A Jewish Glass-Blower from Spain

A ]E VISH OLASS-BLO VER FROM SP AIN A se ies o documen s ha e been published ecen I y which me i dose conside a ion, no on1y o he in o ma ion hey p o ide abou a li le-known ield o Jewish ac i i y, bu beca use hey h ow new ligh on he glass indus ,y in Spain in gene al. In spi e o he igou and o iginali y which chamc e ises he ea ly glass indus y o Spain (o which he Mexican is an o -shoo ), i s o igins and de elopmen ha e always been some hing o a mys e y. The abo e-men ioned documen s con ain he s Q y o Juan Ro- bles, a 16 h-cen u lY glass-blo:we o Cadalso de los Vid ios in Spain. They indude an eye-wi ness desc ip ion o he young man, and a numbe o his le e s, which ha e been p ese ed h ough he cl cu is ance ha he -Juan RobIes- ell unde he displeasu e o he Spanish Inquisi ion, and was ied in abseniia in Toledo in a p ocess which ex ended om 1532-351• Cadalso de los Vid ios, in he P o jnce o Toledo, a his pe iod was an impo an cen e o he glass indus y, p o iding high quali y domes ic glass o he whole kingdom o Cas ile. Al hough 1 The documen1 s we e he subjec oí a pa¡pe published by D . Haim Beina o he Heb ew Uni e si y, Je usa)em, in he Isaac Ben Z i Memo ial Volume (Heb ew) J964, unde he i le "Fez, Cen e o P osely iza1 ion and Seúlemen o Con e sos o Judaism in he 16 h Cen u y)). 1 ake I his oppo uni y o hanking him again o pe mission o use he ma e ial and o gi ing so gene ously o his ime in discussing i . 44 ANITA ENGLE BERKOFF i is belie ed ha many glass u naces mus ha e been in ape a ion he e, o judge om he quan i ies o Cadalso glass which appea on he in en a ies o he g ea houses o he pe iod (induding ha o Philip U), he e a e ew de ails abou he glass~making communi y i sel . Juan Robles was he son o a glass~blowe o Cadalso, He nan~ do de Robles, a con e o Ch is ¡ani y. His mo he , a Ch is ian o 'oId' Ch is ian descen , whQ was abou 60 ~ea s oId when she was caIled upon o gi e e idenee be o e he Inquisi ion Cou a Toledo, decla ed ha she had ne e had he sligh es suspieion ha he husband was no o pu e Spanish decen , and he e is no eason o doub he e idence. l appea s ha she ma ied him a ew yea s be o e he expulsion o Jews o o Spain 149:2, So He nando de Robles mus ha e como om a amily which had been nominally Ch is ian o so ne gene a ions. (l will be emembe ed ha he n s ]a ge~scale con e sions : ook place in 139 , and a e 1412 he e we e cen es h oughou Spain whe e p ac ieally he en i e Jewish ·cOJ:pmuni y adop ed Ch is iani y.) As doseIy as de Robles gua ded he a nil.y sec e , he e mus ha e been so ne poin a which he eh obliged o pass on o his son Juan he u h abou his o igino This may ha e been on Juan's 13 h bi hday (when, acco ding o Jewish law, a boy eaches he age o eligious esponsibili y); o , mo e likely, i was jus be o e He nando's deaj:h, o he glass-blowe died, lea ing Juan a an ea ly age, he head o a amily which consis ed o he mo he , Ma ia Alonso, and se e al child en. I was as app en ice o a mas e glass~blowe , one F ancisco Ydob o o Y d obo, ha Juan Ie he place o his bi h and se ou o he independen Sul ana e o Fez in Mo oeeo. Be o e ollowing Juan on his jou ney o Fez, i may be o ~n e es o s op he e and eonside how muehQ his backg ound we can glean om he clues p o ided in his le e s o his mQ he , and he in o ma ion gi en abou his a he , He nando de Robles. Sligh as hese de ails a e, hey gain bod y when i ed in o he con ex ·o wha is known abou guilds and glass~making communi ies in Spain and elsewhe e. Tha Jews o med a la ge p opo ion o he glass-make s o he A jEWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 45 anejen and medie