Effectiveness of a Program to Improve Attention towards Affective‐Sexual, Bodily and Gender Diversity in University Students
Abstract
Teaching Innovation Project titled “Transverse education for affective‐sexuality, bodily, and gender diversity” (Code 419, Call for Teaching Innovation Projects and Good Practices of the FIDO UGR 2018–2020 Plan)
Full text
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,1205–1220.h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ejihpe11040088www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ejihpe
A icle
E ec i enesso aP og am oImp o eA en ion owa ds
A ec i e‐Sexual,BodilyandGende Di e si yinUni e si y
S uden s
F anciscoManuelMo ales‐Rod íguez
Depa men o Educa ionalandDe elopmen alPsychology,Facul yo Psychology,CampusUni e si a iode
Ca uja,Uni e si yo G anada,18071G anada,Spain; mmo ale[email p o ec ed];Tel.:+34‐680‐976‐924
Abs ac :I isnecessa y o heuni e si yen i onmen ocon ibu e o heimp o emen o he
a en ionpaid oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.This esea chdealswi hhow,by
meanso a eachinginno a ionp og am,compe ences o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ywe ede el‐
oped.Speci ically,nega i ea i udes owa dsdi e si y,knowledge,anddeg eeo empa hyon hese
issuesbe o eanda e heimplemen a iono hep og ama ecompa ed.Thedeg eeo sa is ac ion,
pe cei eduse ulness,and ul illmen o heobjec i esp oposedin hep og amwe ealsoe alua ed.
Anexpos ac odesignwasused.Thepa icipan sin hiss udywe e129s uden sbelonging o
Educa ionalSciencesandPsychology,ou o 2400whobene i ed om heinno a ionp og am.The
esul sshowedaninc easeincompe ences ela ed o hea en ion odi e si y,wi h heimp o e‐
men o a i udesandknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ya e heapplica iono hep o‐
g am.I isconcluded ha his ypeo inno a ionp og am,wi hquali y aining,con ibu es o he
imp o emen o coexis enceand hep e en iono gende iolenceinuni e si yclass ooms,elimi‐
na ings e eo ypesandnega i ea i udes owa dsdi e si y.
Keywo ds:a ec i e‐sexual;bodilyandgende di e si y;inno a ion;p og am;uni e si ys uden s
1.In oduc ion
Incu en unde g adua edeg ees, heacquisi ionand/o de elopmen o in e pe ‐
sonalskillsbys uden sisnecessa y.Speci icallyimpo an a e hoseskills ela ed oed‐
uca ion ha a end oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y,aligningwi h heSec‐
ondPlano Equali yo heUGR[1].Wi hin hisscena ioo heEu opeanHighe Educa‐
ionA ea(EHEA)[2],i is ele an ode elopaninno a i e ypeo eachingp og am
ha p o idess uden swi hhigh‐quali y ainingin hisa ea.
As ecen lyhighligh ed[3], heseissuesa ebecominginc easingly ele an insocio‐
legal e ms— he oleo Spanishuni e si ieswi h espec oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,and
gende di e si ys illneeds obeanalyzed.In ac ,inSpain, he eisacu en deba e e‐
ga dingce ainlegisla i ep o isions ela ed o hisissue.In ha sense,[4]indica esp e‐
cisely ha he ecessiono COVID‐19(co ona i usdisease)couldinc easedisc imina o y
a i udes owa dsLGBTQIA+(Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,T ansgende ,In e sexual,Quee ,
In e sexual,Asexual)peopleandmen alheal hp oblemsdue o hes esso mino i ies.
In hesame ein,[5]conside s ha hesocialisola ionimposedby heCOVID‐19pan‐
demicb ings o he o e,inanempowe ingway,somewo yingindica o so domes ic
iolenceand amily iolenceagains women.O ganiza ionsadd essingdomes ic iolence
ha eal eadyseenaninc easeindomes ic iolencedue o o cedcoexis ence,economic
s ess,and ea sabou heco ona i us.To hisend,i isnecessa y ode elop ainingand
inno a ionac ionsin a o o educa ion o gende equali yanda ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
Ci a ion:Mo ales‐Rod íguez,F.M.
E ec i enesso aP og am o
Imp o eA en ion owa ds
A ec i e‐Sexual,BodilyandGende
Di e si yinUni e si yS uden s.
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.
2021,11,1205–1220.h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/ejihpe11040088
AcademicEdi o :Ma íadelMa
Mole oJu ado
Recei ed:14Augus 2021
Accep ed:1Oc obe 2021
Published:4Oc obe 2021
Publishe ’sNo e:MDPIs aysneu‐
alwi h ega d oju isdic ional
claimsinpublishedmapsandins i u‐
ionala ilia ions.
Copy igh :©2021by heau ho s.
