The Influence of Cultural Competence on the Interpretations of Territorial Identities in European Capitals of Culture

This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Title: Year: Version: Please cite the original version: All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. The Influence of Cultural Competence on the Interpretations of Territorial Identities in European Capitals of Culture Lähdesmäki, Tuuli Lähdesmäki, T. (2014). The Influence of Cultural Competence on the Interpretations of Territorial Identities in European Capitals of Culture. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 4(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2014-0005 2014 69 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) 7KH,QÁXHQFHRI&XOWXUDO&RPSHWHQFH on the Interpretations of Territorial Identities in European Capitals of Culture Tuuli Lähdesmäki Department of Art and Culture Studies, Faculty of the Humanities, 8QLYHUVLW\RI-\YlVN\Ol P.O. box 35(A), -\YlVN\Ol),)LQODQG (PDLOWXXOLNODKGHVPDNL#M\X¿ Abstract: The EU’s cultural initiative ‘the European Capital of Culture’ (ECOC) includes high identity political aims. It requires the designated cities to introduce and foster local, regional, and European cultural identities. In addition, the cities have used the designation as an opportunity to promote national cultural identity. Audiences of the ECOC events recognize and interpret different kinds of representations of territorial cultural identities from what the cities have to offer in culture. However, the contents of these interpretations vary drastically in the ECOCs. The article discusses whether the competence of interpreting the representations of territorial cultural identities is related to some social determinants of the audiences. Based on a questionnaire study conducted in recent ECOCs—Pécs (Hungary), Tallinn (Estonia), and Turku (Finland)—the study indicates that, for example, education, source of livelihood, and active cultural participation impact the interpretations of the representations of territorial cultural identities. Keywords: cultural capital, cultural competence, European Capital of Culture, interpretation, reception, representation, territorial cultural identity doi: 10.2478/bjes-2014-0005 Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 70 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) 1. 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Case studies of the ECOC audiences indicate that the audiences have recognized and interpreted different kinds of manifestations Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 71 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) of territorial cultural identities from what the ECOCs offer in cultural terms /lKGHVPlNLD5LFKDUGV5RWDULX+RZHYHUWKHFRQWHQWV RIWKHVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVYDU\GUDVWLFDOO\DQGWKHUHDVRQVIRUVXFKYDULHW\LQWKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVKDYHQRW\HWEHHQDQDO\]HG:K\GRVRPHSHRSOHVHHPWREH more able and competent to recognize representations of territorial cultural LGHQWLWLHV":K\ LVLWHDVLHUIRUVRPHSHRSOHWRH[SOLFDWHDQG GHVFULEH WKHLU SHUFHSWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHV",VWKHDELOLW\DQGFRPSHWHQFHRI perceiving and interpreting them related to some social determinants of the SHRSOH"+RZGRWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDOFXOWXUDO identities differ between people with different social background and cultural behavior? 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In order to answer the core questions regarding the social determinants in the interpretations of the representations of territorial cultural identities, the investigation adapts the discussions on diverse forms RIµFDSLWDOV¶²DFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQIRUPXODWHGE\3LHUUH%RXUGLHX²DQGWKHLU LPSDFWRQSHRSOH¶VFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHZRUOGYLHZVDQGYDOXHV\VWHPV7KH article aims to investigate whether the same social determinants that, according WR YDULRXV VRFLRORJLFDO VWXGLHV LQÀXHQFH SHRSOH¶V FXOWXUDO SUHIHUHQFHV DQG tastes also impact people’s notions and interpretations of the representations of territorial cultural identities. Do the sociological views on cultural capital offer new insights for understanding people’s notions on territorial cultural identities? Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 72 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16)  7HUULWRULDOLGHQWLWLHVDVÁXLGFXOWXUDOFRQVWUXFWLRQV &RQWHPSRUDU\ VWXGLHV RI LGHQWLW\ GUDZ XSRQ D ZLGH UDQJH RI WKHRUHWLFDO conceptualizations. 