cultures and disinformation about Sámi cultures that is distributed via tourism’. These guidelines call for responsibility, culturally sustainable tourism development, and trust, and underline the importance of self-determination of the Sámi in tourism. Fourthly, local non-Sámi tourism operators seem to be more interested in cooperating with Sámi tourism companies. This report offers an overview of the current state as well as a vision for the future with regard to cultural sensitivity in tourism development in Finnish Lapland, with special focus on the Sámi cultures. The research is based on 44 interviews conducted during February–April 2019 in three different regions: 1) the Rovaniemi and Levi areas, which in this case can be seen as examples of mass tourism development, 2) the Inari and Utsjoki municipalities, where Sámi cultures are playing a quite visible role in tourism marketing and product development, 3) the Enontekiö municipality, where smaller-scale nature-based tourism is being developed in multicultural settings. The interviewed persons represented 26 smalland medium-sized tourism companies, 3 big tourism companies, and 17 other tourism-related organisations such as associations, public authorities, and research institutes. Interviewing different kinds of tourism actors has enabled an approach to cultural sensitivity from multiple perspectives. The number of represented organisations is larger than the number of interviewed persons, as some persons represented several organisations simultaneously. For example, the interviewed person might have been not only an entrepreneur, but also the president of an entrepreneurs’ association, a councilmember, or a member of the Sámi Parliament. The interviewees were selected quite randomly. The most important criterion was involvement in tourism. The ethnicity of the interviewees was not asked, but many mentioned it during the interview. The interview questions were focused on the use of local cultural elements in tourism, the running of tourism businesses, the development ideas, and the possibilities and challenges in tourism. While this overview concentrates on cultural sensitivity in Finnish Lapland, with special emphasis on Sámi cultures, the results can be applied to other areas and contexts. 16 17 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Principles of Responsible and Ethically Sustainable Sámi Tourism by Sámi Parliament of Finland*: 1) Recognizing and respecting the value and the richness of Sámi cultural heritage 2) Safeguarding and maintaining the Sámi cultural heritage for future generations 3) Creating mutual understanding and cooperation that benefit all parties 4) Drawing attention to and correcting the problems in Sámi tourism 5) Enhancing positive effects of Sámi tourism on the Sámi, their culture and environment 6) Responsible and ethically sustainable marketing and tourism communication for Sámi tourism, and 7) Securing high quality tourist experiences. * Translated from the Finnish version of the document During the interviews in February–April 2019, only some of the interviewees had familiarized themselves with the Sámi Parliament’s ethical tourism guidelines. In regard to other sustainable tourism guidelines, the interviewed tourism companies either were not aware of them or did not see them as relevant for their businesses. However, younger generations seemed, generally speaking, more positive towards the guidelines. Some of the interviewees pointed out that the Sámi Parliament’s new principles should be seen, most of all, as recommendations and goals rather than as rules and obligations. Based on these interviews, the most controversial issue of these guidelines is the Sámi Parliament’s critique of the sledge-dog business. According to the guidelines, ‘Marketing touristic sledge-dog services in the Sámi homeland is both irresponsible and ethically unsustainable and should therefore be terminated’35. Many of the interviewees stated that the sledge-dogs do not belong to the area, while others had difficulty imagining tourism in Lapland without them. The latter group of actors called for a more flexible approach: instead of prohibiting certain products, the focus should be placed on marketing tourism services that build on real and authentic aspects of local cultures, such as reindeer rides. The interviews indicate that most of the Finnish tourism actors recognize that sledge-dogs have the potential to cause serious harm to reindeer and reindeer herding. Quite a large number of the interviewees drew attention to the role of responsible sledge-dog companies who plan their routes in cooperation with local reindeer herders. Nevertheless, there are international so-called pop-up sledge-dog safari companies, who are not aware, or who do not care, how their actions impact reindeer herding, local communities, and the environment. Among the interviewed tourism actors, there were companies especially in the Inari and Utsjoki regions who were concerned about the ways in which the Sámi Parliament’s guidelines might complicate their businesses. The companies face difficulties in employing Sámi people, as the guidelines require. Some of the interviewees said that in their experience the guidelines formed a part of the political agendas connected to the debate on who is Sámi and who is not36. In general, both Sámi and non-Sámi entrepreneurs commented on the Sámi Parliament’s lack of attention to everyday practices. Successful implementation of the guidelines would require open cooper- 17 ation with local tourism actors. However, at the moment the