Habits of healthy living in adults former athletes of federated competition in the modality of volleyball in the province of Jaen

VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 3 | 2024 | 827 Habits of healthy living in adults former athletes of federated competition in the modality of volleyball in the province of Jaen JUAN TORRES GUERRERO1, RAFAEL FRANCISCO CARACUEL CÁLIZ2,3 1 , DIEGO COLLADO FERNÁNDEZ1, BEATRIZ TORRES CAMPOS1, JUAN ANTONIO PÁRRAGA MONTILLA4, MAR CEPERO GONZÁLEZ1 1Faculty of Education Sciences. University of Granada. Granada, Spain. 2Faculty of Education. International University of La Rioja. Logroño, Spain. 3Faculty of Education. International University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain. 4Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences. University of Jaén. Jaén, Spain. ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to know the healthy lifestyle habits of people who participated in federated competitions in volleyball in the province of Jaén once their competitive stage has ended. Therefore, to investigate whether people who in their adolescence and youth practiced a federated competitive sport in volleyball, maintain healthy lifestyle habits, referring to diet, quality of sleep, level of physical activity practice and their physical condition, in their stage of adulthood and seniority. This research has been carried out though a descriptive, cross-sectional, single measurement (Ato et al., 2013), and interpretive research; in which former athletes responded to a questionnaire about their daily habits related to health; In addition, to know the information through self-completed surveys by those who were captains and technicians of the volleyball clubs, in order to better understand their current healthy habits. The total number of subjects studied was 199 people, of which 18 were captains and 21 were coaches. When asking people about their eating habits, the majority values correspond to the response option “good”, both in women (61.5%) and in men (48.8%). The different groups of participants in the research state that they attach great importance to eating habits, nutrition, and diet quality in their daily lives. 84.6% of women and 91.9% of men consider that their current level of physical fitness is based on the sports practice of their youth. Physical-sports practice as a healthy lifestyle habit is incorporated as a healthy lifestyle habit mostly in the former athletes and sports technicians participating in this research. Keywords: Sport medicine, Former competitive athletes, Older adults, Nutrition, Quality of life. 1 Corresponding author. Faculty of Education. International University of La Rioja. Logroño, Spain. E-mail: rafaelfrancisco.caracuel[email protected]t Submitted for publication March 21, 2024. Accepted for publication April 18, 2024. Published April 23, 2024. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE ISSN 1988-5202. © Asociación Española de Análisis del Rendimiento Deportivo. Spain. doi: https://doi.org/10.55860/a36hg406 Cite this article as: Torres Guerrero, J., Caracuel Cáliz, R. F., Collado Fernández, D., Torres Campos, B., Párraga Montilla, J. A., & Cepero González, M. (2024). Habits of healthy living in adults former athletes of federated competition in the modality of volleyball in the province of Jaen. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 19(3), 827-845. https://doi.org/10.55860/a36hg406 Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 828 | 2024 | ISSUE 3 | VOLUME 19 © 2024 ARD Asociación Española INTRODUCTION When we talk about lifestyle, we refer to a set of behaviours that develop throughout the life of a human being due to the influence of various areas such as family, friends and the media, which are expressed in the daily life of human beings and therefore characterize the way of living and being of every person (Ibarra-Mora et al., 2019; López-Villar, 2011). In the case of healthy lifestyles, they are closely related to a balanced diet, maintaining body weight, bad physical activity, and abstaining from alcohol and tobacco consumption, among others (Sanabria, 2007). All of this is corroborated through research studies that demonstrate the importance of diet and bad physical activity to achieve a good quality of life (Portela-Pino et al., 2022). Physical inactivity increases in many countries, considerably influencing