al wo ld is a ~es ed by e e ences in he Mishnah and he Talmud (e.g., om abou he 1s o he 6 h cen . A.D.)2. These a e elabo a ed by eon ae s and e e ences ound among he' eai o Geniza documen s (11 h-12 h cen u ies)", which p o ide a i id eommen a .y o Benjamin o Tudela's amous s a emen abou he Jewish glass-make s o T y e and An ioeh (la e 12 h cen u y)·l. I is all he mo e ema kable, he e o e, iha he e seems o be no di ee e e enees in Jewish w i ings o glassmake s' guilds as sacho This may be due Q he ae ha glass-make s we e included in o he guilds, aeco ding o he b aneh o he indus y o which hey belonged. F o example, make s o a i icial ge» s and hose who wo ked glas:s in lapida y ashion eould be induded wi h )anke s, goldsmi hs and/o beadmake s. O he likely guilds would be lan e ne s; masons o so ne o he di sion o he building ade o hose who p o ided he eolou ed glass slabs o mosaies, and he po me al o windows; c1ye s (which would explain he signa- u e 'Hyacin hus' ound on an ea ly speeimen o blown glass); and po e s' guilds, as sugges ed by ano he ea ly essel signed 'Bounne i he po e '; and pe haps glass-make s would e en be included wi hin he amewo k oí shippe s, as in Benjamin's e e- enee o he communi y o Ty e. «The Jews own sea-going esseIs, and he e a e glass-make s. amongs ihem who make ha ine T y ian glass-wa e whieh is p izeL: in all coun ies.)) Benjamin, who himseh ca ne om Na a e, men inos among he h¡:ee leading men o Ty e Qne Rabbi Mei om Ca easonne in a -away P o ence, a ac which is o so ne signi ieance. The Jewish communi y o he Medi e anean basin o med a closely- kni uni la. This is ue a he whole o Spain, bu pa icula Iy 2 ANITA ENGLE, «Does Wes e n Galilee Con ain he Sec e s o Glass-Blowing?». Janus (B ill/Leiden). U 2, 1964. pp. 125-35. 3 P o . S. D. GOITEIN, "The Main Indus ies o he Medi e an.ean A ea as e lec ed in h :; Reco ds o he Geniz2)). JO wnal oi he Economic .md Social Hi'S o y oi he O ien ,. IV. 1961. -1 The I ine a y o Benjamín oi Tudela, ed. Adle . p. 18. 4_ a P o . GOITEIN, Jews and A abs (U.S.A.), pp'. 1°9-112. 4b S. KATZ, The Jews in he Wsigo hic and F ankish Kingd01 .1S o Spain and Gau~ (U.S.A.), 1937. ANITA ENGLE BERKOFF so o Andalusia. He e Jewish se lemen is a es ed wi hou a b eak om Roman and Visigo hic imes, eaching i s peak du ing he Moslem pe iodo The Cai o Ceniza documen s e eal ha Spain was he leading coun í"y o silk p oduc i9n, and i is hough ha his may ha e been due o he ac ha in ea Ty IsIamic imes Spain was chie ly ·colonized by people coming om S~ ia and Lebanon, coun ies wi h an ancien se icul u e5• The e is nq eason o doub ha membe s o he e en mo e ancien glass~making indus y o hese a eas we e ans e ed a he sanie ime, and we e ·cons an ly l'ein o ced and e i alised by he s ead y mo emen be ween he Jewish communi ies o he Eas and hose o No h A ica and Spain up o he 15 h cen u y. And indeed, s uden s o Spanish glass ha e ound ha as la e as he 18 h cen uy gIass essels om Andalusia (show he inHuence o ea ly Islamic o ms and o he blowing echnique and plas ic o namen a ion used in Roman gIa·ss cen es o Sy ia and Pales ine.)) 6 Tha he e we e Jewish glass~make s in Spain is a es ed by he case o He nando de Robles and his son Juan Robles, he subjec o his pape . Se e al o he s will be deal wi h in so ne de ail in u u e publica ions. Bea ing in mind he igh , sel ~ ·con ained c a adi ions and co~di ions o he p e~ iachine age, -ane mus condude ha hese a e no isola ed ins ances, bu a he he ips o a subme ged icebu g whose ue di iensions can, as ye , only be guessed a . Al hough, as s a ed ea lie , glass~making is no speci ically men ioned, he guilds o which he glass~make s belonged would ha e been subjec o he same laws as he o he guiIds c ea ed by Spanish Jews o he p o ec ion and pe pe ua ion o hei c a , . .and o hese we ha e eco d in he Responsa li e a u e (i.e. eplies o ques ions sen o amous Rabbis)Ga. 5 P o . S. D. GOITEIN, Jews and A abs, 1964, pp. 172-3. 