La casa tradicional urbana de la zona de los mármoles de Alentejo

I Este Congreso ha contado con una ayuda del Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad de Granada obtenida en concurrencia competitiva. © De los textos, sus autores, 2019 © Abada Editores, s.l., 2019 C/ Gobernador, 18 28014 Madrid www.abadaeditores.com Imagen de portada: La cabaña primitiva, frontispicio realizado por Charles-DominiqueJoseph Eisen para el Essai sur l’architecture de Marc-Antoine Laugier, edición de 1755 Fuente: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich Imagen de contraportada: Grabado encabezando el capítulo “Adspectus Incauti Dispendium” del libro de Theodoor Galle Verdicus Christianus, 1601 Fuente: Vilnius University Library ISBN 978-84-17301-24-8 IBIC AMA Depósito Legal M-607-2019 Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 917021970). Coordinador de la edición Juan Calatrava Escobar Equipo Editorial David Arredondo Garrido Ana del Cid Mendoza Francisco A. García Pérez Agustín Gor Gómez Marta Rodríguez Iturriaga María Zurita Elizalde Diseño de cubierta Francisco A. García Pérez II Congreso Internacional Cultura y Ciudad La Casa. Espacios domésticos, modos de habitar Granada 23-25 enero 2019 Comisión Organizadora David Arredondo Garrido Juan Manuel Barrios Rozúa Emilio Cachorro Fernández Juan Calatrava Escobar Ana del Cid Mendoza Francisco A. García Pérez Agustín Gor Gómez Ricardo Hernández Soriano Bernardino Líndez Vílchez Juan Francisco Martínez Benavides Juan Carlos Reina Marta Rodríguez Iturriaga María Zurita Elizalde Comité Científico Juan Calatrava Escobar, Universidad de Granada (Presidente) Tim Benton, The Open University, Reino Unido Miguel Ángel Chaves, Universidad Complutense de Madrid María Elena Díez Jorge, Universidad de Granada Juan Domingo Santos, Universidad de Granada Carmen Espegel Alonso, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Rafael García Quesada, Universidad de Granada Carlos García Vázquez, Universidad de Sevilla Fulvio Irace, Politecnico di Milano Ángeles Layuno, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares Marta Llorente, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Caroline Maniaque, ENSA Rouen Mar Loren Méndez, Universidad de Sevilla Josep Maria Montaner, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Xavier Monteys, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya José Morales Sánchez, Universidad de Sevilla Eduardo Ortiz Moreno, Universidad de Granada Francisco Peña Fernández, Universidad de Granada Antonio Pizza, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya José Manuel Pozo Municio, Universidad de Navarra Rafael Reinoso Bellido, Universidad de Granada José Rosas Vera, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago de Chile Carlos Sambricio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Margarita Segarra Lagunes, Università degli Studi RomaTre Marta Sequeira, Universidade de Lisboa Jorge Torres Cueco, Universitat Politècnica de València Elisa Valero Ramos, Universidad de Granada Presentación.......................................................................................................................... XIX Juan Calatrava BLOQUE TEMÁTICO 1 Arquitecturas de la casa: el espacio doméstico a través de la historia Lo público y lo privado en la forma urbis de Santiago 1910. El espacio doméstico en el Canon Republicano............................................................................................... Josep Parcerisa Bundó, José Rosas Vera 22 La Alhambra habitada. Experiencias del paisaje desde el espacio arquitectónico.. Marta Rodríguez Iturriaga 37 Housing and Children: Architectural Models from the Modern Movement................ Alexandra Alegre 48 Högna Sigurðardóttir. La misteriosa marca indeleble del origen............................... Julio Barreno Gutiérrez 59 Las casillas de peones camineros y su implantación en la costa del sudeste de España.............................................................................................................................. Antonio Burgos Núñez, Juan Carlos Olmo García, Francisco José García Castillo 73 El palazzo all’italiana, de la casa del príncipe al principio urbano............................ Michele Giovanni Caja, Maria Pompeiana Iarossi 82 The City and the House: Going Back to the Future...................................................... Antonio Alberto Clemente 95 Traditional Urban Housing at Alentejo’s “Marble Area”.............................................. Ana Costa Rosado 104 La consolidación del cuarto de baño en las viviendas de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil................................................................................................................................ Clarissa de Almeida Paulillo, Tatiana Sakurai 117 La cama amueblada: del objeto a la estancia............................................................... María de Miguel Pastor, Carla Sentieri Omarrementería 126 VI The Spaces, the People and the Ways of Being at Home in the North of Portugal in the 19th Century.......................................................................................................... Alexandra Esteves 