Submi ed o possibleopenaccess
publica ionunde he e msandcon‐
di ionso heC ea i eCommonsA ‐
ibu ion(CCBY)license(h p://c ea‐
i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881206
andgende di e si y ha con ibu e o heimp o emen o coexis enceand hep e en‐
iono homophobicbullying.Ano he ecen s udy[6]alsohighligh s hema ginaliza ion
ands igma iza ion ha non‐bina ypeoplecansu e ,wi h heconsequences ha hisen‐
ails.
The eiss illmuch obedone o gende equali yanda en ion oa ec i e‐sexual
di e si y.Among heau onomousp o isions ha canbehighligh edinSpaina eLaw
2/2014,o 8July,comp ehensi elyw i en o non‐disc imina ionon heg oundso gen‐
de iden i yand ecogni iono he igh so ansgende peopleinAndalusia[7].Mo e
ecen ly,Law8/2017a gues o he igh so heLGBTIcollec i e,aswellas hei amilies
[8,9].Addi ionally, heO de o 28Ap il2015[10]includesanac ionp o ocolongende
iden i yin heAndalusianeduca ionalsys em.I iso g ea impo ance owo kon he
p e en iono gende s e eo ypesineduca ionalins i u ions, hecloses en i onmen o
hes uden s.Insuchse ings, his ypeo p og amisnecessa y,inwhicha i udesand
pe cep ionsby hes uden body owa dsgende di e si yindi e en con ex sa ee alu‐
a ed.
Theconcep o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si yiswha allowsindi iduals odis inguish he
di e en sexualop ions ha exis insocie y[11].Theconcep sconside ed undamen al
o unde s andinga ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si ya e hoseo sexualo ien‐
a ion,sex,gende ole,andgende iden i y[12–15].Wi h espec o hese e ms, he ol‐
lowingde ini ionsa eiden i ied[12].“Sexualo ien a ion” e e s o hedesi eand/o sex‐
uala ac ion el bypeopleo hesamesexo o o he sexes.“Sex”is hese o biological
cha ac e is ics ha allow o maleand emaleca ego iza iono indi idualsbydis inguish‐
ingbe ween ep oduc i esex,ch omosomalsex,ho mones,andgonads.Thisimplies ha
somehumanbeingsmaysha egene icandpheno ypiccha ac e is icso emalesand
males ha canbecombinedinmanyways(suchasinin e sexindi iduals).“Gende iden‐
i y”canbede inedasanindi idual’spe sonaliden i ica ionasmale, emale,
ansgende ,o o he wisenonbina y.Nonbina y e e s oaniden i ica ion ha isnei he
maleno emale,andcanincludeo he mo especi iciden i iessuchas“agende ,”“gen‐
de quee ,”“in e media egende ,gende neu al,o hi dsex.”Thebiologicalsexmay
ma ch hegende iden i y(cisgende )o mayno ma ch( ansgende o nonbina y),
whichleads oawide a ie yo gende expe iences.Theso‐called“gende ole”isde ined
associe y’sassignedbelie sandcha ac e is icsasinhe en lymaleo emale.Gende oles
ha ecul u alconno a ionsandimplica ionsas heyse easse so no ms,belie s, alues,
a i udes,andwayso beingandbeha ingindi e en si ua ionsp ope oeachsexac‐
co ding osocie y, u he in luencedbydesc ip i eandp esc ip i esex‐baseds e eo‐
ypes.
The ea edi e en psychological heo ies oexplain helea ningp ocesso sexual
andgende iden i y,suchascogni i e–sociallea ningmodelsandpsychoanaly ic heo y.
Howe e ,sincei isno heobjec i eo hiswo k,wewillb ie lypoin ou someo he
speci ic heo ies ha apply oa ec i e‐sexualandgende di e si y.
The wop ima y heo iesunde pinning heconcep sunde analysisand hei possi‐
bleimplica ionsa e:(1)essen ialism,whicha gues ha sexualdimo phismc ea es ixed
maleand emaleiden i ieswhicha einna einna u eandp o ideunques ionableimpli‐
ca ions o people’sli esandexpec a ions;and(2)quee heo y,emphasizing hein lu‐
enceo hesociocul u al elaywi h eedom o heexp essiono sexuali yandgende
[12].Wi hin hisquee heo y,wecanpoin ou heexis enceo pansexuali y,whichde‐
nies hebina ycha ac e iza iono sexandgende ,andhowi a emp s ogobeyondsuch
labels.In hissense,ass a edin hedoc o al hesiso [16], hede ini iono sex om he
quee heo ype spec i ewouldbe“asocial,poli icalandlinguis iccons uc ion ha
shouldno bebasedonbiologicala gumen s”(p.28).
Oneo heconsolida ed heo ies, o which he eise enane alua ionscale,is he
mul idimensional heo yo [17],inwhichsexualo ien a ionisbelie ed oe ol eo e
imeandape soncanbesi ua edanywhe ebe ween heex emes owa ds heo he sex
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881207
and hesamesex.I alsoshows ha anindi idual’siden i iedsexualo ien a ionmaybe
a ec edbysociocul u alp essu ein ha pe son’sen i onmen .