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Territorial FXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVDUHGLVFXUVLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQVZKRVHFRQWHQWVDUHÀH[LEOHDQG ZKLFKPD\EHJLYHQGLYHUVHPHDQLQJVGHSHQGLQJRQZKDWGH¿QHVWKHP7KH VDPHVSDWLDOWHUULWRU\PD\IXQFWLRQDVDQDUHQDIRUPXOWLSOHHYHQFRQWUDGLFWRU\ QRWLRQVRILGHQWLWLHVHJ0DVVH\SS±$FFRUGLQJWRWKHYLHZV RI =\JPXQW %DXPDQ  DQG 0LFKHO 0DIIHVROL  WKH EDVLV RI WKH IRUPDWLRQRIFRPPXQDOLGHQWLWLHVLQFRQWHPSRUDU\FXOWXUHOLHVLQWKHLUH[SUHVVLYH and performative nature. Similar ideas have also been applied in recent studies RQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWHUULWRULDOLGHQWLWLHV²WKHLGHDRISHUIRUPDWLYLW\KDVEHHQ SDUWLFXODUO\HPSKDVL]HGE\VHYHUDOVFKRODUV.XXV.DLVHU1LNLIRURYD 3URNNROD=LPPHUEDXHU-DNROD,QWKLVDUWLFOHODQJXDJHXVHLV XQGHUVWRRGDVDSHUIRUPDWLYHDFWWKDWSURGXFHVWKHREMHFWVSHRSOHDUHGHVFULELQJ and talking about. Several researchers have discussed and theorized about different notions on WHUULWRULDOLGHQWLWLHVE\GHVFULELQJWKHVHQRWLRQVDVµWKLFN¶RUµWKLQ¶RQWKHEDVLV RIWKHLUHVVHQWLDOLVWLFRUFRQVWUXFWLYLVWQDWXUHHJ6DFN'HODQW\ $[IRUG'DYLGVRQ7HUORXZ7KLFNYHUVLRQVRILGHQWLWLHVDUH H[SODLQHGWRDSSHDOWRWKHUHDORULPDJLQHGVKDUHGIHDWXUHVDQGTXDOLWLHVRIWKH Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 74 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) SHRSOH7KHVHVKDUHGIHDWXUHVDUHRIWHQURRWHGLQFRPPRQFXOWXUHKLVWRU\DQG KDELWVRURWKHUFRQFUHWL]HGDQGKLVWRULFDOO\QDUUDWHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV$VRSSRVHG WRWKLVWKLQYHUVLRQVRILGHQWLWLHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHIRUPHGIRUH[DPSOH on the basis of legal rights, constitutions, citizenship statuses, or economic or DGPLQLVWUDWLYHLQWHUHVWV7KHLUQDWXUHLVÀXLGDQGWKH\DUHJURXQGHGXSRQRSHQ DQGQHWZRUNHGVSDWLDOIRUPDQGSURMHFWOLNHRUJDQL]DWLRQ'LGWKHDXGLHQFHVLQ the case ECOCs perceive the territorial identities as ‘thick’ or ‘thin’? Did some VRFLDOGHWHUPLQDQWVLQÀXHQFHWKHLUSHUFHSWLRQVRQKRZWHUULWRULDOLGHQWLWLHVZHUH manifested in the ECOC events? Before answering these questions, theoretical YLHZVRQVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHDQGLWVLPSDFWRQSHRSOH¶VYDOXHV\VWHPVDQGEHKDYLRU DUHGLVFXVVHGPRUHFORVHO\ 3. Conceptualizing cultural capital Various sociologists have investigated the connections and the interdependence between social determinants—such as education, social class, and economic position—and the consumption of cultural products, the formation of tastes and DWWLWXGHVDQGWKHGLYHUVHOLIHVW\OHFKRLFHV$QLPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRILQVSLUDWLRQ for these studies has been Pierre Bourdieu’s broad empirical investigations and theoretical formulations on social practices, power structures, and value V\VWHPV,QWKHFRUHRI%RXUGLHX¶VWKHRU\LVWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWIRUPV of capital: the distinction between the economic and cultural capital forms the PRVWSRZHUIXOFRQFHSWXDOSDLUWKURXJKZKLFK%RXUGLHXH[SODLQVWKHIRUPDWLRQ and reproduction of social life. The content of economic capital refers to concrete DVVHWVRISHRSOHZKLOHWKHFRQFHSWRIFXOWXUDOFDSLWDOLVPRUHFRPSOH[&XOWLYDWHG EHKDYLRUVRSKLVWLFDWHGVRFLDOPDQQHUVDQGIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKFXOWXUDOSKHQRPHQD arts, and the intellectual world are embodied forms of cultural capital which are internalized in the socialization process. Embodied cultural capital is required LQRUGHUWRREWDLQREMHFWL¿HGFXOWXUDOFDSLWDOWKDWLVWUDQVPLWWDEOHJRRGVVXFK DVERRNVRUZRUNVRIDUW7KHEDVHVRIWKHFXOWXUDOFDSLWDOPD\EHLQKHULWHG WKURXJKWKHXSEULQJLQJLQDIDPLO\LQZKLFKFXOWXUDOYDOXHVDUHFKHULVKHG,WPD\ also be accumulated through the education or involvement in cultural or artistic spheres. One fundamental, and institutionalized, form of cultural capital is the HGXFDWLRQDOFDSLWDOREWDLQHGWKURXJKFHUWL¿FDWHGNQRZOHGJHLQWKHHGXFDWLRQDO V\VWHP %RXUGLHX   ,QVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG FXOWXUDO FDSLWDO SURYLGHV DFDGHPLFTXDOL¿FDWLRQVZKLFKFUHDWHD³FHUWL¿FDWHRIFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHZKLFK FRQIHUVRQLWVKROGHUDFRQYHQWLRQDOFRQVWDQWOHJDOO\JXDUDQWHHGYDOXHZLWK UHVSHFWWRSRZHU´%RXUGLHXS Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 75 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) Because the social conditions of the transmission and acquisition of cultural capital are less visible than those of economic capital, it is predisposed to function DVV\PEROLFFDSLWDOWKDWLVWREHXQUHFRJQL]HGDVFDSLWDODQGUHFRJQL]HGDV OHJLWLPDWHFRPSHWHQFH%RXUGLHX7KHFRQFHSWRIV\PEROLFFDSLWDOLV discussed in Bourdieu’s works alongside other forms of capital. Rather than SHUFHLYLQJLWDVDVSHFL¿FIRUPRIFDSLWDOLWVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVDOHJLWLPDWH DQGJHQHUDOO\UHFRJQL]HGIRUPRIRWKHUFDSLWDOV%RXUGLHX$Q\IRUPRI FDSLWDOFDQEHWUDQVIRUPHGDVOHJLWLPDWHDVVHWV7KXVV\PEROLFFDSLWDOHPEUDFHV the idea of power. 6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHDSSOLHGWKHFRQFHSWRIFXOWXUDOFDSLWDODVDQDQDO\WLFDO WRROLQH[SODLQLQJWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQHGXFDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGDQGGLYHUVH OLIHVW\OHFKRLFHVFXOWXUDOFRQVXPSWLRQDQGVRFLDOWUDMHFWRULHVHJ'L0DJJLR 'L0DJJLR0RKU/DUHDX&RRNVRQ3HUVHOOGH *UDDI.DOPLMQ.UDD\NDPS7KHFRQFHSWKDVEHHQDSSOLHGLQ YDULRXV¿HOGVUDQJLQJIURPWKHVWXGLHVRISROLWLFDODWWLWXGHV/DPRQW DiMaggio, 1996) to investigations in religious commitments (Bradford, 2003). &XOWXUDOFDSLWDOKDVDOVREHHQQRWHGDVLPSRUWDQWIRUGLYHUVHLGHQWLW\SURMHFWV such as in the formation of intercultural or transnational identities (Trueba, RURID(XURSHDQLGHQWLW\HJ)DUUHOO3|OOPDQQ7KHEURDG LQWHUHVWLQWKHFRQFHSWGXULQJWKHSDVWGHFDGHVKDVUHVXOWHGLQGLYHUVHGH¿QLWLRQV DQGXVHVDQGWKXVWKHFRQFHSWKDVEHHQJLYHQYDULRXVDQGHYHQFRQWUDGLFWRU\ meanings. Even in Bourdieu’s own works, the focus of the concept differs /DPRQW/DUHDXSS± Bourdieu’s investigations