guidelines were seen as top-down implemented strategy, without clarity about whom the guidelines actually concern. According to the interviewees, many of the conflicts could be solved if local actors could participate in finding fair ways to apply the guidelines in practice. This endeavour could be carried out in the near future, when the Sámi Parliament begins to launch the guidelines. In addition to ethical guidelines, there are some quality certificates which the interviewees hoped would support responsible actors in developing and marketing their tourism businesses. One relevant example of a quality certificate in Lapland is the Sámi Duodji label (in Finnish), which is used to guarantee the authenticity of Sámi handicrafts. In the summer of 2019, Visit Finland launched a new quality certificate called Sustainable Travel Finland (in Finnish). Some of the interviewed tourism entrepreneurs perceived quality certificates and labels as too expensive. One of the entrepreneurs stated: 'We do not need any certificates – we do not need someone from outside to come here for two days and then say then that we are great.' In general, the interviewees saw enhancement of culturally sensitive Sámi tourism as something positive. They supported the idea of developing a quality label for authentic Sámi companies, if the criteria were created in close cooperation between politicians, local communities, and tourism companies. In this case, the certificates would build on socioeconomic dynamics instead of political interests. The idea of certificates raised many thoughts among the respondents. A well-experienced Sámi entrepreneur wondered Would our services be enough to receive this kind of quality certificate? Are we ‘Sámi enough’? – We do not want to offer our customers any circus tricks. We prefer to show old places and tell stories connected to these places. Tourists According to one of the interviewed hotel managers, ‘the holy trinity’ of tourism products in the Finnish Lapland consists of Santa, snowmobiles, and sledge-dogs. This list should probably be updated with a luxury type of glass igloos, which have become ever-more in demand because of the growth in northern lights tourism. Nevertheless, interviewees had noticed tourists’ increas- 'Would our services be enough to receive this kind of quality certificate? Are we ‘Sámi enough’? – We prefer to show old places and tell stories connected to these places.' 18 19 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic ing interest in local lifestyles. While not all the travellers necessarily know exactly where in Lapland (or the Nordic countries) they are staying, many find it important to receive correct information about the cultures, have personal experiences with the locals, and have authentic cultural experiences, for instance through home-visits. There exists also an increased interest in Sámi handicrafts and other kinds of locally produced souvenirs. Entrepreneurs underlined the importance of offering culturally sensitive products and services in various price categories. The interviewees agreed that foreign tourists are often interested in reindeer herding. Reindeer herding is perceived as a typical and authentic way of life and central part of local culture. Some stated that the reindeer might actually be more famous than the Sámi people. However, there are also tourists who wish to meet reindeer specifically in a Sámi context*, and to learn about past and contemporary Sámi lifestyles. Some of the travellers approach tourist information desks eager to find and see Sámi people. What can you answer to such a demand? This request is an awkward *Reindeer herding in Finland is not a Sámi-only livelihood, as in Sweden and Norway, but can be practiced by other local residents as well. one, as the tourists tend to arrive with their own often stereotypical pre-conceptualizations of what the Sámi are like. Some of the tourists are unwilling to accept that Sáminess is something other than what they had imagined beforehand. One interviewee expressed the observation that non-Sámi tourism workers do not want to describe what Sáminess is, and neither do they see such an action as their role. Tourists’ interest in seeing and photographing the Sámi has led to many uncomfortable situations. Tourists enter people’s backyards and photograph local homes. There are tourist buses that park in front of churches to wait for local people to exit the church in their traditional Sámi costumes. I have a personal experience of this from [a] funeral. It felt awful when the tourists came there to photograph us. The tourists must have thought that this was a real jackpot to get a picture of people in Sámi dress, but you sure do not want to have tourists present in these kinds of situations or events. Some people just do not think about these things. Another tangible and mundane demand has to do with trashcans and toilets. The lack of public toilets and trashcans is a sensitive matter for the local people, especially in Enontekiö and Inari. Interviewees were hoping for better infrastructure, as today many tourists are knocking on their doors. Chinese tourists come to my home quite often to use the toilet. And we let them do it. However, isn’t this also something that should be solved some other way? Isn’t this also about sensitivity as well? The importance of a heightened cultural sensitivity needs to be stressed not only to tourism companies and developers, but to tourists as well. It is clear that responsible tourism behaviour requires developing basic infrastructure. 