A ecen s udy[18]shows heexis enceo a i udeso espec , ole ance,andac‐
cep ance owa ds heLGBTcommuni y(lesbian,gay,bisexual, ansgende )inuni e si y
s uden s.Howe e ,asano he s udy[19,20]indica es, u he educa ionon he opico
accep anceand espec iss illnecessa yino de oallow o mo e lexiblesexualdi e ‐
si y,aswellas ocon ibu e oimp o edsel ‐accep anceand educeds igma.Speci ically,
hela e s udy[20]makesadis inc ionbe ween he ollowing e msin ega ds osel ‐
iden i iedsexualo ien a ion:(a)he e osexual(sexuala ac ion opeopleo heopposi e
sex);(b)homosexual(sexuala ac ion opeopleo hesamesex);(c)bisexual(sexuala ‐
ac ion omenandwomenandpeoplewhoa enon‐bina yo dono iden i yaswomen
o men);(d)asexual(nosexuala ac ion oanype son);(e)pansexual(sexuala ac ion
opeopleo anysexo gende );( )demisexual(sexuala ac ion opeoplewi hwhom
heyha ea e ys ongemo ionalbond);(g)he e o lexible(sexuala ac ion opeopleo
heopposi esexandsome imesa ac ion opeopleo hesamesex);and(h)sapiosexual
(sexuala ac ion opeoplewi hhighin elligence).Theseau ho s ound ha ,inasample
o youngSpania dsagedbe ween18and25yea sold,26.1%iden i iedwi hanon‐he e ‐
osexualsexualo ien a ionacco ding o he e msdesc ibedabo e;speci ically,12.8%
iden i ied hemsel esasbisexual,andwomenexp essedg ea e sexuala ac ion obo h
sexes,whilemeniden i iedmo ewi hhomosexuali y.
F oma e lexi emodelusingaquali a i eme hodology,suchasin e iewswi h
openques ions,li ehis o ies,ande hnog aphy,o he s udiescanbe oundwhichconside
heimpo anceo inclusionand espec o di e si y,especiallyin he aceo newchal‐
lengesandchangesingende dis inc ions,and he endency owa dsaless ixedsexual
iden i yinbo h hesocialandclinicalsphe es[21–25].As[26]shows, he igidi yo oles
o menandwomenhasconsequenceswhe he hose olesa e ollowedo no in e mso
he o ma iono aposi i e“I,”asenseo belongingandin helinks ha a ec ea edo ail
obec ea edwi ho he people.
Wi h ega d o hepe cep iono u u e eache s owa ds heLGBTQIA+communi y,
somes udies[27]poin o heawa enessandwillingnesso ainee eache sinp ima y
educa ionandea lychildhoodeduca ion ocon ibu e o ainingandp omo ingac‐
cep anceo a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si yin heclass oom.Ano he wo k
[28]s udied hes a eo academicawa enesssu oundingin e sexuali yinea lychild‐
hood,p ima yandseconda yeduca ion, indingalacko esea chandacademicigno‐
ance ha demons a es hedi icul yinimplemen ingp og amsandmeasu es o im‐
p o eddi e si yandinclusion.O he ecen esea ch[29]emphasizes he oleo socio‐
educa ional ac o sin hep omo iono inclusionin heuni e si yen i onmen ,as hese
ac o sha easigni ican impac onacademicpe o mancein hemos ma ginalizedpop‐
ula ions.
Wi h espec o hecon ibu ionsbyp e ious esea ch,i shouldbeno ed ha he e
a emo ewo ks ha call o coexis encewi h ega d ogende equali yinseconda yedu‐
ca ion,ande ena hisle el, he ea e e y ewwhich ocusonLGBTQ+communi ies.
Howe e , he ea es ill e y ewp og ams,suchas hep esen one,aimedno onlya
educa ion o gende equali y,bu alsoa educa ion o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgen‐
de di e si yin heuni e si yen i onmen ,inwhichelemen so inno a iona ein o‐
ducedandac i i iesa eca iedou ans e sally.Non‐sexis languageguidesha ebeen
analyzedin hiss udy,ands uden sha ealsohad heoppo uni y opa icipa einmany
join ac i i iessuchaswo kshops,semina s,cong esses,con e ences,sc ip o iumcon e ‐
ences, ideo o ums,andexhibi ions.
Taking heabo ein oaccoun ,asuccess ul eachinginno a ionp og amwascoo ‐
dina edandde elopedwi hin heuni e si ycu iculum(PlanFIDOUGR,PlandeFo ‐
macióneInno aciónDocen edelaUni e sidaddeG anada,PIE419,2018–2020)[30],
whichaimed o aiseawa enessandp omo eeduca ion o sexual,bodily,andgende
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881208
di e si y(sexualo ien a ions,gende exp essionandiden i y,anddi e secha ac e is‐
ics),non‐sexism,co‐educa ion, espec o gende iden i y,and heimpo anceo p e en‐
ionandi sawa enessin heuni e si yen i onmen .