on cultural values and the reception of cultural phenomena have indicated how the appreciation of art is related to educational EDFNJURXQGDQGFXOWXUDOFDSLWDO%RXUGLHX'DUEHO%RXUGLHX ,Q DQ HDUO\ VWXG\ RQ PXVHXP YLVLWRUV %RXUGLHX DQG KLV FROOHDJXHV$ODLQ Darbel and Dominique Schnapper divided their informants to those who approached works of art through an artistic code, and to those who approached WKHPWKURXJKDFRGHRIHYHU\GD\OLIH%RXUGLHX'DUEHOSS The users of the artistic code were able to discuss the works in relation to WKHLUVW\OHIRUPJHQUHDQGDUWLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQZKLOHWKHXVHUVRIWKHFRGHRI HYHU\GD\OLIHFDWHJRUL]HGDQGSHUFHLYHGWKHZRUNVLQUHODWLRQWRREMHFWVDQG SKHQRPHQDLQHYHU\GD\OLIH7KHUHVHDUFKHUVUHODWHGWKHFRGHVWRWKHVRFLDO class structure: the users of the artistic code represented educated upper class ZKLOHWKHXVHUVRIWKHFRGHRIHYHU\GD\OLIHZHUHSDUWRIWKHZRUNLQJFODVV In Distinction %RXUGLHX GHYHORSHG WKH WKHRU\ RI UHFHSWLRQ FRGHV IXUWKHU +HFRQWLQXHGWRH[SODLQWKHUHFHSWLRQRIDUWWKURXJKWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ V\PEROLFRUSRHWLFDQGUHDOLW\EDVHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHIXQFWLRQVRIDUWEXW Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 76 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) in DistinctionHPRWLRQVDQGNQRZOHGJHZHUHLQWHUWZLQHGWRH[SODLQGLIIHUHQW PRGHVRIUHFHSWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWR%RXUGLHXSS±HPRWLRQVDQG HPRWLRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDUHUHODWHGWRWKHXVHRIWKHFRGHRIHYHU\GD\OLIH while the use of artistic code requires aesthetic distance and knowledge of art. :RXOGWKHVDPHPHFKDQLVPRSHUDWHLQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI territorial cultural identities? ,Q%RXUGLHX¶VWKHRU\VRFLDOFODVVHVDUHEDVHGRQDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VORFDWLRQLQWKH social space and the relations and distances between these locations rather than RQWKHLQGLYLGXDOV¶SHUVRQDOIHDWXUHV$FFRUGLQJWRKLPVRFLDOFODVVHVDUHµRQO\¶ WKHRUHWLFDOIRUPXODWLRQV%RXUGLHX SS ± DQG WKHLUIRUPDWLRQ LQHYLWDEO\LQFOXGHVWKHSUREOHPDWLFRIFODVVL¿FDWLRQDQGGH¿QLWLRQ%RXUGLHX SS±'XHWRWKLV%RXUGLHX¶VWKHRUHWLFDOYLHZVKDYHIDFHGDORWRI FULWLFLVP(VSHFLDOO\WKHHPSKDVLVRQFODVVKDVEHHQFRQVLGHUHGROGIDVKLRQHG LQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\SRVWPRGHUQFXOWXUHDQGWKHODWHPRGHUQVRFLHW\LQZKLFK individualization has often been said to weaken the class-based structures of OLIHVW\OHFKRLFHVDQGVRFLDOWUDMHFWRULHVVHHHJ%HFN7KHKLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUHRIWDVWHVDQGYDOXHV\VWHPVUHODWHGWRWKHGLVWLQFWLRQRIµKLJK¶µORZ¶ and ‘popular’ culture has been considered as transformed and blurred in the SRVWPRGHUQFXOWXUHDQGUHSODFHGE\SOXUDOLVWWDVWHV\VWHPV6LQFHWKHHQGRIWKH 20thFHQWXU\DVWKHFULWLFVFODLPWKHFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVKDYHEHHQLQFUHDVLQJO\ GLI¿FXOWWRH[SODLQZLWKVRFLDOFODVVVWUXFWXUH)RUQlVS+DOO- 1992). Several scholars oriented in the postmodern thinking have emphasized KRZWDVWHVDQGOLIHVW\OHFKRLFHVDUHQRWWLHGWRHGXFDWLRQVRFLDOFODVVRUDQ\ W\SHRIV\PEROLFFDSLWDOEXWDUHYROXQWDU\FKRLFHVWKURXJKZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOV SURGXFHWKHLUVHOILPDJHDQGLGHQWLW\HJ%DXPDQ The transformation and blurring of the borders of class-based cultural practices LQFRQWHPSRUDU\FXOWXUHGRHVQRWKRZHYHUPHDQWKDWDOOFXOWXUDOKLHUDUFKLHVRU FXOWXUDOGLVWLQFWLRQVKDYHYDQLVKHG)RUQlVS6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKHUV HJ%HQQHWW(PPLVRQ)URZ%HQQHWWet al.3LHXU5RVHQOXQG 6NMRWW/DUVHQ5RVHQOXQG3XUKRQHQ*URQRZ5DKNRQHQ 3XUKRQHQ:ULJKWKDYHWHVWHG%RXUGLHX¶VWKHRUHWLFDODSSDUDWXVLQPRUH UHFHQWVRFLHWDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGQRWHGKRZWKHVRFLHWLHVFXOWXUHVOLIHVW\OHVDQG WDVWHVDUHVWLOOVWUXFWXUHGWKURXJKDFRPSOH[PDWUL[RIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIV\PEROLF FDSLWDOHYHQWKRXJKWKHFXOWXUDOFKDQJHVDQGLQFUHDVHGJOREDOÀRZVKDYHLQ some cases complicated and transformed certain cultural and social practices. 7KH FRQFHSWV RI FXOWXUH DQG LGHQWLW\ DUH FORVHO\ UHODWHG²LGHQWLWLHV DUH represented in and through cultural products and phenomena. Thus, one could predict that cultural competence and cultural capital in general have an impact Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 83 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) KLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDOGHJUHHDOVRZRUNHGLQWKHSULPDU\SURGXFWLRQDQGSK\VLFDO GXWLHVZKLOHOHVVHUHGXFDWHGUHVSRQGHQWVFRXOGJDLQWKHLUOLYLQJIRUH[DPSOH LQH[SHUWVHUYLFHVHGXFDWLRQRUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ7KHUHODWLYHO\\RXQJDJHRI WKHUHVSRQGHQWVPHDQDJHPD\KDYHLQÀXHQFHGWKHFRQWUDGLFWLQJUHVXOWV EHWZHHQWKHHGXFDWLRQDOOHYHODQGWKHVRXUFHRIOLYHOLKRRGUHFHQWO\JUDGXDWHG UHVSRQGHQWVKDGQHFHVVDULO\QRW\HWVWDUWHGWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDOFDUHHUV Table 1. Opinions on how the ECOC events represent the concepts of locality, regionality, national culture, and Europeanness according to the source of the livelihood of the respondents. Agriculture, forestry, ¿VKLQJLQGXVWU\PLQLQJ / Industry / Construction industry or electricity, gas or water supply / Transportation, storing or guarding (n=105) Bulk or retail trade / Nutrition or accommodation / Information technology, communication