the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and the general health of the world population. Humanity faces a great challenge in the coming decades, manifested in a sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise that affect mental health and the quality of life of society (Moscoso et al., 2009), as confirmed by data from the World Health Organization (2010), revealing that at least 60% of the world's population does not carry out the physical activity necessary to obtain health benefits, becoming the fourth most important risk factor for mortality worldwide (Barbosa - Granados and Urrea-Cuéllar (2018). Therefore, if physical activity is carried out systematically and continuously, greater health protection can be achieved, as well as prevention of different disorders thanks to the physical and psychological benefits it provides. performing physical exercise (Sánchez-Barrera et al., 1995).Adopting a more active lifestyle can promote respiratory, cardiovascular and locomotor function, as well as develop and maintain muscle strength, improve postural activity, etc. (Romero-Granados et al., 2006). In the case of our research, we want, through the triangulation of the information provided by the different instruments used, to verify the healthy lifestyle habits that the athletes in the sample practice in their daily lives. Taking into account that advances in health sciences, including human nutrition, have allowed life expectancy to be dramatically prolonged, genetics are decisive in this greater life expectancy, but there are also other series of factors that include the same, among which stands out an adequate diet, good quality of sleep and a healthy lifestyle, which includes bad exercise according to individual physical condition (AmadorMuñoz & Esteban-Ibáñez, 2015). MATERIAL AND METHODS Study design We can consider that our study is a descriptive, cross-sectional, single measurement (Ato et al., 2013), and interpretive research, since it aims to collect and analyse information, in a way that allows us to know and interpret the reality studied and complement it. with the data obtained quantitatively and qualitatively (LatorreBeltrán et. al., 2003). A quantitative technique (questionnaire) has been used to obtain information on the personal profile, the sports itineraries followed by the subjects participating in the research, as well as to know the transfer of these learnings to daily life, and to give the broadest vision. possible to the problem posed. The use of questionnaires is the most used measuring instrument in some disciplines such as psychology, but it is also widely used in sports sciences to know the health habits of the athletes in the sample (Barbado and Martínez -Moreno, 2021; Cavas-García et al., 2021; Haro-González et al., 2018). To prepare the questionnaire, other previous studies have been taken into account that have analysed the personal and professional profile and sporting itineraries of federated competition players in the volleyball Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 3 | 2024 | 829 modality. For this study, the questionnaire “Adherence to physical-sports practice, and healthy habits of competitive athletes in the volleyball modality of the province of Jaén” (CAPDV-1) has been designed. This questionnaire has been developed and validated through the Delphi Technique. Reguant-Álvarez and Torrado-Fonseca (2016) consider that the Delphi Technique “is an information collection technique that allows obtaining the opinion of a group of experts through of repeated consultation.” The questionnaire has been passed and completed by the athletes participating in the research. The information has been complemented with qualitative techniques. To this end, two Self-Completed Surveys (one for team captains and another for coaches) have been designed and validated (through the Delphi Technique) to better understand the most important aspects of the problem. The goal of qualitative studies is to provide a deep, interpreted understanding of participants based on context, experiences, and stories (Gephart, 2004; Veal and Darcy, 2014). Some researchers (Skinner et al., 2020; Veal and Darcy, 2014) have developed studies with the objective of creating, adapting and presenting research methods, data collection instruments and data analysis techniques for qualitative research on motivation topics. and adherence to