Amul idisciplina yg oupo 25 eache s om a iousacademicdisciplinespa ici‐
pa ed.Thei s uden sbene i ed om ans e salandspeci icac i i iesin a o o educa‐
ion o sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.Theseac i i ieswe eadap edandblended
in o hecon en so espec i e eachingp og ams.Theimplemen a ionandadap a iono
ad ancedlea ningme hodologiesencou agedau onomouslea ning,ac i epa icipa ion,
and heuseo in o ma ionandcommunica ion echnologies(ICT) o aiseawa enesso
heseissuesinuni e si yclass ooms.
Thep ojec wasde elopedo e woacademicyea s.The i s yea wasaimeda ais‐
ingawa enessand ainings uden swi hc osscu ingandsubjec ‐speci icac i i ies.In
hesecondyea , oge he wi h hep e iousac i i ies,join ac i i ieswe ede elopedwi h
he olun a ypa icipa iono s uden s ainedin hep e iousacademicyea .
The ollowing ans e salac i i ieswe ede elopedwi hine e ysubjec a ea:
Usingques ionnai es ocusinga en ionona ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di‐
e si y;
De elopinglanguageandguides(languageandcon en ,including e e ences, e‐
sou ces,andma e ials) o eachsubjec ;
MakingLGBTpeople(and hosewo king o LGBT igh s) isible;
Deba ing heimpo anceo ini ia i esdesigned op omo e espec owa dsa ec i e‐
sexual,bodily,andgende di e si yin hewo ld odayinSpanishandAndalusian
schools,wi hsubsequen e lec i eac i i iesand hepossibili yo ex ending hese
deba es oschoolsa hele elo compulso yseconda yeduca ion(Enseñanza
Secunda iaObliga o ia;ESO);
Ge ing hepa icipa ings uden s odesigne e ydayli eac i i ies o hep omo ion
o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.
The ollowingspeci icac i i ieswe ealsoca iedou :Comple ingaspeci icac i i y
basedon heco espondingma e ialo subjec ma e .The eache spa icipa ingineach
educa ionalac i i y,whichwaslinked oa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y,
o ien a ion,andp o essionale hics,selec ed hespeci icac i i ies ha wouldbeexclu‐
si elyca iedou wi hineachsubjec a ea.Thesewe ebasedon hepedagogicalc i e ia
andsui abili yo heme hodology o hecon en andobjec i eso heac i i y.Examples
o possibleac i i iesincluded:Wa chingasho o long‐ o ma ilm ollowedbyadiscus‐
sionandadeba e;alec u ebyanexpe in he ieldandcomple iono ollow‐upques ions
on he i ualcampus(designed o hispu pose);pa icipa ioninna ionalandin e na‐
ionaldeba e o ums;cons uc iono aWiki,cha ,o o um o discussionandi suse o
sol eapa icula p oblemo ob ainsugges ions o e e ydayideas oencou age he
equali yo gende di e ences;a ideoo book o um;c ea iono aglossa yo e ms e‐
la ed o heseissues;askings uden s o indanLGBT‐suppo i enewsi em ollowedby
c i ical e lec ionuponi inclass;c ea iono abibliog aphic ile;andanalysiso a ex .
Thes uden bodyalsobene i ed om he ollowingjoin ac i i ies:(a)Commemo a‐
iono anni e sa ies(pe o mance,conce ,slogans/s icke s o sa espaces);a endance
andpa icipa ionin he1s Con e enceonA en ion oA ec i e‐SexualDi e si yhelda he
Facul yo Psychologyand he1s In e na ionalCong essonA en ion oA ec i e‐SexualDi‐
e si yhelda heFacul yo Psychology;and he1s In e na ionalCong essonA en ion o
A ec i e‐SexualDi e si yheldinAndalusia;(b)In e disciplina y ound ables,suchas o
heanalysiso lawsand hei de elopmen ,depa hologiza ion,and amilies; esea chin
educa ionandheal h.Pa icipa iono woexpe sando he au onomouscommuni ies;
Legisla ionandpublicpolicies.Pa icipa iono woexpe sand heAndalusiancommu‐
ni y;Expe iencesinESO(Compulso ySeconda yEduca ion,Voca ionalT aining,In an
andP ima yEduca ion,LanguageSchools).
Theobjec i eso hep esen s udywe e:(a)Toanalyze hedesc ip i es a is icsas
wellasS uden ’sT‐ es compa ing heini ialda aa hebeginningo hep og amwi h
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881209
he inalda aonce heinno a ionp og amhadbeencomple edwi hase ieso a iables
selec ed ocon ol hee ec o hep og am;(b)Toe alua e hedeg eeo sa is ac ionand
pe cei eduse ulnesso heac i i ieso heinno a ionp og am;(c)Toexamine hedeg ee
o pe cei eduse ulnesso heac i i iesca iedou o ul ill heobjec i eso hep ojec ;
(d)Toexamine he ela ionshipsbe ween he a iablea i udes owa dsequali yanda ‐
ec i e‐sexualdi e si yando he psychoeduca ional a iables,suchass yleso hinking;
ande)Toassess hedeg eeo ul illmen o heobjec i eso he eachinginno a ionp o‐
g amby he eachings a ands uden s.