136 Casa de John Soane en Londres (1792-1827). Luz, iluminación y patrimonio......... Rosalía Fenutría Aumesquet, José Joaquín Parra Bañón 143 Rita Fernández Queimadelos. Los proyectos de viviendas realizados en la DGRD (1943-1946)....................................................................................................................... Paula M. Fernández-Gago Longueira, Eduardo A. Caridad Yáñez 154 Arqueología urbana en Barcelona: aproximación a los espacios domésticos entre los siglos IV-VI........................................................................................................ Francesc Xavier Florensa Puchol 167 Memoria e identidad: el espacio de almacenaje en el imaginario doméstico........... Marta García Carbonero 178 Between Doorkeeper Apartments and Housemaid Rooms: Ways of Living in a Changing Lisbon............................................................................................................. Maria Assunção Gato, Filipa Ramalhete 188 La casa popular de zaguán, patio y corral. Habitabilidad y protección para el siglo XXI........................................................................................................................... Vidal Gómez Martínez, Blanca del Espino Hidalgo, María Teresa Pérez Cano 196 Casa en transformación: cocina y tecnología en el siglo XX en Cuenca (Ecuador). María Augusta Hermida, María José Cañar, Guillermo Mauricio Torres 206 Granada: la arquitectura doméstica de la ciudad cristiana........................................ Carlos Jerez Mir 218 Consideraciones históricas sobre la casa tradicional gallega y otras construcciones adjetivas................................................................................................ Francisco Xabier Louzao Martínez 230 Modern, Rationalist and Mediterranean: Residential Architecture during the Italian Colonization in Libya........................................................................................... Andrea Maglio 236 El confort en la vivienda canaria: de la arquitectura tradicional a los EECN............ Eduardo Martín del Toro 250 Instalaciones de la casa: el espacio doméstico en el siglo XX en España a través de la tecnología................................................................................................................ César Martín-Gómez, José Manuel Pozo Municio 261 El diedro casa | ciudad en la arquitectura nobiliaria de Sevilla: la plaza del Duque Pedro Mena Vega 272 Un primer acercamiento a la Quinta Nova da Assunção en Sintra............................. Iván Moure Pazos 282 VII BLOQUE TEMÁTICO 2 El proyecto doméstico como núcleo de la modernidad: casa singular y vivienda colectiva, del Movimiento Moderno al siglo XXI The Construction of “Minho’s” Domestic Space in Portugal’s 18th Century........... Flávia Oliveira 294 Arquitectura moderna en la ciudad histórica. Adalberto Libera y la casa Nicoletti (Roma 1932)..................................................................................................................... Carlos Plaza 302 Casa Bellia en Turín: nuevos espacios para la burguesía.......................................... Alice Pozzati 315 Live-Work Architecture. Learning from Peripheral Neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro.............................................................................................................................. Ana Slade 327 The Relationship Between Inhabitants and Vegetation in the Houses of Maceió in the 19th............................................................................................................................. Tharcila Maria Soares Leão, Josemary Omena Passos Ferrare, Veronica Robalinho Cavalcanti 339 The Home and the World: Domestic Dynamics of the Postwar American Suburban House............................................................................................................................... Luísa Sol 350 El hogar de Telva. Miradas femeninas al interior doméstico español 1963-1975..... Jorge Tárrago Mingo, Cristina Sunga Zamora 360 La casa jesuita en Granada: el Colegio de San Pablo................................................. María del Carmen Vílchez Lara, Jorge Gabriel Molinero Sánchez 371 La habitación en la arquitectura agraria granadina...................................................... Eduardo Zurita Povedano 381 Habitar el arte: la casa del coleccionista como modelo experimental de espacio doméstico........................................................................................................................ Ángeles Layuno 394 Domesticidad Mediterránea vs. Modernidad americana de Posguerra. Sert y Rudofsky.......................................................................................................................... Mar Loren-Méndez 411 Tradiciones en las políticas de vivienda pública.......................................................... Josep Maria Montaner Martorell 422 VIII De la Weissenhoff a Oporto, un camino de servicio.................................................... José Manuel Pozo Municio 430 Le Corbusier’s Immeuble-villas and an After Lunch Remembrance......................... Marta Sequeira 441 Le Corbusier. Une science de logis.............................................................................. Jorge Torres Cueco 454 La casa productiva. Propuestas para la autosuficiencia alimentaria durante la República de Weimar...................................................................................................... David Arredondo Garrido 470 Modernità y mediterraneità: sincretismo habitacional de Luigi Figini y Gino Pollini................................................................................................................................ Emilio Cachorro Fernández, Cristina Medina Valverde 482 El piano Fanfani en Roma: la torre de viviendas y la casa patio................................ Ana del Cid Mendoza 496 Feet on the Sand: Living Spaces in Apartment Buildings by the Sea in Maceió, Brazil................................................................................................................................. Camila Antunes de Carvalho Casado, Maria Angélica da Silva 510 Atomic-age Housing. The Fallout Shelter in Cold War America................................. Chiara Baglione 521 De la manzana a la supermanzana. Recuperación e innovación en la cultura urbanística....................................................................................................................... Raimundo Bambó Naya, Javier Monclús Fraga 531 La ventana y el balcón sobre avenida Providencia (1931/1981): evolución y permanencia de la arquitectura doméstica.................................................................. Pedro Bannen Lanata 544 Towards the Modern Block: Evolution of an Urban Type in Kay Fisker’s Prewar Architecture..................................................................................................................... Guia Baratelli 554 La casa en Isle of Wight (1955-1956) de James Gowan, austeridad en la modernidad británica...................................................................................................... Alicia Cantabella Gallego 566 Villeggiatura urbana: una residencia secundaria en el núcleo urbano de São Paulo................................................................................................................................. Sara Caon 576 Otredades en la habitabilidad de un Monterrey moderno: primeros edificios de departamentos como alternativa a la vivienda unifamiliar.......................................... María de los Ángeles Castillo Soriano, Alberto Canavati Espinosa 586 Brutalismo doméstico. Un espacio para la contemplación......................................... Rubens Cortés Cano 597 IX Profundidad espacial. Abriendo el muro. De la habitación sin nombre al jardín de invierno............................................................................................................................ Marta Pérez Rodríguez 1599 Rooms. Aldo Rossi and the House in Ghiffa: Symbol, Dust and Desire.................... Michelangelo Pivetta, Vincenzo Moschetti 1609 La colina habitada: características morfológicas y modos de habitar el campo...... Luigi Ramazzotti 1620 El studiolo como teatro de la mente............................................................................... Jaime Ramos Alderete, Ana Isabel Santolaria Castellanos 1632 Modos de habitar en contexto de montaña: la región oriental del Atlas en Marruecos........................................................................................................................ Miguel Reimão Costa, Desidério Batista 1641 La casa en Santiago de Chile a fines del siglo XVIII: valores materiales y simbólicos........................................................................................................................ Marisol Richter Scheuch 1652 Hombres de condición inquieta y despegada: el fascinante espectáculo de la precariedad...................................................................................................................... Carmen Rodríguez Pedret 1660 Maid Rooms and Laundry Sinks Matter: Modern Houses in a Non-modern Context............................................................................................................................. Silvana Rubino 1671 Inquietante domesticidad............................................................................................... Alberto Rubio Garrido 1679 Houses for Whom? Between the Habitat and the Inhabiting, on Henri Lefebvre’s Quest................................................................................................................................. Teresa V. Sá 1688 Una casa es una «machine de l’émotion»..................................................................... Javier Sáez Gastearena 1698 Espacio doméstico e higiene. Políticas del habitar en Sevilla entre los siglos XIX y XX................................................................................................................................... Victoriano Sainz Gutiérrez 1710 La vivienda de los fareros, entre la casa y la máquina................................................ Santiago Sánchez Beitia, Fernando Acale Sánchez 1720 Naturalezas en la intimidad; acerca del jardín en los espacios domésticos contemporáneos............................................................................................................. Juana Sánchez Gómez, Diego Jiménez López, Isabel Jiménez López 1732 Cármenes, pequeñas historias domésticas.................................................................. Juan Antonio Sánchez Muñoz, Vincent Morales Garoffolo 1743 XVI Algunas casas modernas: de la caverna al hogar........................................................ Rafael Sánchez Sánchez 1755 Recuerdos de una escalera. Experiencias domésticas desplazadas en la obra de Siza................................................................................................................................... Juan Antonio Serrano García 1764 ¿No habitar es modo de habitar? Siglos de permanencia de mitos y criminalización................................................................................................................ Sonia Maria Taddei Ferraz, Evelyn Garcia da Cruz, Paula Andréa Santos da Silva 1778 Tres modos de habitar la casa popular: cereal, vid y olivar........................................ Salvador Ubago Palma 1787 La expresividad de la racionalidad: La casa estudio para Diego Rivera y Frida Kahlo ............................................................................................................................... Luis Villarreal Ugarte 1800 Habitar en Iberoamérica.................................................................................................. Graciela María Viñuales 1811 BLOQUE TEMÁTICO 5 Miradas externas: la casa en la pintura, el cine y la literatura Habitar la aventura: casas de Jules Verne.................................................................... Juan Calatrava Escobar 1824 Casas vacías, olvidadas y recordadas: arte, literatura y memoria............................. Marta Llorente Díaz 1836 La villa Arpel: machine à habiter, “donde todo se comunica…” (Mon Oncle, J. Tati, 1958)......................................................................................................................... Antonio Pizza de Nanno 1850 El relato doméstico desde una estrategia vertical....................................................... Agustín Gor Gómez 1855 Fondos de escena en el cine de Ozu............................................................................ Carlos Barberá Pastor 1868 Habitar tras la Transición: los hogares cinematográficos de P. Almodóvar y A. Gómez.............................................................................................................................. Ruth Barranco Raimundo 1879 Espacios domésticos en transición y la ciudad moderna en Ohayo (1959) de Yasujiro Ozu..................................................................................................................... Bernardita M. Cubillos Muñoz 1888 XVII La casa Stahl, una vida de ficción................................................................................. Daniel Díez Martínez 1898 Habitaciones para la escritura: el autor y su espacio de trabajo................................ Tomás García Píriz, F. Javier Castellano Pulido 1909 Ámbitos privados de la residencia colectiva en el imaginario cinematográfico español............................................................................................................................. Josefina González Cubero, Alba Zarza Arribas 1920 Los registros de la luz. Vermeer y Hopper.................................................................... Luis Eduardo Iáñez García 1929 Allí reside el tiempo, mi infancia. La cabaña telúrica de Andréi Tarkovski................ Alejandro Infantes Pérez, Javier Muñoz Godino 1940 La casa, la calle y el territorio. Narraciones fotográficas de Guido Guidi................. Marco Lecis 1951 Entre la literatura y el cine. La casa de Sokúrov en El segundo círculo.................... Pablo López Santana 1961 Habitar un espacio, contemplar un paisaje: mujer, jardín y arquitectura doméstica en China (desde el siglo X hasta el XVIII)................................................... Antonio Mezcua López 1972 Registro de una mirada, Cape Cod House.................................................................... Jorge Gabriel Molinero Sánchez, María del Carmen Vílchez Lara 1981 La casa como metáfora del viaje. Fotógrafos y arquitectos en Mallorca................... Maria Josep Mulet Gutiérrez, Joan Carles Oliver Torelló, María Sebastián Sebastián 1993 La mirada indiscreta: la ventana en el cine como generador de emociones............ Patricia Pozo Alemán 2004 El telar es el cuerpo, el cuerpo es la casa..................................................................... Anita Puig Gómez 2016 El espacio doméstico en el cine de Jacques Tati: del bloque tradicional a la vivienda sobre ruedas ................................................................................................... Helia de San Nicolás Juárez 2024 Fisonomías arquitectónicas. La mediatización de casas de personalidades en Galicia............................................................................................................................... Jesús Ángel Sánchez-García 2034 Mujeres y jardines en la China clásica: espacios domésticos en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo................................................................................................................... Beatriz Valverde Vázquez 2046 Notas autobiográficas de los autores............................................................................ 