6 A. W. FROTHINGHAM, Spamish G/ass (London), 1963, p. 14'- ALSO R. RbCKHAM, -Bu líng on Magazine <m SpmJísh A e, 1927, ¡p. 85. 6a Fo u he in o ma ion 011 Spanish guilds, see M. Wischni ze , A His o y oi Jewish ·C a s mJd Gleilds (U:S.A.i), 1965, chaps. lO, II and 12. and AiPpendices 1 and n. ·[5J A jEWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 47 The oIlowing in o pa ion ahou guild p ac ices is de i ed om he Responsas o Rabbi Solomon Ben Ab aham Ad e who was bo n in Ba celona in 1235 and died he e in 1310. AIso known as lbn Ad e , o mo e commonly as Rashba, om he ini iaIs o his name in Heb ew, his ame was such ha ques ions on he mos a ied opics we e add essed o him om Spain) Po ugal, l aly, F ance, Ge many, and e en om Asia Mino . The guilds we e calIed in Heb ew habu o , a wo d which Was in use o ading o ganisa ions along he Phoenician coas as a back as he 2nd millenium B. C. F om Ad e , IV, 1,85 we lea n ha a membe o a guild was succeeded a e his dea h by his son who had o be abo e 13 yea s 'oE age. In de aul d succession, he place was o be o ed by he membe s o he guild o he ela i e bes quali ied o admission ln o he o ganisa ion. «F u he mo e, i alI he a isans o he ci y in anO' one c a , such as bu che s, dye s, o sailo s, pass an Q dinance ega ding hei ade, his is as binding as he laws o he T o ah upon he indi iduals o he ade ; and e e y ade o ganisa ions, is a ci~y un o i sel , and does no equi e he consen o he ou e cQmmuni y o i s enac men s... In conclusion, he membe s Q an associa ion a e as au onomous in hei own a ai s as a e he ci izens o he ci y, and so each g oup 01" communi y is pe mi ed o egula e i s aHaÍ s and o p esc ibe ines and punishmen s which a e no in he laws o he T o ah. " This is he p ac ice o all he hol y (i.e. Jewish) cong ega ions and no one has e e ques ioned i s legali y.» 7 The e i8 no doub ha om ea lies imes he e we e con e ~ sions o Ch is iani y on he pa Q indi idual gIassmake s o whole amilies, ei he because o economic o poli icaI p essu e, o simply . h: ough he p ocess o assimila iQn. Any o aIl o hese condi Íons would ha e been pa icula ly ac i e du ing medie al imes when he monas !Íes we e he cen e s o a s and c a s, and only wi hin . hei p ecinc s CQuld be ound a li elihood and so ie measu e o 1 As quo ed by A. A. NEUMAN, The Jews oi Spail1, Vol. 1 (U.S.A.), 1942, p. 18 3. ANITA ENGLE BERKOFF secu i yS. The Ch is ian glass~making communi ies in Spain would ha e been augmen ed by he la ge-scale con e sions which ook place beiween 1391 and 1412, and ce ainly well be o e he expul~ sion in J 492 he e would no ha e been any nominally Jewish glass~ making guilds ld . The likelihood is ha hey ollowed he common p ac ice o con e ing in a body, and puJ ing hei guilds unde he p o ec ion o so ne Ch is ian sain ". Pe haps we ha e an echo o his in he in o ma ion ha in 1455 he gIassmake s o Ba celona uni ed wi h he wea e s o espa o g ass o o m a new guild and b o he hood unde he p o ec ion o Sain Be na dino. In he same yea one o hei iembe s was elec ed o si on he municipal council, he h s ime he glassmake s we e acco de such a p i ilege, al hoguh documen a y e idence indica es ha he e was an ac i e indus :y in Ba celona well be o e he 14 h cen u ylO. As we al eady know, he Jewish glassmake s did no o ge hei o igin e en hough hey ma ied Ch is ian wi es who, in all likelihood, would ha e come om glass~making amilies hemsel es. Glassmake s ha e always o med a igh ly~lmi communi y, bound by ies o ma iage e en mo e han by hei guild. F om .luan'g le e s o his mo he , Qne gains he i).