physical-sports practice. Under the name of paradigm we have encompassed methodologies shared by researchers and educators that adopt a certain conception of the educational process (De Miguel, 1988). Each paradigm is characterized by a common way of research, presenting its advantages and disadvantages and, although they are based on different assumptions, it is possible to combine the contributions from an eclectic perspective (Latorre et. al., 2003). We do not intend to contrast the data that we obtain through one research methodology and another, but rather to combine them in the same research project based on our objectives, both functioning in a complementary way (Caracuel-Cáliz, 2016; Cuesta-Santos, 2013; Martínez-Pérez , 2012; OrtegaBecerra, 2010; Ovalle-Pérez, 2011; Palomares-Cuadros, 2003; Ramírez-Arrabal, 2018; Rodríguez-Bailón, 2012; Soto-González, 2011). Finally, methodological integration has been carried out through the concept that Denzin and Licoln (2000) call “triangulation model” and that Caracuel-Cáliz (2016) has proposed in previous works; Cimarro-Urbano, 2013; Collado-Fernández (2005); Cuesta-Santos (2014); Fuentes-Justicia (2011); Martínez-Pérez (2012); Ortega-Becerra (2010); Ovalle-Pérez (2011); Palomares-Cuadros (2003), Rodríguez-Bailón (2012), TorresCampos (2008), Vílchez-Barroso (2007), among others, alluding to the possibility of being more sure of the results obtained if we use various data collection techniques. data, as each has its own advantages and biases. Context The context in which the research is carried out is the province of Jaén, whose capital is the Spanish municipality of the same name, located in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. Specifically, the research has been carried out in the Sports Clubs and Entities of the towns of Andújar and Jaén. Participants In our research we have used the non-probabilistic sampling method called by Carrasco and Calderero (2000) "accidental or casual sampling". The Sample has been extracted from the total population of athletes who meet the inclusion criteria proposed for this research. To determine the size of the population that meets the proposed requirements, we have had the collaboration of the Andalusian Volleyball Federation, as well as the administrative and technical managers of the selected clubs. In total, the population that meets the requirements expressed above is 261 athletes, of which 210 are men and 51 women, aged between 41 and 72 years. Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 830 | 2024 | ISSUE 3 | VOLUME 19 © 2024 ARD Asociación Española The quantitative sample (questionnaires) is distributed as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. Distribution of the sample by age and gender groups. Gender/Age Born before 1960 Born between 1960-1966 Born between 1967-1973 Born between 1974-1980 Total N % N % N % N % N % Women 0 0 0 0 22 34.9 17 43.6 39 19.6 Men 52 100.0 45 100.0 41 65.1 22 56.4 160 80.4 Total 52 100.0 45 100.0 63 100.0 39 100.0 199 100.0 Table 2. Distribution by age, group, gender and totals. Women Men Total N M age D.T. N M age D.T. N M age D.T. Group 1 - - - 52 64.96 2.72 52 64.96 2.72 Group 2 - - - 45 58.15 2.02 45 58.15 2.02 Group 3 22 50.54 1.62 41 51.48 1.76 63 51.15 1.74 Group 4 17 43.35 1.76 22 44.27 2.65 39 43.87 2.33 Total 39 47.41 3.97 160 56.75 7.51 199 54.91 7.88 In relation to the type of qualitative sampling, Tójar (2006), following Patton (1990), identifies up to ten different types of sampling. For our research we have used the so-called "logical criterion sampling" which is based on including all available cases that meet some criterion of interest for the investigation. Table 3. Composition of the sample of team captains. Age Experience as captain Academic degree Captain 1 G4 3-5 Degree Captain 2 G3 3-5 Degree Captain 3 G4 10-15 Undergraduate degree Captain 4 G3 3-5 Architecture Captain 5 G2 3-5 Degree Captain 6 G1 3-5 Undergraduate degree Captain 7 G1 6-10 Degree Captain 8 G2 6-10 Degree Captain 9 G2 3-5 Engineering Captain 10 G2 10-15 Degree Captain 11 G2 6-10 Degree Captain 12 G2 6-10 Undergraduate degree Captain 13 G2 6-10 Degree Captain 14 G4 More than 25 Degree Captain 15 G3 6-10 Undergraduate degree Captain 16 G3 3-5 Undergraduate degree Captain 17 G1 3-5 Degree Captain 18 G3 3-5 Undergraduate degree Note. G1 = Born before 1960. G2 = Born between 1960-1966. G3 = Born/as between 1967-1973. G4 = Born/as between 1974-1980. In the first self-completed Survey, 18 team captains (14 men and 4 women) from the clubs specified in the sample participated, with the characteristics described in Table 3. In the second self-completed survey, 21 coaches (4 women and 17 men) from the clubs and teams specified in the sample participated. Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 3 | 2024 | 831 Table 4. Composition of the sample of coaches. Age Level Experience (years) Maximum Level/Category of competition Coach 1 65 Level II 25 National First Division Coach 2 71 Level III 15 Andalusian First Division Coach 3 70 Level III 24 Honorary Division Coach 4 52 Level I 6 Provincial category Coach 5 62 Level III 10 Regional competitions Coach 6 51 Level II 9 Second National Division Coach 7 50 Level III 25 Provincial selection Coach 8 52 Level II 35 Andalusian First Division Coach 9 69 Level II 8 Second National Division Coach 10 52 Level I 10 Regional competitions Coach 11 56 Level III 35 Superleague 2 Coach 12 54 Level II 15 Andalusian First Division Coach 13 65 Level III 21 National First Division Coach 14 56 Level III 30 Andalusian First Division Coach 15 48 Level II 20 Andalusian First Division Coach 16 58 Level II 10 Andalusian First Division Coach 17 63 Level III 10 National First Division Coach 18 67 Level II 3 Provincial category Coach 19 50 Level I 6 Provincial category Coach 20 72 Level IV 29 Junior national team Coach 21 48 Level I 6 Provincial category Instruments As we have previously referenced, our methodology integrates two types of techniques, on the one hand, a qualitative technique (Self-completed Survey for team captains and coaches) and a quantitative technique (Questionnaire for the athletes in the sample), to collect information. , with the intention of combining this methodological structure. Regarding the quantitative technique, we have used a questionnaire (Annex 1) prepared ad-hoc, and validated for this research through the Delphi Technique, to obtain information in different areas: on the one hand we want to know your personal profile, academic, professional and sports; On the other hand, we want to investigate the healthy and unhealthy habits of the research participants, as well as verify their adherence and motivation towards the practice of physical activity. For the preparation and validation of the questionnaire (“Adherence to physical-sports practice, and healthy habits of federated competition athletes in the volleyball modality of the province of Jaén” - CAPDV-1), we have used the Delphi method, which consists of a technique for obtaining information, based on consulting experts in an area, in order to obtain the most reliable consensus opinion of the group consulted. These experts are individually submitted to a series of in-depth questionnaires that are interspersed with feedback on what was expressed by the group and that, based on an open exploration, after successive returns, produce an opinion that represents the group (Reguant-Álvarez and Torrado -Fonseca, 2016). Once all the modifications to the questionnaire, proposed by the experts participating in the Delphi, have been made, the pilot questionnaire is prepared. The questionnaire is sent to 24 people from different areas of volleyball: athletes, referees, delegates, club and federation directors, and sports managers. 22 people respond in a timely manner, and with the suggestions they propose, the final questionnaire is prepared and sent to the study sample for completion. Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 832 | 2024 | ISSUE 3 | VOLUME 19 © 2024 ARD Asociación Española For the qualitative technique we have used Self-completed surveys, with which we have sought to know the perceptions of the team captains (Annex 2) and technicians (Annex 3), and to compare, through their information, the opinions expressed by the coaches, as well as their relationship with the athletes' responses in the questionnaires that have been provided. The self-administered survey is the survey that is carried out using self-administered questionnaires. This modality is called self-administered (self-completed) because, in general terms, it dispenses with the need for interviewers (Rodríguez-Bailón, 2012). Within the type of self-administered survey there are some characteristic subtypes: the mail survey, the mail survey and the hand-delivered survey. In all