or media / Financing, insurance or real estate / National defense (n=241) Medicine, health care or social services / Other expert services / Education / Research / Public administration / Culture and art (n=779) KruskalWallis test Asymp. Sig. Locality 3.39 3.53 3.68 .005** Regionality 2.70 2.56 2.77 .023* National culture 3.49 3.62 3.74 .006** Europeanness 3.56 3.74 3.77 .147 Note: Means on a scale of 1 = very negative, 2 = negative, 3 = neutral, 4 = positive, 5 = very positive. The highest means are in bold, the lowest are underlined. * p < .05 ** p < .01 *** p < .001 5.2 Analysis of the open questions In general, the education and the active participation in cultural events seemed to increase the competence to describe, in the open questions, the contents of the territorial cultural identities perceived in the ECOC events. The statistical DQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHPRUHHGXFDWHGDQGPRUHDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIFXOWXUH FRXOGUHFRJQL]HWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIORFDOLW\UHJLRQDOLW\DQG(XURSHDQQHVV PRUHEURDGO\DQGGHVFULEHWKHLUQRWLRQVDERXWWKHPLQPRUHGLYHUVHZD\VWKDQWKH OHVVHGXFDWHGDQGOHVVDFWLYHUHVSRQGHQWV7DEOHV,QWKHFDVHRIQDWLRQDO FXOWXUHWKHFRPSHWHQFHZDVPRUHHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHGEHWZHHQWKHUHVSRQGHQWV Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 84 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) UHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUHGXFDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGRUDFWLYLW\LQFXOWXUDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ 7DEOH7KHLQFUHDVHLQFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\GLGQRWFRUUHODWHZLWKWKHSHUFHSWLRQRI QDWLRQDOFXOWXUHLQWKH(&2&HYHQWV7DEOH5HVSRQGHQWVZRUNLQJLQSULPDU\ SURGXFWLRQ DQG SK\VLFDO GXWLHV UHFRJQL]HG WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI WHUULWRULDO FXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVLQWKH(&2&HYHQWVWKHPRVWSRRUO\DQGWKHLUGHVFULSWLRQVZHUH the narrowest, while the respondents working in service and clerical positions SURYLGHGWKHEURDGHVWGHVFULSWLRQVH[FHSWLQWKHFDVHRIUHJLRQDOLW\ZKLFKZDV WKHPRVWEURDGO\GHVFULEHGE\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZRUNLQJLQH[SHUWSURIHVVLRQV (Table 4). The differences between the responses of respondents working in VHUYLFHDQGFOHULFDOSRVLWLRQVDQGH[SHUWSURIHVVLRQVZHUHKRZHYHUVOLJKW,Q JHQHUDOORFDOLW\ZDVWKHPRVWEURDGO\DQGLQWKHPRVWGLYHUVHZD\VGHVFULEHG E\DOOUHVSRQGHQWVLQWKHLURSHQUHVSRQVHV1DWLRQDOFXOWXUHZDVVOLJKWO\PRUH EURDGO\GHVFULEHGWKDQ(XURSHDQQHVVZKLOHUHJLRQDOLW\ZDVWKHOHDVWDQGWKH PRVWQDUURZO\GHVFULEHG Table 2. Means of a number of different interpretations of territorial identities in the ECOC events given by the respondents belonging to different educational groups. A Q  B Q  C Q  ' Q  E Q  ) Q  G Q  Locality   0.80 0.90 1.55   Regionality 0.09  0.20 0.20   0.47 1DWLRQDO culture    0.70 0.83 0.83  (XURSHDQ ness      0.70 0.81 Note: A = comprehensive or elementary school, B = vocational course or degree or in-job training, C = Matriculation examination, D = Polytechnic or other higher vocational education, E = BA degree, F = MA degree, G = PhD degree. The highest means are in bold, the lowest are underlined. Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 85 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) Table 3. Means of a number of different interpretations of territorial identities in the ECOC events given by the respondents according to their activity in participating in cultural events. A Q  B Q  C Q  ' Q  E Q  ) Q  Locality      1.19 Regionality 0.00 0.09    0.25 1DWLRQDO culture  1.54   0.77 0.90 (XURSHDQ ness 0.00     0.77 Note: A = hardly ever, B = once a year or less, C = a couple of times a year, D = every other month, E = 1-3 times a month, F = once a week or more. The highest means are in bold, the lowest are underlined. Table 4. Means of a number of different interpretations of territorial identities in the ECOC events given by the respondents according to their source of livelihood. $Q  %Q  &Q  Locality  0.94 0.89 Regionality   0.20 1DWLRQDO culture  0.74  (XURSHDQ ness  0.65  1RWH$ $JULFXOWXUHIRUHVWU\¿VKLQJLQGXVWU\PLQLQJ,QGXVWU\&RQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\RU HOHFWULFLW\JDVRUZDWHUVXSSO\7UDQVSRUWDWLRQVWRULQJRUJXDUGLQJ% %XONRUUHWDLOWUDGH 1XWULWLRQRUDFFRPPRGDWLRQ,QIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\FRPPXQLFDWLRQRUPHGLD)LQDQFLQJ LQVXUDQFHRUUHDOHVWDWH1DWLRQDOGHIHQVH& 0HGLFLQHKHDOWKFDUHRUVRFLDOVHUYLFHV 2WKHUH[SHUWVHUYLFHV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK3XEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQGDUW7KH highest means are in bold, the lowest are underlined. 