-pp ession ha Ma ia Alonso' s amily we e also glassmake s. T o explain he easons o hinking SQ, one mus go bade a li le. Al hough i is e iden om he le e s ha Ma ia Alonso was in s aigh ened ci cums ances, he e is nQ hing o indica e ha he de Robles amily was poo while he a he was ali e. Juan could ead and w i e. His Ie e s a e w i en in a he a c ude hand, bu hey a e :Ruen and legible ll • He w i es o his mo he as a p oud pe sono He sends he wo lea he bags om Fez, and s FROTHINGHAM, Ibid, p. 20; W. A. THoRPE, "The P esel1J S a e o Glass S udies)), Pa , The An ique Conec o (London), VoL 33, No. 2, Ap il I962, p. 70. () P o . GECIL ROTH, A His 01'Y oi he Ma anos (U.S.A.), I960, p. I9 and no e 2, P·3 80. 10 FROTHINGHAM, Ibid, pp. I9-20, 23. 11 In o na ion co n nunica ed by D . Beina , and based on his s udy o , he ou le e s, which ,a e now in he A chi o His ó ico Nacional, Inquisición de Toledo, Legajo 176. No. II, ols.22 , 22 -22V, 2g -30 , 38 '38 . [7] A jEWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAlN 49 apologizes because ({ hey a e no su icÍen ly aluable oy you honou .» Juan wo ks ou his way o li e wi h independence and sel - espec , and se s he highes pyo essÍonal goal oy himsel , no like someone who is accus omed o being unde p i iliged and o Iow social s a us. As we sha11 sho ly see, his is in s iking con as o he beha Iou o Y dob o, who was al eady a ma u e and inde- penden a isan. The imp ession is ha he s aigh ened ci cums ances indica ed by he le e s, and Juan's dependence on help am his mo he 's amily, ca ne abou as he esul o his a he 's dea h be o e he had had ime o es ablish Juan in his p o ession. An in e iew which appea ed in he Is aelí newspape Mam-i no long ago gi es so ne idea o he sudden change which such a ca as ophe could b ing abou in he li e o a amily. The subjec o he in e iew was Ra -Se en (Majo ) Menachem Amosi who was bo n in Yemen whe e, un il he mass exodus o Is ael a e he c ea ion o he S a e, he social s uc u e o he Jewish com- muni y had emained unchanged since medie al imes. Ra -Se en A nosi' s a he han been a lJlas e sil e smi h ea ning a good li ing and highly espec ed in he communi y o he excellence o his wo lc, and o he gene osi y o his hospi ali y and his almisgi ing. The li le boy was e y happy in his ea I y yea s. He lea ned o ead he To ah, and was he pe o he illage. Then, when he was eigh Iyea s nId, he oIdes o he amily, his a he became ill and died. ((The bu den elI on my mo he , who had be en a pampe ed wo nan, and she was sha e ed. F o h ee yea s a e my a he died we li ed o his possessiQns, which we soldo E en ually my mo he had o go o wo k, and she wande ed amQng dis an A ab illages, selling pe umes and spices. My a he 's dea h no only b ough a sud den change in my way o li e, bu he e was also a com;le e change in he a i ude o he people o he own owa ds ne. 1 eh ashamed and disg aced b he sudden lade o in e es on he pa o all hose who had o ~e Iy honou ed me by caHing me o he T o ah, by gi ing me swee s o pa ing me on he head)). «Why his sudden change?)) Ra -Se en Amosi was asl<:ed. ((Qui e simple», he eplied. ((My a he had died, and ndw 50 ANITA ENGLE BERKOFF [8] 1 was an o phan. 1 was an un o una e, and e e ypne ea ed me as SUCh.ll Juan's si ua jon would ha e been wo se, because o he complex hie a chy o he glass~make s' o ganiza ion. Glass~make s, like o he guilds, we e di ided in o ca ego ies subo dina ed o one ano he : mas e s, app en ices and jou neymen. The mas e s we e he dominan class, upon whom he p he wo depended. They we e he p op ie o s o small wQ kshops, owning hei aw ma e ials and ools. Thus he manu ac u ed a icle belon~ ged o he n, Qge he wi h he p o i s om i s sale. The app en~ ices we e ini ia ed in o he ade unde hei di ec ion, and no one was ad ni ed o he c a unless passed by an au ho izing com~ ni ee. Finally, he jo une nen we e paid wo k nen who had com~ ple ed hei app en iceship, bu had no ye isen o he ank o mas e , and, in ac , some imes ne e did, o oppo uni ies ou side he ci cle o he big glass~ naking amilies we e a e. T o beco me an app en ice, a you h needed gua an o s, and so ne one o p o ide he lump sum which had o be payed o he mas e in ad ance o his aining. He also equi ed a neasu e o goodwill on he pa o a glass~house mas e , o only one o a mos wo app en ices we e pe mi ed o each. P o no ion would depend on he boy' s abili y o secu e a wo k place nea he i e ( he u nace), whe e he ac ual manipula ion o he mol en glass ook place. Bu i was jus his so o wo k which was ha des o achie e, since he glas~house mas e s in a iably ga e p e e ence o hei own child en, o h e child en o hei nea es ela i es. Wi hou he help o his a he , Juan's o mal app en iceship and e en ual ise in s a us could onl y come h ough his nex o kin in he ade. In Juan's case i appea s ha only nembe s o he mo he 's amay (no ably h e b o he , who seems o ha e been he head o he a iily), we e in a posi ion o any au ho i y in CadalsQ a iha ime 12 • And hey, appa en ly, we e no p epa ed o 12 The Jou nal oi he Ame ican, Jewish His o ica.! Socie y, No. 18, p. 18 , con ains a lisi: o ma .iages solemnised by he Du ch Po ugal Jewish Cong ega ion a Su inam: om 1642-1750. Among hemappea he names o Rachel Robles de Medina, Da id de Robles, Abigail Robles de Medina, Es e Robles de Medina, Rosa Robles de Medina, Rahel de Robles. I , hese names ha e any bea i ig on , he case, he possibil:i y a ises ha He - A ¡EWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAlN SI help him ge he necessa y quali ica ions wj hou which he could ne e! ho~ o gain ad ancemen and inancial independence. I mus ha e been a some poin o us a iQn and ange b dugh abou by he beha iou o his mo he s' s amily ha he young man decided o u n his back on he ha sh Ch is ian wo ld and e u n o his a he 's people. This seems o be he only explana ion o he wa m h and de o ion which Juan showed owa ds his sis e s and b o he s and o he ela ions in his le e s, in con as o he bi e nesso his e e- enees o his mo he ' s amily. The siua ion is clea ly exp essed in Juan' s i s le e o his mo he . This was w i en in eply o a communica ion om he , he i s he had ecei ed in he wo yea s ha he had been in Fez. His mo he ' s posi ion had de e io a ed a e Juan le Cadalso. Pe haps oo p oud Q seek manual wo k in he own own, Ma ia Alonso mo ed o Toledo whe e she did housewo k by he da,y. I would seem ha people, o mo e possibl y he amily, we e aun ing he mo he wi h he ac ha he son had gone o o wo k o Y dob o, someone no o hei Qwn amily, and had le he aJone in he old age. The e is also he sugges ion ha he was unde some obliga ion o hem. Juan w o e in eply: (You send o ell me ha 1 ha e denied you and you s, and 1 assu e ,you ha no such hing could happen, as you should know. h is because 1 could no ind any good among you people ha 1 ]e you. Then 1 me Y d obo, and he showed me a goodness such as 1 ne e me oí i a single one o my ela ions. They ne e did any hing o me excep o use me wi hou pay. The e was no e en one who was p epa ed o do he