2054 XVIII La casa tradicional urbana de la zona de los mármoles de Alentejo Traditional Urban Housing at Alentejo’s “Marble Area” Ana Costa Rosado Arquitecta, Investigadora predoctoral, Universidad de Sevilla y Campo Arqueológico de Mértola, [email protected] Resumen Este artículo presenta parte de una investigación sobre la arquitectura doméstica tradicional en Alentejo, Portugal, asiente en levantamientos in loco de edificios habitacionales en diferentes ciudades. Se muestra la génese y evolución de los tipos de habitación de la zona, así como las matices entre tipos y las influencias en la transformación de la habitación. Al ser un porcentaje significativo de los centros históricos, el estudio de la casa incluie la evolución de los tejidos urbanos. Se alia el levantamiento arquitectónico y fotográfico de más de una centena de casos con información documental de archivo y testimonios memoriales de vecinos. Los modelos de la zona derivan de las características urbanas de sus pueblos fortificados, aliados al uso de materiales como la piedra mármol y el barro en la construcción. La comprensión de la evolución del habitar es clave para entender la história de las gentes y el cotidiano urbano. Palabras clave: casa tradicional, Alentejo, pre-industrial, tipos Bloque temático: Arquitecturas de la casa: el espacio doméstico a través de la historia Abstract This article presents part of a research on traditional domestic architecture in Alentejo, Portugal, based on in loco surveys of houses in different cities. It compreends the origins and evolution of housing types in the area as well as it shows types’ differences and the influences in their evolution line. Since common housing is such a big part of historic urban tissues, the study on housing includes the urban evolution itself. The research combines architectural and photographic surveys of over 100 case studies with archive information and inhabitants’ testimonies. The Marble area has shaped specific housing types, due to the combination of urban features of its fortified towns, with particular construction materials as marble stone and clay. Understanding dwelling evolution is a key factor to apprehend history of common people, of their relations and of urban life. Keywords: traditional housing, Alentejo, pre-industrial, types Topic: Architectures of the house: domestic space throughout history 104 Ana Costa Rosado CyC’19 Introduction Pre-industrial traditional housing represents a large bulk of Iberian cities’ historical centres and it is the building typology under the greatest threat of disappearance. The past half-century saw big changes in terms of housing functions and traditional dwellings, with very little room specialization, were deemed unfit for contemporary lifestyle needs. Despite the relevance of housing in cultural studies, common housing is often the least studied and documented typology. Its study is urgent to achieve an accurate conservation. This article presents part of a wider research on traditional domestic architecture in Alentejo, southern Portugal, based on in loco surveys of houses in different cities. Research combines architectural and photographic surveys of case studies with archival information and inhabitants’ testimonies. This paper presents the case studies of Borba and Estremoz, which belong to a particular area inside Alentejo known as the Marble Region. A total of 143 housing buildings were analysed: 57 direct surveys in Estremoz, 11 in Borba, while the remaining cases proceed from archival data (47,55% of case studies come from direct surveys). Archival documentation stems from both historic archives of Évora’s District –taxes and notary registers, inventories of city council’s property for the cities of Borba and Estremoz– and Council’s archives of private constructions, existent in all Portuguese municipalities. 1. Territory and urban context Alentejo, literally “beyond the Tagus”, is the Portuguese territory located south of the Tagus river. The region’s boundaries stand at the Atlantic Ocean (east), the Spanish regions of Extremadura and Andalucía (west) and Caldeirão Mountains (south). As part of Southern Iberia, the region participated in Mediterranean routes since Hellenic times, forming part of Roman Lusitania and the Gharb Al-Andaluz. Mediterranean influences resulted in an early and long urban tradition that would endure until the Reconquista.1 From there on, the importance of the frontier between Portugal and Spain would determine urban hierarchy. Despite the Western border of Alentejo being on the Atlantic shore, the territory shows strong interior territorial features regarding urban network organization. The frontier condition even determined cities’ morphology as they became militarized in their essence, with constant defence requirements. Immediately after the Reconquista, the need of territorial re-organization originated new settlements, particularly in