Resea chHypo hesis
Aninc easein hede elopmen o socio‐emo ionalskills,suchasempa hy,isex‐
pec ed odec easenega i ea i udes owa dsa ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e ‐
si ya e hede elopmen o heac i i ieso heinno a ionp og am.I isalsoexpec ed
ha heknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexualdi e si ywillbeg ea e a e he aining e‐
cei edin hep og am.
2.Ma e ialsandMe hods
2.1.Pa icipan s
Theinno a ionp ojec bene i ed2400uni e si ys uden s omdi e en acul ies
(suchasEduca ionalSciences,Psychology,SocialWo k,Law,andPhilosophyandLe e s)
whoca iedou hep oposedac i i ies.A o alinciden alsampleo 129s uden sbelong‐
ing o heFacul yo Educa ionalSciencesand heFacul yo Psychologyo heUni e si y
o G anadawe eselec ed.Mos o hembelonged o he i s yea o heDeg eeinP ima y
Educa ionand heDeg eeinPsychology.O he129s uden s,69%we ewomen.In e ms
o ma i als a us,mos o hemwe esingle.Theywe eagedbe ween18and25yea s,wi h
ana e ageageo 20.87yea sold.Acon olg oupwasalsousedwi hasampleo 95
s uden s(67% emale) omg oups ha didno pa icipa ein hep og ambu belonged
o hesame acul ies.Amul idisciplina yg oupo 25 eache s omdi e en a easo
knowledgepa icipa ed.Thep esen s udyp o ocolwasapp o edby heE hicsCommi ‐
eeo heUni e si yo G anada(G anada,Spain),wi h he egis a ionnumbe :
2056/CEIH/2021.Thepa icipan scomple edanindi idualin o medconsen o m opa ‐
icipa ein hes udy.
2.2.Ins umen s
2.2.1.Ins umen sSelec ed oMoni o heE ec o heP og am
Adap a iono SchoolDoingGende /S uden s—Scaleo S uden A i udes owa ds
Co‐educa ion[31]:Thisins umen e alua ess uden a i udes owa dsco‐educa ionand
hecons uc iono anewgende cul u einschoolsbasedonequali ybe weenpeople,
acco ding oa5‐poin Like ‐ ypescalewi h1=Comple elydisag eeand5=Comple ely
ag ee.I p esen sadequa epsychome icp ope ieso eliabili yand alidi y.C onbach’s
alpha(α) o hecu en s udy o hescalewas0.92.
Nega i eA i udes owa dsT ansPeopleScale(NATS)[32].Thisins umen consis s
o ninei ems.The o alsco ewasob ainedbyaddingsco esacco ding oa5‐poin Like
scale anging om1=S onglydisag ee o5=S onglyag ee.Thisscalehasanexcellen
in e nalconsis encyin hes udysample(α=0.88).Highe sco esa eindica i eo ahighe
le elo nega i ea i udes owa ds anspeople.Somei emsin hisins umen include:
“T anspeopleshouldno beallowed o eachinschools”;“ anspeople end obesex‐
uallyp omiscuous”;and“ anspeoplea emo elikely han he es o socie y oge a
sexualdisease.”Thisins umen hasp e iouslybeenusedin heSpanishpopula ion[33].
Mode nHomophobiaScale[34].Thisins umen consis so 22i emsin hesubscale
Homophobia owa dgaymen(MHS‐G)and24i emsin hesubscaleHomophobia owa d
lesbians(MHS‐L)wi h i e‐s ep esponse o ma :1=S onglydisag ee,2=Somewha
disag ee,3=Nei he ag eeno disag ee,4=Somewha ag eeand5=S onglyag ee.A
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881210
highe sco eindica esamo eposi i ea i ude ohomosexuali y,whichise idencedbya
mo eposi i ea i ude owa dlesbiansandgays.Thein e nalconsis ency o hescale o
hecu en s udywasα=0.87.This es hasbeen alida edin heSpanishlanguage o
useinSpanishpopula ions[35].
Cogni i eandA ec i eEmpa hyTes (TECA)[36].This es ins umen comp ises
33i ems ha a e a edonaLike scale omone(s onglydisag ee) o i e(s ongly
ag ee).I assessescogni i e‐a ec i eskills ela ed o hele elo empa hy ega dingdi‐
e si y‐ ela edissues.The es consis so ou dimensions.Wi hin hecogni i ea eaa e
hedimensionso pe spec i e‐ akingandemo ionalunde s anding.Thea ec i ea eain‐
cludesempa hics essandempa hicjoy.I p esen sadequa epsychome icp ope ieso
eliabili yand alidi yin hes udysample(α=0.88).This es hasbeenusedinnume ous
s udiesin ol ing heSpanishpopula ion(e.g.,[37]).