19 20 21 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic 21 Possibilities and challenges of culturally sensitive tourism 22 23 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic ago is not so anymore. However, cultural exploitation has decreased, not vanished. Many seem to agree that the exploitation of Sámi cultures should be prohibited. Interviewees also called for more open discussion between the Sámi and the Finnish tourism actors in order to avoid the misuse of Sámi symbols and elements even more successfully than before. This chapter presents the ideas, challenges, and opportunities in business and product development which were brought up in the interviews. Some of the ideas have been summarized in figure 2. On possibilities The majority of the interviewees underlined the importance of sustainability, quality, calmness, and cultural products instead of expansive growth in tourism. A growing number of tourism enterprises are seeking to diversify their products, for instance by developing more accessible, year-round services and activities for families and older generations. Many found it important to embrace the calmness of their home area. The interviews indicate how cultural knowledge and understanding have been increasing among tourism entrepreneurs. Something that was acceptable 10 years Possibilities and challenges of culturally sensitive tourism 'We want something else here than ‘WinterWonderland and ChristmasWonderland’ products. However, for that we need innovative and capable companies.’ 23 Storytelling can help to tell about local cultures and our land. We should use more storytelling to diversify and enrichen our activities. It would be great to learn more about marketing, for instance, in social media. Today it seems like infl uencers are important actors in marketing. Nature is still the main attraction in Arctic areas and window to our past. Maybe we could use Arctic nature and its special lights as sources for inspiration in photographing, painting, healing. How should we market our beautiful, authentic and small destination so that it differs from others? We should probably be better at communicating that here the groups are small and we always have time for our guests. We want to concentrate on products and services that are based on our own muscle-power – we need guidance to fi nd the right customers for that. We need some kinds of courses that will enable seasonal tourist guides to share correct knowledge about Sámi and other local cultures. Even more, we would need professional guides, who feel comfortable about what they are telling. We should build tourist experiences around simple, mundane things, such as ice-fi shing, washing carpets, cooking food or knitting. We just need a little inspiration how to turn them into products and services. What we really need here is modern and updated information about Sámi culture. Some kind of brochures and material that tourists can take with them when they leave, or read digitally afterwards. Home-visits are something that tourist are looking for here. Nevertheless, we do not know how to turn home-visits into viable products and would need guidance with that. Handicrafts are an excellent way to learn about Indigenous culture. Handicrafts can be made together in workshops or during homevisits. And tourists are interested in buying authentic products as souvenirs. Benchmarking and learning from others is an easy way to co-create and co-develop together. It also allows us to learn about our own businesses. Indeed, the biggest professional challenge for me is to develop cultural tourism products. Tourism stakeholders’ ideas for tourism product and service development We need products that are based on our values, not on weather conditions. We should not forget that we also have domestic tourists here. What kind of cultural products and services can we offer them? There are tourists who would love to sleep outdoors, in the wilderness, but they need help in doing that. We have more nature-based events than those based on local culture. Perhaps we could offer new cultural events to both locals and tourists and this way offer a new chance to interact with each other? Figure 2. Tourism stakeholders' ideas for tourism product and service development 24 25 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Many interviewees mentioned that it is important for Sámi entrepreneurs to market Sámi cultures in their products and services. This would make the tourism market more culturally sustainable and sensitive. One tourism developer pointed out that whether to market such products is something that the entrepreneurs need to decide by themselves. The developer also suggested that if entrepreneurs start to offer cultural products, more tourists who are interested in them will start arriving in Lapland. Some interviewees also suggested that companies could test how culturally sensitive they are, and how to improve their sensitivity. Storytelling is seen as an opportunity to share correct information about local cultures and land. It can also diversify the products so that companies are less dependent on unpredictable weather conditions and build more on their strengths. The interviewed companies wished to see more storytelling in touristic services and to see it become a part of the activities – not a separate activity. Most of the Sámi entrepreneurs emphasised their telling of their personal family histories to their customers, particularly in the reindeer safari and restaurant/hotel companies. Moreover, tourist services based on handicrafts were also seen as an economic