7KH UHVSRQGHQWV LQWHUSUHWHG DQG GHVFULEHG WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI ORFDOLW\ UHJLRQDOLW\QDWLRQDOFXOWXUHDQG(XURSHDQQHVVLQWKH(&2&HYHQWVLQYDULRXV ZD\VLQWKHLURSHQUHVSRQVHV7KHWKHPDWLFYDULHW\RIWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVWKH common themes recurring in the data) ordered according to their Cultural &RPSHWHQFH,QGH[LVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH$SRVLWLRQLQWKHWRSRIWKH7DEOH LQGLFDWHVWKHPDWLFFRQWHQWVJLYHQE\UHVSRQGHQWVZLWKDKLJKFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH EDVHGRQWKHLQGH[ZKLOHDSRVLWLRQLQWKHERWWRPRIWKH7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKHPDWLF FRQWHQWVJLYHQE\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKOHVVFRPSHWHQFH7KHWKHPDWLFFRQWHQWVLQ Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 86 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) WKHPLGGOHRIWKHUDQJHLQGLFDWHUHVSRQVHW\SHVLQZKLFKWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶FXOWXUDO FRPSHWHQFHZDVRQWKHPLGOHYHORUZKLFKZHUHJLYHQERWKE\WKHKLJKO\RU OHVVFRPSHWHQWUHVSRQGHQWV7KHH[SUHVVLRQVµKLJK¶DQGµORZ¶UHIHURQO\WRWKH SRVLWLRQVLQWKHUDQJHRIWKHLQGH[DQGGRQRWLQGLFDWHDQ\YDOXHUDQNLQJ Table 5. The variety of thematic contents through which the respondents described the representation of locality, regionality, national culture, and Europeanness in the ECOC events ordered according to their Cultural Competence Index (CC-Index) based on the respondents’ level of education, activity to participate in cultural events in general, activity to participate in the ECOC events, activity to participate in the organization of the ECOC events, and source of livelihood in the art and cultural sector. CC- ,QGH[ Locality Regionality 1DWLRQDOFXOWXUH (XURSHDQQHVV High Low Local arts History Venues 3UHVHQWGD\ &XOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\ )RRGDQG SURGXFWV 1DWXUDO environment Connections to (XURSH 0HGLD Regional arts 3UHVHQWGD\ Common culture 1DWXUDO environment 0HGLD History Cultural GLYHUVLW\ )RRGDQG SURGXFWV Regional artists 0HGLD (XURSHDQDUWV Local artists Regional OLYHOLKRRG Regular events ECOC title Tangible heritage 1DWXUDO environment Tangible heritage $WPRVSKHUH 0HGLD &LW\VFDSH Venues &XOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\ )RUHLJQDUWLVWV Venues &LW\UHSUHVHQWV it &LW\UHSUHVHQWV national culture )RUHLJQYLVLWRUV 3UHVHQWGD\ Cultural GLYHUVLW\ 1DWLRQDO ODQJXDJHV &RRSHUDWLRQ History 7UDGLWLRQDO culture $WPRVSKHUH 'LVSOD\RI (XURSHDQ national cultures /RFDOFLWL]HQV ECOC title Regional citizens )RRGDQG SURGXFWV Quality 7UDGLWLRQDO culture $WPRVSKHUH Citizens Symbols $WPRVSKHUH 1DWLRQDODUWV )RUHLJQ languages Regular events 1DWLRQDODUWLVWV 7UDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUH Symbols Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 87 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) According to the results, the respondents with high cultural competence LQWHUSUHWHGWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIORFDOLW\DQGUHJLRQDOLW\E\HPSKDVL]LQJWKH SURPRWLRQRIORFDODQGUHJLRQDODUWLVWLFSURMHFWVZRUNVRIDUWDQGSHUIRUPDQFHV at the ECOC events. In addition, interpreting the representations of Europeanness LQ WKH DUWLVWLF SURMHFWV GHPDQGHG D UHODWLYHO\ KLJK FXOWXUDO FRPSHWHQFH$V opposed to this, interpreting the representations of national culture in the artistic SURMHFWVGLGQRWUHTXLUHDVKLJKDFRPSHWHQFH,WVHHPVWKDWWKHZRUNVRIDUW DQGDUWLVWLFSURMHFWVDUHFRPPRQO\DQGDPRQJWKHSHRSOHZLWKOHVVFXOWXUDO capital) recognized as representations of national culture, while recognizing the ZRUNVRIDUWDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIORFDOLW\RUUHJLRQDOLW\UHTXLUHVPRUHVSHFLDO NQRZOHGJH%HVLGHVORFDODUWVLQWHUSUHWLQJFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP RU RWKHU NLQG RI FXOWXUDO SOXUDOLVP DV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI ORFDOLW\ UHTXLUHG high cultural competence from the respondents. Thus, the less competent UHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGORFDOLW\WREHPRUHXQLIRUPDQGFRKHUHQWE\VWUHVVLQJ IRUH[DPSOHWUDGLWLRQDOORFDOFXOWXUHDQGFXOWXUDOKDELWVDVEHLQJVWUDLJKWIRUZDUG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI LW ,QWHUSUHWLQJ ORFDOLW\ LQ WKH HYHU\GD\ RU ³EDFNJURXQG´ phenomena of the ECOC events—such as environmental settings of the event YHQXHVDQGWKHKRVWFLW\RUORFDOJURFHULHVGULQNVDQGORFDOO\PDQXIDFWXUHG SURGXFWVRIIHUHGRUVROGDWWKHHYHQWV²ZDVDOVRW\SLFDOIRUWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZLWK high cultural competence. %HVLGHVWKHQHZFXOWXUDOSURMHFWVDQGSHUIRUPDQFHVWKHRI¿FLDO(&2&SURJUDPV in the case cities included several festivals and popular big events which had DOUHDG\EHHQUHJXODUO\RUJDQL]HGLQWKHFLWLHVIRU\HDUV,QWHUSUHWLQJORFDOLW\E\ emphasizing these recurring festivals required the least cultural competence. 5HVSHFWLYHO\LQWHUSUHWLQJORFDOLW\DVDVSHFLDODWPRVSKHUHLQWKH(&2&HYHQWV UHTXLUHGRQO\ORZFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH7KHGHVFULSWLRQVRIDVSHFLDODWPRVSKHUH RIWKHFLWLHVZHUHWKHPRVWHPRWLYHZD\WRLQWHUSUHWORFDOLW\,QDGGLWLRQWKH UHVSRQGHQWVZLWKORZFRPSHWHQFHFRXOGLQWHUSUHWORFDOLW\DWWKH(&2&HYHQWV through the involvement of local citizens in the organization and arrangement RIWKHHYHQWV²DQGVLPSO\WKURXJKHPSKDVL]LQJWKDWWKH(&2&GHVLJQDWLRQDV VXFKSURPRWHVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIORFDOLW\ $VLQWKHFDVHRIORFDOLW\LQWHUSUHWLQJUHJLRQDOLW\WKURXJKDVSHFLDOUHJLRQDO DWPRVSKHUHRUWKURXJKWKHGLVSOD\RIWUDGLWLRQDOUHJLRQDOFXOWXUHLQWKH(&2& events did not require high cultural competence. Also, the involvement of the people from the region in the ECOC events was interpreted as a manifestation RIUHJLRQDOLW\E\WKHUHVSRQGHQWVZKRKDGOHVVFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH8QOLNHLQ the cases of other territorial cultural identities, the respondents with low cultural FRPSHWHQFHRIWHQUHODWHGUHJLRQDOLW\WRWKHFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVP RURWKHUNLQGRIFXOWXUDOSOXUDOLW\WKH\FRQVLGHUHGZDVUHSUHVHQWHGDWWKHHYHQWV,W Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 88 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) VHHPVWKDWUHJLRQDOLW\ZDVHDVLHUWRUHFRJQL]HDVLQFOXGLQJGLYHUVHHOHPHQWVDQG FXOWXUDOIHDWXUHVWKDQORFDOLW\DQGQDWLRQDOFXOWXUH,QWKHFDVHRI(XURSHDQQHVV LQWHUSUHWLQJLWLQWHUPVRIFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\RUPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPUHTXLUHGKLJK FXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHEXWLQWHUSUHWLQJLWDVDGLVSOD\RIGLVWLQFWQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHV of different European nations was common among the respondents with low FRPSHWHQFH$VLQWKHFDVHRIORFDOLW\SHUFHLYLQJW\SLFDOUHJLRQDOJURFHULHVRU SURGXFWVDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIUHJLRQDOLW\GHPDQGHGKLJKFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH *URFHULHVDQGSURGXFWVZHUHHDVLHUWRUHODWHWRWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIQDWLRQDO FXOWXUH5HFRJQL]LQJORFDOKLVWRU\VHHPHGWRUHTXLUHOHVVFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH WKDQUHFRJQL]LQJUHJLRQDORUQDWLRQDOKLVWRU\DWWKH(&2&HYHQWV7KLVPD\EH due to the local historical focus of the various historical events in the ECOC SURJUDPVLQWKHFDVHFLWLHV²ORFDOKLVWRULFDOHYHQWVZHUHSUREDEO\IDPLOLDUWR the ECOC audiences. Interpreting the ECOC event venues and their environmental settings as representations of national culture and, thus, as having national importance demanded that the respondents have high cultural competence. Venues were HDVLHUWRDWWDFKWRORFDOLW\DQGUHJLRQDOLW\,QWHUSUHWLQJGLIIHUHQWSUHVHQWGD\ SKHQRPHQD DQG FRQWHPSRUDU\ LVVXHV DV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI QDWLRQDO FXOWXUH GHPDQGHGVOLJKWO\PRUHFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHWKDQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHGLVSOD\RI KLVWRU\DVDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIQDWLRQDOFXOWXUH7KHUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKWKHOHDVW cultural competence interpreted the representations of national culture in the HYHQWV PRVW FRPPRQO\ WKURXJK QDWLRQDOO\ ORDGHG ZRUNV RI DUW DQG RWKHU DUWLVWLF SURMHFWV QDWLRQDOO\ GH¿QHG DUWLVWV DQG SHUIRUPHUV LQYROYHG LQ WKH HYHQWVWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUDOIHDWXUHVDQGZHOONQRZQQDWLRQDOV\PEROV1DWLRQDO V\PEROV²VXFK DV QDWLRQDO ÀDJV FRORUV DQG FRDWV RI DUPV²DQG UHFXUUHQW FXOWXUDO WUDGLWLRQV IRUP WKH IXQGDPHQWDO OD\HU DQG SULPDU\ LPDJHU\ RI WKH QDWLRQDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\LQWKH(XURSHDQVRFLHWLHVDQGWKXVUHFRJQL]LQJDQG LQWHUSUHWLQJWKHPDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHGRHVQRWUHTXLUHDQ\ particular knowledge on culture. The respondents with high cultural competence interpreted Europeanness at the (&2&HYHQWVWKURXJKYDULRXVSUHVHQWGD\SKHQRPHQDDQGFXUUHQWLVVXHVZKLFK WKH\UHFRJQL]HGIURPWKHWRSLFVRIWKHHYHQWV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\FRXOGPRUH RIWHQ¿QG(XURSHDQQHVVLQYDULRXVLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQQHFWLRQVWKH\UHFRJQL]HG EHWZHHQWKHKRVWFLW\LWVFXOWXUDOVFHQHDQG(XURSHDQGLQWKHFXOWXUDOIHDWXUHV WKH\FRQVLGHUHGFRPPRQWR(XURSH$VRSSRVHGWRWKLVLWUHTXLUHGOHVVFXOWXUDO FRPSHWHQFH WR LQWHUSUHW (XURSHDQQHVV DW WKH HYHQWV WKURXJK WKH GLVSOD\ RI different national cultures of European nations. In general, understanding (XURSHDQQHVV DV D FRPPRQ DQG VKDUHG FXOWXUDO LGHQWLW\ EDVHG RQ FRPPRQ FXOWXUDO JURXQGV ZDV UHODWLYHO\ UDUH 6LPLODUO\ RQO\ D IHZ²EXW SURIRXQGO\ Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 89 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) FXOWXUDOO\FRPSHWHQW²UHVSRQGHQWVLQWHUSUHWHGWKHGLVSOD\RIKLVWRULFDOLVVXHV as a representation of Europeanness at the events. It required less cultural competence to interpret the presence of foreign languages at the ECOC events as a representation of Europeanness. In this case, the notions DERXW(XURSHDQQHVVQDUURZHGWRDQLGHDRIPXOWLOLQJXDOLVPRUVLPSO\WRDQ encounter of different languages in situations in which the respondents did not face foreign languages as often. As in the case of national culture, respondents ZLWKORZFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHFRPPRQO\LQWHUSUHWHGVRPHUHFXUUHQW(XURSHDQ V\PEROV RU(8UHODWHG LVVXHV²VXFK DV(XURSHDQPDSV WKH (8ÀDJ HXURV or European funding—as representations of Europeanness. In particular, the UHFRJQLWLRQRIYDULRXV(8V\PEROVLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\KDYHEHFRPHHYHU\GD\ LVVXHVLQ(XURSHDQVRFLHWLHVDQGWKDWWKH\DUHZHOOLQWHUQDOL]HGE\WKHFRPPRQ SHRSOH,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKORZFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHFRPPRQO\ UHODWHG JRRG TXDOLW\ KLJK VWDQGDUGV VPRRWK RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG µRUGHU¶ WR Europeanness. For them, Europeanness meant a positive standard in cultural PDWWHUVWRZKLFKWKHORFDOUHJLRQDORUQDWLRQDOFXOWXUDODQGDUWLVWLFSURMHFWVDQG WKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQFDQEHFRPSDUHGDQGZKLFKWKH\VKRXOGIROORZRUWU\WRUHDFK 