smalIe s hing ha was necessa .y. 1 don' owe any hing o anyone bu o Yd obd, who ca ne he e o my sake. And i 1 li e, 1 will epay him o he ]o5ses which he su e ed because o me.)) I is no clea whe he Y dob o was om Cadalso o he neigh- nando de Robles was 'no a Cadalso man, bui: belonged o a amüy cen e ed on Medina del Campo. Famous o il s ai s, his own is almos equidis an om Toledo and Bu - g05, whe e ano he con e so Jew.ish glassmake , Ped o de Medina is e e ed o in a documen men ioned by FROTH NGHAM, [bid, p. 26. [16] Ai'<lTA ENGLE BERKOFF conside ed by he Inquisi ion io b ing his young man Q judgemen . Pe haps . he chu ch au ho i ies we e a180 anxious o s op he b eak- up o he glass-making communi y in Cadalso de los Vid iQs. Juan 's was he eigh and 1as ile om Cadalso. (Howe e , i i8 no known o he w i e o his pape whe c he o he iles deahs wi h membe s o he glass-making 01' aUied c a s.) The i s in o ma ion abou Ab aham he con e was b ough by a monk who ca ne back and epo ed o he Inquisi ion in T a- leda in J 530. This was eco ded in he book o e idence. Th ee- qua e s o a :yea la e , mo e in o ma ion was ec oded by a monk named Ped o de Ma a, whQ ga e his e idence in San Ma in de Valdeigleisas when he e u ned om Fez. Ped o de Ma a' s e idence was passed o he lnquisi ion Head Qua e s in Toledo, and ano he yea and a haH elapsed un i! he c:ou decided o ake legal ac ion agains Juan's con e síon was p esen ed by 9 wi nesses, he cou pos poned he case se e al imes by gi ing o de s ha public p ocIama ion demanding his e um should be made in Cadalso, and ex ending he ime limi wi hin which he oould appea . When he mo he , Ma ia Alonso, appea ed be o e he Inquisi- ion in Janua y 1535, she begged ha he case o he son should be delayed again o gi e hím a chance o e u n, and once again an ex ension o so ne mon hs was g an ed. A e ha Ma ia AlonsO' w o e o he SiOn in ano he a emp o pe suade hím o e u n, bu on Ap il 24 h he p osecu o p esen ed o he judges a le e em Fez in which Juan s a ed qui e dea ly ha he had no in en ion o e u ning, and he judges we e asked o conside his as su icien e idence. F o i hen on he case p oceeded quickl y, and Juan Robles (Ab aham he p osely e) was con c ed on Dec. 21, 1535, and sen enced o be bu n in e igy. Mo e han 5 yea s had elapsed om he ime ha he Inquisi ion ecei ed hei i s in o ma lon abou he C'on e . We ha e no u he in o ma ion abou Juan Robles o Fez, as he signed himsel in one o his le e s. And e en i he did chance o u n up in so ne la e documen , we WQuld no ecognise him, o his iden i y would be masked, pe haps delibe a ely, unde ane [17] A jEWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 59' o he : pany complica ed names adop ed by he Jews o he Mos- lem wo ld. The e may, hawe e , be so ne aces o amiLy connec- jons Q be ound in he wes e n Wo ld, and i is wo h conside ing some o hese possibili ies he e. The name o ano!he glass-make who was wQ king a Cadalso a ound he same pe iod, ha o Juan Rod íguez, has come down o US I6 • I is no clea when he le ! Cadalso de los Vid ios, bu a e wo king o so ne yea s in Ven ice and Ba celona, he is eco - ded as being a Se ille in 1 557, when he applied o pe mission o se up a u nace he e. Se ille was Qne o he cen es om which he con e sos o Spain and Po ugal le o he Ne he lands andjo England, o he New Wo ld. Se e al people by he name o Riod igues o Rod igues appea in Inquisi ion documen s aS Po uguese, whe e housands o he Spanish con e sos Red o e uge. In a lis! o he Jews o he Spanish and Po uguese com:Wuni y in England who we e made ci izens in he ime o Cha les U (1-661- 687), we ind he ollowing names: A b aha n