opportunity and an opportunity to bring more variety to the products and services offered to tourists, for example, in souvenir shops. Nowadays souvenir shops in Finnish Lapland tend to have more fake products that have been made outside of Lapland. Interviewees saw benchmarking as an excellent opportunity to develop business and to learn from good practices elsewhere. One interviewee argued that it might not even be necessary to travel far in order to learn – even being a tourist in one’s own hometown can help one to learn something new. The interviewees also brought up the need for creating leaflets and other kinds of information material on Sámi cultures, taking photographs, dressing up for the Arctic winter, and traffic rules. Today there are tour operators and individual tourists who stop their cars in unsafe places when chasing northern lights or spotting reindeer. The visitors do not seem to recognize the risks and dangers they cause to themselves and others in traffic. Also, the ways in which tourists take pictures were found to be problematic, and several interviewees called for ethical guidelines for using cameras. The guidelines could be presented in empathetic and humorous ways, instead of ‘preaching’ and filling the destinations with ‘Do not…’ signs*. This type of guidance would be easier to grasp and remember. It is also necessary to explore which situations and settings are best for offering informational material; that is, in which ways the guests can be encouraged to behave responsibly before their arrival and during their stay. In addition to tourists, non-local tourism workers also tend to need guidance (see also p. 26). On challenges In Finnish Lapland, there are many fewer Sámi tourism entrepreneurs than Finnish entrepreneurs, which causes challenges both in cultural and land-use issues. There are different opinions about using Sámi cultural symbols – especially the Sámi costume – in tourism. While some tourism companies do not see using Sámi symbols as problematic, the majority want to do things responsibly, respecting local cultures. *In fact, Sámi Parliament have launched the Principles of Responsible and Ethically Sustainable Sámi Tourism in the form of pictures to reach more audience. 25 Even though responsibility has been increasingly emphasized in tourism development, there are still cases in which the Sámi costume and other cultural symbols are misused. One Sámi entrepreneur remarked: 'What annoys me the most is that the Sámi culture is confused with dogsledding. Some dog-sledding companies use lávvu (Sámi tents) or goahti (Sámi huts) and some even wear the luhkka (Sámi cape) during the husky safari. Although some people say that dogsleds have a long tradition here, I think that these kinds of services should not be offered here. There are many other tourist products that portray the history of the traditions in Lapland in completely wrong ways.' Foreign tourists can still request and purchase the highly controversial and culturally insensitive ‘Lapland baptism’ in different places around Finnish Lapland. These ceremonies are run by ‘shamans’ who, wearing a Sami costume, baptise tourists. This is a typical example of a Sámi figure that has been created and presented by the Finnish tourism industry. It gives a false image of the Sámi – as something mystic and primitive – to travellers who have limited previous knowledge of Sáminess (see pp. 1718). ‘Lapland baptism’ is not part of the Sámi culture. It was only few years ago ... we visited this one place close to the Arctic Circle. I was shocked to see that there they had Enontekiö’s traditional Sámi clothing – which was dirty and torn. It seemed like nobody else reacted to this. But I was very upset and pointed out that this was highly inappropriate. Another Sámi entrepreneur described some bigger tourism companies in Lapland, owned by non-Sámi, in following way: Well, they always talk about responsible tourism … However, the practice differs often from what the managers say in lecture halls. … They have huskies and reindeer, a non-Sámi person is ‘jumping’ there wearing a Sámi costume, and there is a lávvu (Sámi tent) pitched in an ugly way. One interviewee confessed that despite one’s sincere wish to do things with respect, one can never be sure of doing things respectfully enough: I imagine that many are cautious and do not dare to utilize the Sámi cultures in their products. It is treated as something sacred that should not be touched. It would be good to have more open dialogue on how this can be done in correct and acceptable ways. We need information how ‘Sáminess’ should not be sold. But I understand that this is a very sensitive question; it is by no means easy for companies to develop products of these things. 'What annoys me the most is that the Sámi culture is confused with dog-sledding.’ 