6. Discussion and conclusions Bourdieu argues that acquired cultural competences are used to legitimize social GLIIHUHQFHV&XOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHLVHDVLO\WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRV\PEROLFFDSLWDO which can be utilized as a means in the process of distinction and establishing one’s social position or habitus. The competence of recognizing and interpreting WKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDOLGHQWLWLHVLVDOVRV\PEROLFFDSLWDOHYHQWKRXJK LWPLJKWEHPRUHGLI¿FXOWWRWUDQVIRUPLQWRDQDVVHW7KHUHVSRQVHVLQWKHGDWD LQGLFDWHKRZHYHUWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKKLJKFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHZHUHQRWRQO\ able but also willing to perceive and interested in perceiving cultural events as manifestations of territorial identities. This can be interpreted as an indication RIDQDLPWRGLVWLQJXLVKRQHVHOIIURPWKHOHVVFXOWXUDOO\FRPSHWHQWUHVSRQGHQWV (YHQLIWKLVNLQGRIV\PEROLFFDSLWDOLVQRWHDVLO\WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDQDVVHWLQ WKHVWUXFWXUHVRI%RXUGLHXVLDQ¿HOGVLWKRZHYHUKDVDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKH production of the respondents’ habitus. (YHQ WKRXJK WKH WHUULWRULDO LGHQWLWLHV DUH FRPPRQO\ GLVFXVVHG LQ VFKRODUO\ literature as discursive, narrative, cultural, and performative practices, studies KDYHUDUHO\GHHSHQHGWKHLULQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHVHLGHQWLWLHVE\DQDO\]LQJWKH differences in the notions on them between people representing different social Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 90 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) backgrounds. The results indicate that the social structure and the variables on ZKLFKVHYHUDOVFKRODUVKDYHIRFXVHGLQWKHLUDQDO\VHVRQµFXOWXUDOFDSLWDO¶KDG an impact on the perception and interpretation of territorial cultural identities in the reception of the ECOC events. The rise in the educational level and in the DFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFXOWXUDOHYHQWVLQJHQHUDOLQFUHDVHGWKHGLYHUVLW\RIWKH respondents’ descriptions regarding their interpretations of the representations of territorial cultural identities. In addition, the respondents in higher social SRVLWLRQV ZHUH DEOH WR GHVFULEH WKHLU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV LQ PRUH GLYHUVH ZD\V 2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHUHVXOWVPD\LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHPRUHFXOWXUDOO\FRPSHWHQW respondents were better able to recognize and were more familiar with the diverse representations of territorial cultural identities manifested in the cultural HYHQWV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHVXOWVPD\LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHVHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUH more competent and motivated to verbalize their notions and interpretations on territorial cultural identities. In light of the results, cultural competence and linguistic habitus seem to reinforce each other. 7KHUHVSRQGHQWVZRUNLQJLQH[SHUWSRVLWLRQVZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRFRQVLGHUWKDW all investigated territorial cultural identities were represented at the ECOC events than the respondents gaining their livelihood from service and clerical SRVLWLRQVRUSULPDU\SURGXFWLRQDQGSK\VLFDOZRUN+RZHYHULQYHVWLJDWLQJ the educational level of the respondents, the results indicate that increase in the educational level did not increase the recognition of representations of the WHUULWRULDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVTXLWHWKHFRQWUDU\,QWKHFDVHRI(XURSHDQQHVV the respondents with the highest educational level were, however, more OLNHO\WRFRQVLGHULWUHSUHVHQWHGDWWKH(&2&HYHQWVWKDQDQ\RWKHUJURXSRI respondents. 7KHVWXG\LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZLWKORZFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFHRIWHQ recognized and described territorial cultural identities as thick identities. 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI ORFDOLW\ UHJLRQDOLW\ DQG QDWLRQDO FXOWXUH ZHUH IRU H[DPSOHFRPPRQO\GHVFULEHGWKURXJKW\SLFDODQGZHOONQRZQPDQLIHVWDWLRQV of cultural traditions, traditional cultural habits, and the involvement of WKHFLWL]HQVRIWKHORFDORUUHJLRQDOFRPPXQLW\RUWKHQDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQ respondents with low cultural competence often interpreted well-known ZRUNVRIDUWDQGDUWLVWLFSURMHFWVDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIQDWLRQDOFXOWXUH,Q JHQHUDOWKHVHUHVSRQGHQWVXVXDOO\GHVFULEHGWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDO FXOWXUDO LGHQWLWLHV LQ IDLUO\ FRQFUHWH WHUPV 5HFXUUHQWO\ RUJDQL]HG ORFDO IHVWLYDOVRURWKHUELJHYHQWVZHUHRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVUHSUHVHQWLQJORFDOLW\ while the interpretations of national culture and Europeanness were often EDVHGRQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIFRPPRQDQGZHOONQRZQQDWLRQDORU(8V\PEROV and the encounter of national or foreign languages. Thus, the respondents with Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 91 ƪ  Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) low cultural competence seemed to interpret the representations of