Rod igues, Alphonso Rod igues, and An onio Rod igues Robles". The name o Robles appea s 'Once again, his ime in an unmis- akably glass con ex . Among he names o Spanish glassmake s- is ha o he Sala amily o which membe s a e eco ded in he Ba celona a ea am 1 41 7 o 1 489, one o hem. F ancisco Sala appea ing in Ba celona eco ds o 1485 18 • This name, in he o m o de Sala, Salas o de Salas is one which is known among Jews o ha a ea om he J 3 h cen u y onwa ds '9 . A a la e pe iod we ind he name o F ancisco de Salhas ( he Po uguese spelling) appea ing again, his ime among eco ds o he Inquisi ion. He was a gIass me chan o Alhos Ved os, and la e o Lisbon, whose daugh e U suIa Ma ia Salas was banished o B azil in 1682 n 16 FROTHINGHAM, lbid, pp. 57-8. 61, quo ing GESTOSO y PÉREZ, El1sayo de ~ 1I di!> ciona io de las a í ices que lo ecie on en Se illa (Se illa}, 1909., Vol. 2, p. 40I. 17 The Ame ican Jewish His 01'ical Socie y, No. 20, p. IIO. 18 FROTHINGHAM, Ibid, p. 24. 19 .'ACOB JACOBS, Mss. Sou ces a Spanish Jewis)¡ His o y (London), 1894; P aL F uTZ BAER, Die Juden im c)¡1'is lic)¡en j panien, Vol. l, pa 1, 1929, pa 2, 1936. '60 ANITA ENGLE BERKOFF judaizing2 l. One o he amiLy ma ied a Sa ah Robles o Se ille in Ams e dam ea ly in he 18 h cen u y21. The Salas amily appa en ly Red om Lisbon o Legho n om whe e hey la e mig a ed o Ams e dam, Cu a<;ao and Su inam 22 • Su inam, i will be ecalled, was also he des ina ion o a la ge con ingen o he Robles de Medina amily, as e e ed o in No e 12. T aking hese ac s in o ,conside a ion, i would seem mo e 1:han a coincidence ha Sa ah Robles, who ma Íed a Salas, bea s a name gi en o emale con e s o Judaism. jus as Ab aham is he name aken by male con e s; and ha F ancisco de Salhas, he Po uguese con e so, has he same name as he membe o he glass~making Sala amiLy men ioned in he Ba celona eco d s <D 1485. F om he poin o iew o he 20 h cen u y, p i a e, and e en amily na mes may seem limsy e ide11.lce on which o Jbase a ela ionship ex ending o e 200 yea s. Bu i should be aken in o accoun ha i was a cus om among he Jews o he Spanish and Po uguese communi ies o naí:Iíe a g andchild a e his pa e nal o ma e nal g andpa en s. Those who ha e made a s udy o such communi ies ha e ound ha e ,y o en g andpa~en s and childless ela i es le Ia ge Iegacies o hei namesakes, bo n o unbo n, as indica Íons o hei app ecia ion 23 • F u he mo e, gIass~inake s ha e always had a adi ion o ma ying wi hin hei own ci de, p esumabl y o pe pe ua e he sec e s o hei c a . This gi es a con inui y Q glass~making ami~ lies which may no exis in o he ields, and we ha e examples o e en longe du a ion han ha indica ed aboye. In p esen ~day haly he e a e glass~making communi ies whose milies ha e been <Du s anding in gIass his o y om he -15 h cen u y, wi h he same 20 Publica'bjon oi he Ame ican Jewish Hiso1'ica! So ;ie y (U.S.A.}. Vol. IV. p. I73' 21 Po uguese Jewish Communi y A chi e o Ams e dam, Ke . ol. 9. no. 234; Doop. T en and Beg aa egis e s, Reco ds o he Ci' y o Ams e dam, 7I4, . II7V. (Qnc ing l'Om Re . ISAAC S. EMMANUEL, P ecious S ones o The Jews oi Cu a ilo (New Yo k), I957. p. 4 00 • 22 EMMANUEL, lbid, ¡p. 400. 23 EMMANUEL, Ibid, p. 98. [19] A )EWISH GLASS-BLOWER FROM SPAIN 61 p í a e names appea ing ,º e and o e again du ing he pe iod o mo e han 500 yea):'s. The is e e y likelihood, he e o e, ha in es iga ion in o he iles os Spanish and Po uguese Jews in Ams e dam and elsewhe e would e eal u he amih<:a Íons o he amily o Juan Robles, glassmake o CadalsQ de los Vid ios. A ni a Engle Be k.o (This a icle is copy igh and no pa o i may be quo ed wi hou pe mission o he au ho .)