cases, the person who responds is the one who completes the questionnaire or survey form in accordance with certain instructions that must be extremely clear (Benjumea-Álvarez, 2011). The design and validation of the selfcompleted Surveys used in our research has been carried out through the Delphi Technique. With the content of the questionnaire prepared by the experts participating in the Delphi Technique, four captains are sent, one from each age group in the sample, to complete it, requesting the time spent completing it and the difficulties encountered. Participants in the pilot study are instructed to respond below each question, with no length limit. The content of the pilot study is passed to the LimeSurvey computer application. RESULTS Following the application of the aforementioned instruments to obtain data, and after analysis, the results yielded interesting data on parameters related to healthy living habits (adequate food and nutrition, quality of sleep, adequate physical-sports activity and frequent, physical condition and health relationship), of federated competition athletes in the volleyball modality of the province of Jaén, once their competitive stage has ended, as a practice of physical sports activity, eating and postural habits, rest, and we present them triangulating the results obtained by the instruments used. Beginning with the global analysis of healthy living habits, the participants in the research present opinions in which they relate their practice of competitive volleyball during the years they were active, with the healthy habits that they practice in their daily lives. Through self-administered surveys, they highlighted that: Volleyball has helped me… …create healthy habits. Player 20 GR 4 (043-044) SHS To create healthy habits for my daily life. Player 105 GR 3 (288-289) SHS Have good health thanks to the habits acquired. Player 139 GR 3 (393-394) SHS Internalize physical and sports practice in general life habits. Player 104 GR 3 (285) SHS Practicing volleyball has allowed me to acquire healthy habits. Player 2 GR 1 (005-007) SHS Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 3 | 2024 | 833 Like the players participating in this research, the captains and sports technicians surveyed also express the importance that the practice of volleyball has had in incorporating healthy living habits into their daily lives. Without a doubt none. The influence of volleyball has been totalling on my healthy living habits. Captain 14 G4 (277-278) HEVS Yes, of course, it totally influenced my healthy lifestyle habits. Captain 16 G3 (279-280) HEVS Of course, it was key in my life, it helped me in everything. To maintain a healthy lifestyle. Captain 18 G3 (285-286) HEVS I always tried to maintain a line of healthy lifestyle habits. Staying away from the harmful ones. Captain 15 G3 (278-279) HEVS Yeah! It makes you focus on healthy habits and not others. Captain 1 G4 (257) HEVS Being a coach and doing so much physical activity has had a very positive influence on my lifestyle habits. Coach 3 E70 (669-670) SHS The positive habit routines that were transmitted to the students/players were also internalized and had to be put into practice oneself. Coach 6 E51 (677-678) SHS Table 5. Feeding habits. Age Born before 1973 Born between 1974-1980 Born before 1960 Born between 1960-1966 Born between 1967-1973 Born between 1974-1980 N % N % N % N % N % N % Very bad 1 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bad 2 9.1 2 11.8 5 9.6 7 15.6 4 9.8 3 13.6 Normal 5 22.7 3 17.6 22 42.3 10 22.2 11 26.8 8 36.4 Good 13 59.1 11 64.7 20 38.5 24 53.3 24 58.5 10 45.5 Very good 1 4.5 1 5.9 5 9.6 4 8.9 2 4.9 1 4.5 Total 22 100 17 100 52 100 45 100 41 100 22 100 Gender Women Men N % N % Very bad 1 2.6 0 0 Bad 4 10.3 19 11.9 Normal 8 20.5 51 31.9 Good 24 61.5 78 48.8 Very good 2 5.1 12 7.5 Total 39 100 160 100 On the other hand, when questioning athletes about their eating habits, the majority values correspond to the response option “good”, both in women (61.5%) and in men (48.8%). The second most chosen option is to consider that their eating habits are “normal”, 20.5% of women say this and 31.9% of men do so. In this global analysis we highlight that the sum of the values of the “good” and “very good” options in women Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE 834 | 2024 | ISSUE 3 | VOLUME 19 © 2024 ARD Asociación Española reaches a