cultural LGHQWLWLHVIURPWKH(&2&HYHQWVE\XVLQJZKDW%RXUGLHXFDOOVWKHµHYHU\GD\ life code’. In addition, the respondents with low cultural competence often UHODWHG WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI WHUULWRULDO FXOWXUDO LGHQWLWLHV²SDUWLFXODUO\ ORFDOLW\ UHJLRQDOLW\ DQG QDWLRQDO FXOWXUH²WR D SDUWLFXODU DWPRVSKHUH RU PHQWDOLW\E\GHVFULELQJWKHPLQHPRWLYHWHUPV The respondents with high cultural competence were able to describe the UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVLQUHJDUGVRIWKHLUWUDGLWLRQDOLW\ RUQRYHOW\WKDWLVZKHWKHUWKH\WKRXJKWWKDWWKH(&2&HYHQWVDLPHGWRUHQHZ or rethink the predominant notions of territorial cultural identities or strengthen them. Their interpretations of cultural identities often relied on special NQRZOHGJHRIDUWVFXOWXUDOSKHQRPHQDRUKLVWRU\,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHVSRQGHQWV with high cultural competence often discussed the territorial cultural identities RQDPRUHFRQFHSWXDOOHYHOWKDQWKHOHVVFRPSHWHQWUHVSRQGHQWV7KXVWKHKLJKO\ competent respondents often brought to the fore the discussions on diverse media representations and advertisement discourses on territorial cultural LGHQWLWLHV DQG KRZ WKH\ ZHUH UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKHP7KH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ PRGH of the territorial cultural identities among the respondents with high cultural competence resembles the code Bourdieu calls ‘artistic’. On the one hand, the results, thus, follow Bourdieu’s views on the correspondence between cultural capital and cultural choices and notions. On the other hand, the results cannot VLPSO\EHH[SODLQHGDVUHÀHFWLQJWKHµFKRLFHRIWKHQHFHVVDU\¶WKHµFXOWXUDO JRRGZLOO¶RUWKHµVHQVHRIGLVWLQFWLRQ¶²WKHWHUPV%RXUGLHXKDVXVHG in distinguishing the tastes and cultural choices of people belonging to different social classes. &RPSDULQJWKHUDQJHRIWKH&XOWXUDO&RPSHWHQFH,QGH[EHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQW thematic responses, the results indicate that the range was the smallest in the case RIORFDOLW\WKHVHFRQGVPDOOHVWLQWKHFDVHRIQDWLRQDOFXOWXUHWKHVHFRQGODUJHVW LQWKHFDVHRI(XURSHDQQHVVDQGWKHODUJHVWLQWKHFDVHRIUHJLRQDOLW\&RPSDUHG to other territorial cultural identities, the respondents were the most unanimous DERXWWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIORFDOLW\DQGWKHOHDVWVRDERXWUHJLRQDOLW\ZKLFK VHHPHGWREHWKHPRVWDEVWUDFWWHUULWRULDOVFDOHDQGWKHPRVWGLI¿FXOWWHUULWRULDO FXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\WRUHFRJQL]HDQGGHVFULEHDWWKH(&2&HYHQWV In general, the results indicate that the representations of territorial cultural LGHQWLWLHVZHUHEURDGO\UHFRJQL]HGDWWKH(&2&HYHQWVDQGGLYHUVHFXOWXUDO social, and environmental phenomena were interpreted as representations of WKHP7HUULWRULDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVHPERG\DYDVWUDQJHRIPHDQLQJVDQGWKHLU perception and interpretation are connected to various social determinants of the Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM 92 ¡¡ Baltic Journal of European Studies Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. 4, No. 1 (16) UHFHLYHUV7HUULWRULDOFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVDUHFRQVWDQWO\QHJRWLDWHGLQGLVFXUVLYH narrative, and cultural practices. Linguistic descriptions of them are performative DFWVSURGXFLQJWKHREMHFWVWKHSHRSOHDUHGHVFULELQJDQGWDONLQJDERXW Tuuli Lähdesmäki, PhD is researcher at the Department of Art and Culture Studies Faculty RIWKH+XPDQLWLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI-\YlVN\Ol+HUFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKSURMHFW³,GHQWLW\SROLWLFV in Pecs, Tallinn and Turku as European Capitals of Culture”) is funded by the Academy of Finland. Her latest publication is ‘Contested Identity Politics: Analysis of the EU Policy Objectives and the Local Reception of the European Capital of Culture Program’ in The Baltic Journal of European Studies (2011, vol. 1, no. 2(10), pp. 134–166). References $QWRQVLFK0+ROODQG( (2012), ‘Territorial attachment in the age of globalization: 7KHFDVHRI:HVWHUQ(XURSH¶European Urban and Regional Studies. 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Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage. %HQQHWW 7 (PPLVRQ 0  )URZ - (1999), Accounting for Tastes: Australian Everyday Cultures&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %HQQHWW76DYDJH0%RUWRODLD6LOYD(:DUGH$*D\R&DO0:ULJKW' Culture, Class, Distinction, London: Routledge. %KDEED+ (1994), The Location of Culture, London: Routledge. %RKOPDQ3 (2009), Music, Nationalism, and the Making of a New Europe, London: Routledge. %RWWHUR:  ³,QWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\ DQG %RXUGLHXVLDQ$SSURDFKHV WR µ,GHQWLW\¶´ Cultural SociologyYROQRSS± %RXUGLHX 3 (1974), ‘The school as a conservative force: scholastic achievement and cultural inequalities,’ in J. Eggleston (ed.) Contemporary Research in the Sociology of Education/RQGRQ0HWKXHQSS± %RXUGLHX3Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, London: Routledge. ——µ7KHIRUPVRIFDSLWDO¶LQ-*5LFKDUGVRQHGHandbook of Theory and Research of the Sociology of Education1HZ<RUN*UHHQZRRG3UHVVSS± Brought to you by | provisional account Unauthenticated | 130.234.74.31 Download Date | 5/24/14 7:57 AM