32 33 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic more on p. 13-14 and p. 25-26). There are people who, despite their official Sámi status, perceive themselves as being from a Sámi family. At a personal level this can be a difficult, even traumatic, situation, which can be a challenge when developing tourism services and products. Diverse tourism destinations in Lapland Tourists seem to be increasingly interested in culture-based activities across Finnish Lapland. Hence, there are great possibilities for developing cultural tourism products throughout the region. Today, the Sámi and other local cultures are represented in diverse ways in different locations in Lapland. In Inari, where the Sámi Parliament and other Sámi institutions are located, the Sámi cultures are a great attraction for tourists. The neighbouring municipality, Utsjoki, also seems to be profiling itself less through salmon fishing and more as a Sámi destination. Sevettijärvi, which is situated in the Inari municipality, is tightly connected to the Skolt Sámi culture and to their Orthodox religion. In Sevettijärvi there are some small Sámi companies that offer snowmobile and reindeer safaris for smaller groups. In the village of Nellim, there are both Skolt and Inari Sámi. The village is remotely located and has focused on nature-based tourism activities. However, after several decades, there is a new road to Nellim, which may bring more visitors to the area. Enontekiö is seen as a nature destination, where travellers can experience quietness and peacefulness. It can be seen as a special region in that there are no ski resorts. Tourism actors in Enontekiö are interested in creating new tourism products and services based on local cultures. Levi is a ski resort which has the potential for presenting Sámi cultures in sustainable and sensitive ways. For instance, the annual Alpine Ski World Cup could bring international visibility to Sámi cultures. However, today there are only two companies run by Sámi and no Sámi subcontractors. Hence it would be necessary to support Sámi tourism activities in Levi. Rovaniemi has a lot of potential to develop cultureand art-based tourism. A newly founded network aims to bring together different actors, to create new cultureand art-based products and services, and to disseminate knowledge about them. Lately the visibility of art and culture has been increasing in Rovaniemi. Since hundreds of years ago, travellers in Lapland have been impressed by its ascetic, beautiful nature and by its people. Nature and local cultures continue to be interconnected in tourism in Finnish Lapland. Tourism actors in Lapland seem to understand responsibility and sustainability in terms of environmental and cultural wellbeing. The first steps toward cultural sensitivity have already been taken. How can the importance for respect for local cultures become as obvious as that of the fight against environmental change? Environmental and cultural wellbeing go hand in hand, even when it comes to tourism. 33 34 35 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic 35 Notes and references 36 37 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Notes 1. Saari et al., in press. 2. Kugapi, 2014; Lüthje, 1995; 1998; Mällinen, 2014; Niskala & Ridanpää, 2016; Saari, 2017. 3. Aikio, 1987; Johansen-Lampsijärvi et al., 1991; Lehtola 1999; Saamelaiskomitean mietintö, 1973a; 1973b; see also Lüthje 1995; 1998, p. 37; Sámi Parliament, 2018; Varanka, 2001. 4. Olsen et al., 2019. 5. Niskala-Ridanpää, 2016; Saari, 2017. 6. Sámi Parliament, 2015. 7. Act on the Sámi Parliament, 1995. 8. See e.g., Aikio, 1985. 9. Ilola, 1997; Mäkinen, 1983; Partanen, 1992. 10. Markkanen, 1987. 11. Lüthje, 1995, pp. 25–26. 12. Lehtola, 1994; Mazzullo, 2017; Valkonen, 2009. 13. See Valkeapää, 1984. 14. Lehtola, 1994. 15. See Lüthje, 1995, pp. 25–30. 16. Niia, 1992; Niskala & Ridanpää, 2016. 17. See Lüthje, 1995; Varanka, 2001, p. 46; Viken, 2006. 18. See Lüthje, 1995. 19. Saamelaiskomitean Mietintö, 1973a; 1973b; Aikio, 1999; Niskala & Ridanpää, 2016. 20. Kugapi, 2014; Sámi Parliament, 2018. 21. Saamelaiskomitean Mietintö, 1973a; 1973b; Aikio, 1987; Johansen-Lampsijärvi et al., 1991; see Lüthje, 1998, p. 37; Sámi Parliament, 2018. 22. Niskala-Ridanpää, 2016; Saari, 2017. 23. See also Lehtola, 2015. 24. Valkonen, Valkonen & Koivurova, 2017. 25. Junka-Aikio, 2014, p. 11; see Valkonen et al., 2017, pp. 527– 28. 26. See Junka-Aikio, 2014, pp. 15–16; Valkonen et al., 2017, p. 534. 27. Pääkkönen, 2008, pp. 216–221; see Valkonen et al., 2017. 28. Junka-Aikio, 2014, p. 17. 29. Junka-Aiko, 2014, pp. 17–20; Valkonen et al., 2017, p. 533. 30. Junka-Aikio, 2014, p. 11; Valkonen et al., 2017, pp. 537, 539–40. 31. Valkonen et al., 2017, pp. 531–32, 540. 32. Junka-Aikio, 2014, p. 19. 33. Nyyssönen, 2007, pp. 52–53; Valkonen, 2014. 34. Sámi Parliament, 2016. 35. Sámi Parliament, 2018, p. 20. 36. See Sámi Parliament, 2018, pp. 13–14. 37. Jutila et al. 2020. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the interviewed persons who have shared their thoughts and spent time with us. Your information has become a valuable part of this report. We have planned the future activities of the ARCTISEN project on the basis of your information. It has been a pleasure to work with you. We hope that our cooperation will continue for many years to come. 37 References Act on the Sámi Parliament (1995). Retrieved from https://www. finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1995/19950974 Aikio, S. (1985). Katsaus saamelaisten historiaan. In M. Linkola (ed.), Lappi: Saamelaisten ja suomalaisten maa. 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(Soc. Sc. publications B 35.) Rovaniemi: University of Lapland. 39 40 41 ARCTISEN Culturally sensitive tourism in the Arctic Toward culturally sensitive tourism A report from Finnish Lapland The report offers an overview of tourism development in Finnish Lapland with a focus on cultural sensitivity. What does cultural sensitivity mean? Why it is important to discuss culturally sensitive tourism in Finnish Lapland? How could cultural sensitivity be enhanced, and what kinds of challenges might it present? These questions are approached with a special emphasis on the Sámi cultures. The publication is based on 44 interviews with tourism actors across Finnish Lapland.