S enbe g–Wagne ThinkingS ylesQues ionnai e[38,39](S e nbe g,1994,sho
o m).Thisques ionnai econ ains65i emswi hase en‐s ep esponse o ma :1=No a
all(i hes a emen doesno i a all);2=Almos ,3=Sligh ly;4=Ali le;5=Qui ealo ;
6=Alo ;7=Comple ely.I e alua esindi idualp e e ences o askpe o mance,p ojec
de elopmen ,andmen alp ocesses.I ismadeupo 13scaleso i ei emseach:Legisla‐
i e,execu i e,judicial,local,global,libe al,conse a i e,hie a chical,mona chical,oli‐
ga chical,ana chical,in e nal,andex e nal.Thein e nalconsis ency o hep esen sam‐
ple angesbe ween0.70and0.86.Thisques ionnai ehasp e iouslybeenusedwi hin
Spanishuni e si ypopula ions[40].
2.2.2.Ins umen so Con inuousE alua iondu ing heDe elopmen o heP og am
Rub icanswe edby hes uden s[30].This ub ice alua ed hedeg eeo sa is ac ion
anduse ulness epo edby heeduca ionalac i i iesin a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily
andgende di e si yca iedou bypa icipan s,acco ding oa i e‐s epscalewi h1=
no a alland5= e ymuch.I alsocon ainsase ieso i ems ela ed oknowledgeabou
concep sand e minology ela ed oa ec i e‐sexualdi e si y,knowledgeabou ools o
hede ec ionandp e en iono LGBTI iolenceandha assmen ,belie sabou heneed o
ecei e ainingina ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y(ASCGD),de ec iono
s e eo ypes,sel ‐pe cei edsocio‐emo ionalcompe ence odealwi h heseissuesin he
class oomas u u e eache s,and o acesi ua ionso disc imina ionandha assmen in
e e ydayli e.
The ub icwasanswe edby eache sands uden s o hee alua iono hedeg ee
o compliancewi h heobjec i eso heP og am[30].Thee alua ionwas1=Thisobjec‐
i ehasno been ul illeda all;and5=Yes, hisobjec i ehasbeen o ally ul illed.
Thep og amandi sme hodology:Al houghdesc ibedin hein oduc ion, hegen‐
e alobjec i eso head anced eachinginno a ionp og am i led“T ans e saleduca ion
o a ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y”(Code419,Call o TeachingInno a ion
P ojec sandGoodP ac iceso heFIDOUGRPlan2018–2021)[30]we e o aiseawa e‐
nessandp omo eeduca ion o sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y(sexualo ien a ions,
gende exp essionandiden i yanddi e secha ac e is ics),non‐sexism,co‐educa ion, e‐
spec inggende iden i y,and heimpo anceo p e en ionandi sawa enessin heuni‐
e si yen i onmen .
2.3.DesignandP ocedu e
Anexpos ac odesignwasused.Ac oss‐sec ionalnon‐expe imen al esea chde‐
signwasimplemen ed,andcon eniencesamplingwasused o selec ings uden pa ici‐
pan s.Pa icipan swe easked ocomple ease ieso sel ‐ epo Like ‐ esponsescales
ha we ep e iouslyou lined.TheE hicsCommi eeo heUni e si yo G anadaap‐
p o ed hep og amand hes udiesde i ed omi .E alua ionswe eca iedou be o e
s a ing hep og amanda e ending hep og amwi hdi e en a iablesselec ed o
eco d hee ec o hep og am.In o medconsen was eques ed,and hecon iden iali y
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881211
o heda aand he olun a yna u eo pa icipa ionwe eensu edwi hpa icipan s.The
ques ionnai eswe eadminis e edcollec i elywi hdi e en g oupso pa icipan sindi ‐
e en class ooms.
2.4.Da aAnalysis
Fo heda aanalysis, hecompu e izeds a is icalpackageSPSSV.22wasused.An
examina ion(desc ip i es a is icsandKolmogo o –Smi no no mali y es s)o hes udy
a iableswasca iedou o e i ycompliancewi h heassump ionso no mali y,non‐
collinea i y,andPea son’sco ela ion.
Desc ip i eanalyseswe eca iedou e lec ingpe cen ages,means,ands anda d
de ia ionso hepa icipa ingsampleaswellasS uden ’sT‐ es o ela edsamples, o
de e minei he ewe es a is icallysigni ican di e encesin hee alua iono he a ia‐
bleso heques ionnai es,includingnega i ea i udes owa ds anssexualpeople,em‐
pa hyin hecogni i eanda ec i edimension,andknowledgeabou equali yanda ec‐
i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y.