value of 66.6% and in men 56.3%. The data leaves no room for doubt, women consider their eating habits to be healthier than those of men. In this sense, the participants in the research state that they give great importance to eating habits, nutrition and quality of diet in their daily lives, as expressed by athletes and sports technicians. To create healthy eating and nutrition habits. Player 20 GR 4 (045) HEVS Well, my status as a health professional influenced my lifestyle habits, sports, eating habits, toxins, etc. I am at my weight, I exercise, I eat few processed foods, few trans and saturated fats, few refined sugars, little salt... Captain 17 G1 (280-284) HEVS Internalize physical and sports practice with general life habits, especially nutrition. Player 104 GR 3(294,295) HEVS Some healthy habits for my daily life, food and diet quality. Player 105 GR 3 (295) HEVS Have good health thanks to the eating habits acquired. Player 139 GR 3 (405) HEVS In a very positive way, always trying to do frequent physical activity accompanied by a healthy diet. Coach 10 E52 (688-689) SHSA In a positive way. I always take care of food, healthy living, etc. it's a lifestyle. Coach 13 E65 (702-703) SHSA Table 6. Perception of sleep quality. Age Born before 1973 Born between 1974-1980 Born before 1960 Born between 1960-1966 Born between 1967-1973 Born between 1974-1980 N % N % N % N % N % N % Very bad 3 13.6 1 5.9 4 7.7 1 2.2 0 0 0 0 Bad 3 13.6 4 23.5 14 26.9 8 17.8 4 9.8 8 36.4 Normal 5 22.7 7 41.2 8 15.4 16 35.6 13 31.7 7 31.8 Good 7 31.8 4 23.5 20 38.5 18 40.0 22 53.7 6 27.3 Very good 4 18.2 1 5.9 6 11.5 2 4.4 2 4.9 1 4.5 Total 22 100 17 100 52 100 45 100 41 100 22 100 Gender Women Men N % N % Very bad 4 10.3 5 3.1 Bad 7 17.9 34 21.3 Normal 12 30.8 44 27.5 Good 11 28.2 66 41.3 Very Good 5 12.8 11 6.9 Total 39 100 160 100 Torres Guerrero, et al. / Healthy living habits among former federated volleyball athletes JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT & EXERCISE VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 3 | 2024 | 835 Regarding the perception of athletes about their quality of sleep, the majority option chosen by men is to consider their sleep quality “good” by 41.3%, while in women the majority option is to consider it as “normal” (30.8%). The sum of the most “positive” options (“good” and “very good”) gives us an overall value of 41% in women and 48.2% in men. The minority values being those that correspond to the “bad” option, this is expressed by 10.3% of women and 3.1% of men. In view of the data, at a global level we interpret those men report having better sleep quality than women, and this aspect was always a concern of the coaches. Regarding the age and gender groups, the majority value is found in the “good” option with 53.7%, in Group 3 of men. Secondly, the highest figure appears in the “normal” option of women in Group 3, with 41.2%. We highlight in this analysis by gender and age that none of the men in groups 3 and 4 state that their sleep quality is “bad”. From the qualitative analysis, the responses highlighted by the interviewees, in relation to the quality of sleep, are: I worry about my players' rest hours. Coach 4 E52 (671) SHSD It has affected me to improve my lifestyle habits, especially the quality of sleep. Coach 18 E67 (719-720) SHSD I have always told the players that resting well was as important or more important than working. Coach 20 E72 (782-783) Table 7. Current level of physical-sports activity practice Age Born before 1973 Born between 1974-1980 Born before 1960 Born between 1960-1966 Born between 1967-1973 Born between 1974-1980 N % N % N % N % N % N % Very low 1 5.9 0 0 1 2.6 3 8.6 3 8.6 0 0 Low 3 17.6 3 23.1 7 17.9 10 28.6 7 20.0 2 10.5 Normal 8 47.1 7 53.8 14 35.9 13 37.1 15 42.9 9 47.4 Good 4 23.5 3 23.1 17 43.6 7 20.0 8 22.9 7 36.8 Very good 1 5.9 0 0 0 0 2 5.7 2 5.7 1 5.3 Total 17 100 13 100 39 100 35 100 35 100 19 10 Gender Women Men N % N % Very low 1 3.3 7 5.5 Low 6 20.0 26 20 Normal 15 50.0 51 39.8 Good 4 23.5 39 30.5 Very good 1 3.3 5 3.9 Total 30 100 128 100 Within healthy lifestyle habits, the practice of adequate and frequent physical activity occupies a privileged place, thus the majority responses of the athletes in the sample who state that they currently carry out physical activity (N = 158), which represent 79 .8% of the sample. 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