Toassess hedeg eeo sa is ac ionandpe cei eduse ulnessassocia edwi h hep o‐
g amac i i ies(comple iono ques ionnai esandsubsequen e lec ionon he esul sin
classsemina s;deba eon heimpo anceo educa ion o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si y;d aw‐
ingupalis o dailyac ions obeca iedou in a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgen‐
de di e si y;analysiso newsondi e si y;analysisandassessmen o guidesonnon‐
sexis language; iewingo a ilmo sho ilmabou hissubjec ; esou ceswhicha end
oa ec i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y;ca yingou alis o dailyac ionsin a o
o a ec i e‐sexualandgende di e si y;analysiso newsondi e si y;analysisande al‐
ua iono guidesonnon‐sexis language;Ca yingou ag oupac i i y(mu al,e c.) ela ed
odi e si y;andacon e enceo alk.Themeanands anda dde ia ionwe eex ac ed.
Likewise, oe alua e hedeg eeo ul illmen o heobjec i eso heinno a ionp og am
i isalsoex ac ed hemean, hes anda dde ia ion,andex ensi ein o ma iona ailable
inp in andon heIn e ne o quali a i ecommen s ha ha eno beenp esen edin his
wo k.Muchmo ein o ma ion ha isno p esen edin hiss udyisa ailablein hepla ‐
o musedwi h hepa icipan sin he epo sdeli e ed,pa icipa ionsandcommen sin
o ums,wikis,andglossa ieso e ms,inaddi ion o hein e iewsca iedou .
Analyseso he ela ionshipsbe ween he a iables—a i udes owa dsgende
equali yanda ec i e‐sexualdi e si yand he a iable hinkings yles/cogni i e lexibil‐
i y—we eca iedou usingPea son’sco ela ionanalysis.
3.Resul s
3.1.Di e encesinEmpa hy,A i udes,andKnowledgeabou A ec i e‐Sexual,Bodily,and
Gende Di e si yBe o eandA e Pa icipa ionin heInno a ionP og am
Table1p esen s heanalysiso hee ec so heinno a ionp og amcompa ing he
sco eson he a iable’sempa hy,a i udes,andknowledgeabou a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
andgende di e si yin hissamplebe o eanda e hei pa icipa ionin hep og am.
Di e encesin hesco eson hese a iableswe e ound.Speci ically,aninc easewas
oundin hesco eso heempa hy a iablesin hei cogni i eanda ec i edimensions,
aswellasin heknowledgeselec ed o hei e alua ion.Adec easeinnega i ea i udes
ands e eo ypes owa ds ansgende peoplewasalso ound.
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881212
Table1.Compa isono p e–pos meansin heg oupo uni e si ys uden spa icipa ingin heinno a ionp og amin
he a iableso hes udy.
S uden ’s ‐Tes
MDTMDT glp
Nega i ea i udes owa ds ansgende people11.253.669.932.224.041260.00
Adop iono pe spec i es30.593.3633.233.53−26.671260.00
Emo ionalunde s anding31.465.2934.155.29−24.231260.00
Empa hics ess23.393.8525.533.82−22.751260.00
Empa he icjoy28.743.1031.333.11−29.481260.00
Posi i eBelie s1.560.563.840.37−22.141260.00
Knowledgeo equali yanda ec i e‐sexualdi e si y1.780.503.590.49−24.351200.00
Social‐emo ionalcompe encies1.340.643.900.30−25.681240.00
gl:deg eeso eedom;p:signi icancele el; :S uden ’s ‐s a is ic o dependen samples;M:mean;SD:s anda dde ia ion;
p:c i icalle elo signi icance.
Table2belowshowsanex ac o he inalda ao hepa icipan sin hep og am
e e ing o hedeg eeo sa is ac ionandpe cei eduse ulnessob ainedin heeduca ional
ac i i iesusedin hep og am.Conside ing ha hee alua ionwas omone obeing, he
a e agesco esshowed ha heac i i ies epo edahighdeg eeo sa is ac ion.Pa ici‐
pan swe ealsoaskedabou hedeg ee owhich heseac i i iescon ibu ed o he ul ill‐
men o heobjec i eso hep ojec ,whosesco ewas4.90 o ac i i y7(s uden body),
4.85 o ac i i y4(s uden body),and4.83 o ac i i y7(Facul y), o example.
Table2.Deg eeo pe cei eduse ulnessandsa is ac ionwi heduca ionalac i i iesin a o o a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,
andgende di e si y.D =s anda dde ia ion.
Ac i i ies
Deg eeo Sa is‐
ac ion
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Pe cei ed
Use ulness
(S uden )
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Con ibu ion
o These
Ac i i ies o
heFul ill‐
men o he
P ojec
Objec i es
(S uden )
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Con ibu ion
o These
Ac i i ies o
he
Ful illmen
o heP ojec
Objec i es
(Facul y)
Mean(d )
Deg eeo
Pe cei ed
Use ulness
(Facul y)
Mean(d )
1.Comple iono ques ionnai es4.00(1.21)4.36(1.12)4.49(0.70)4.50(0.84)5.00(1.00)
2.Discussionon heimpo anceo educa ion
o a ec i e‐sexualdi e si y4.25(0.87)4.46(0.80)4.49(0.70)4.83(0.41)4.67(0.82)
3.Elabo a iono alis o dailyac ions o
ca you in a o o a ec i e‐sexualbodily
andgende di e si y.
4.26(0.83)4.00(0.77)4.50(0.70)4.83(0.41)4.67(0.52)
4.Di e si ynewsanalysis4.33(0.79)4.39(1.83)4.85(0.69)4.67(0.81)4.83(0.40)
5.Analysisande alua iono guidesonnon‐
sexis language.4.00(0.83)4.00(0.83)4.67(0.79)4.40(0.89)5.00(0.00)
6.Viewingo a ilmo sho ilmon his he‐
ma icline.4.33(0.75)4.36(0.83)4.67(0.65)4.67(0.81)5.00(0.00)
7.Resou cesp o idedona en ion oa ec‐
i e‐sexual,bodilyandgende di e si y.4.00(0.60)4.66(0.67)4.90(0.51)4.83(1.03)4.33(1.03)
8.Ca yingou ag oupac i i y(mu al,e c.)
ona en ion odi e si y.4.08(0.90)4.48(0.87)4.68(0.75)4.33(1.91)4.67(0.51)
9.Con e enceo lec u e4.00(1.04)4.5(1.10)4.80(0.69)4.35(1.03)4.55(1.00)
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881213
3.2.Rela ionshipsbe ween heVa iableA i udes owa dsA ec i e‐SexualDi e si yandS yles
o Thinking
Table3shows heco ela ionsbe ween he a iableso posi i ea i udes owa ds
gende equali ya he h eele els(sociocul u al, ela ional,andpe sonal)and hedi e ‐
en scales ha a epa o he hinkings yles.The esul sshow heexis enceo posi i e
co ela ionsbe weena i udes owa dsgende equali yand he o alsco e o he hinking
s yles a iable.
Table3.Co ela ionbe weena i udes owa dsgende equali yand hinkings ylesinuni e si ys uden s.
12345678910111213
A i udes owa ds
heequali yo
gende ( o al)
−0
.29
−0.27
0.45
*
−0.06
0.17
0.110.11−0.190.120.120.060.030.11
Sociocul u alle el
0
.26
0.22
0.46
*
0.07
0.280.080.18−0.18−0.010.020.070.15−0.03
Rela ionalle el
0
.41*
0.46
*
0.33
0.14
0.08
0.15
0.04−0.33−0.140.290.140.04−0.32
Pe sonalle el
−0
.09
−0.26
−0.04
−0.14
0.12−0.070.11
−0.03
0.11−0.21−0.140.02−0.33
No e.1.Legisla i e;2.Execu i e;3.Judicial;4.Local;5.Global;6.Libe al;7.Conse a i e;8.Hie a chical;9.Mona chical;
10.Oliga chical;11.Ana chical;12.In e nal,and13.Ex e nal;*p<0.05.
3.3.Pe cep ionson heDeg eeo Compliancewi h heObjec i eso heP ojec by heTeaching
S a ,S uden s,andAssocia ion
Nex ,Table4p esen s heda a e e ing o hedeg eeo ul illmen o hep ojec ’s
objec i esby he eachings a ands uden s,and hepe cei eduse ulness— hea e age
aluesacco ding oa i e‐s epscalealso angingbe ween4and5.
Table4.Deg eeo compliancewi h hep ojec objec i es(1= o allydisag ee;7= o allyag ee).Meanands anda d
de ia ion.
S uden Body(Meanand
S anda dDe ia ion)
Facul y(MeanandS anda d
De ia ion)
Objec i es:
GENERAL:
‐Sensi izeand aiseawa eness owa dsinclusi eeduca‐
ionabou a ec i e‐sexual,bodily,andgende di e si y
inuni e si yen i onmen s.
4.3(1.41)4.66(0.51)
‐P omo eamongs uden s heo e ical‐p ac ical
knowledgeabou inequali y,disc imina ion,and he
alueo equali y,gende equi y,co‐educa ion,and e‐
spec o di e en gende ,sexual,andbodilyiden i ies.
4.14(1.06) 4.17(0.41)
‐P omo e ans e sali y o hede elopmen o in e ‐
andin a‐pe sonalskills h ough hecollabo a ionand
join pa icipa iono s uden sanduni e si y eaching
s a omdi e en deg eecou sesand eachinga eas.
4.4(1.05)4.33(1.21)
‐Re lec upon heimpo anceo in e sec ionali y o he
p omo ionandmobiliza iono igh sin hea eao
equali yandjus ice,linking hesi ua ionso disc imina‐
ion ha heyp oducewi h hei speci icsocio‐poli ical,
legal,andeconomiccon ex s.
4.40(1.06) 4.00(1.89)
SPECIFICJOINTOBJECTIVES:
‐Encou agecon ac wi hassocia ionsandsocialo gani‐
za ions ha wo k o a o hesuppo o ,anda en ion
o,sexual‐a ec i edi e si yandsexualo ien a ion.
4.50(1.06) 4.33(0.51)
Eu .J.In es ig.Heal hPsychol.Educ.2021,11,881220
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