eastern Alentejo, where the border with Castile was yet to be fixed. Royal power would put forward the deployment of new towns from mid-13th century onwards, motivated not only by defensive reasons but also by the administrative need to occupy low density areas. The novel urban constructions would show similarities with French bastides and would share a restricted set of planning rules.2 These common features allow us to acknowledge a well-defined Portuguese medieval urbanism, based on: the preference of towns’ placement on defensible hill-tops, the existence of a linear axial street connecting the town’s gates and predetermined dimensions of allotments and streets’ width.3 1 Orlando Ribeiro, Portugal – o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico (Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1945), 88-90. 2 Jorge Gaspar, ”A Morfologia Urbana de Padrão Geométrico na Idade Média”, Finisterra, vol. IV 8 (Lisbon: IGOT, 1969), 207. 3 Luísa Trindade, “Urbanismo na composição de Portugal”. PhD Diss. (Coimbra: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, 2009), 185. 105 Traditional Urban Housing at Alentejo’s “Marble Area” Figure 1: Marble Area location and road connections Source: A. Costa Rosado (2018) These cross-cutting urban characteristics can be seen in the cities of the Marble Area – Estremoz and Borba. This particular area of Alentejo stands out in the regional context due to the existence of a geological anticline formation of Marble stone which is 30 kms long and 10 kms wide. Exploitation of this mineral resource allied to fertile soils make this area exceptional within the regional context, due to its agricultureand industry-based wealth. But its territorial importance derives mainly from its strategic location on the ancient route of Mérida-Lisbon and on the confluence of several key pathways of the southern Portuguese road network – direct roads to Santarém, Elvas, Évora. Furthermore, it constitutes the second line of defence vis-à-vis Spain, and, in case Elvas would fall, it was the next protection of the road to Lisbon. 106 Ana Costa Rosado CyC’19 It is therefore natural that the area’s occupation would receive royal attention in the 13th century. Although both locations were quite probably populated before Christian conquest,4 the urban manifestations of Estremoz and Borba arise and consolidate themselves during the kingdoms of Afonso III and Dinis, and hence are considered of medieval origin. Estremoz, of a superior strategic interest, grew exponentially from the attribution of its Charter in 1258 until the end of the 13th century, denoting a personal interest of the monarch in its development. The city began at the Citadel, walled in 1261, and by 1279 it had doubled its area with the construction of the residential neighbourhood of Santiago. The entire town is based on medieval urbanism guidelines: a structural continuous axis connects the Citadel doors, extends toward Santiago’s church and anchors an allotment based on modular rectangular plots. At the Citadel’s centre, beside the fortress and main church, the square opens out. Santiago’s morphology seems to reveal king Afonso III’s contact with geometric urban planning of the bastides during his stay in France,5 due to its uncanny similarity with those villages: the main linear street connects the church with the Citadel door and structures a rectilinear urban mesh of parallel and perpendicular side streets. As Liberato theorizes,6 it is very probable that a square existed at its mid-point – a space that would be occupied in the 17th century by military barracks. Allotment comprises equally dimensioned rectangular plots, narrow and deep, that still surface in today’s planimetry even if original dimensions are unclear. It is common, during this period, to use a modular plot of 30x60 palms (6,60 to 13,20 m),7 named chão. When looking at current edifications in Santiago, the depth of 13,20 m appears with some clarity in plans, although plot width is widely variable – which is not surprising, considering the seven centuries of constant alterations. Trindade has encountered relations between plot and street width in several medieval planned Portuguese towns,8 with dimensions between 15 to 30 palms9 (3,30 to 6,60 m). Considering this hypothesis of street and plot width relation, and knowing that Santiago’s main street width is, on average, 20 palms (4,40 m),10 a test was made with a plot of 20x60 palms (Figure 2). It shows coincidence with the present urban grid, especially in the distances between transversal streets, making it a strong possibility of original allotment dimensions. The neighbour city of Borba, of lesser importance in territorial defensive strategy, gained a much more agricultural character than the militarized Estremoz. Its establishment was done in a valley bottom instead of a hill top, which allowed the design of a regular geometric urban grid inside a square-shaped wall. The fortification was built after the granting of its Charter in 1302 and enclosed an area of ~20.520 m2,11 against the ~91.725 m2 of contemporary Estremoz. Inside the walls, the urban mesh was structured by four parallel streets running north-south, 4 Marco Liberato, “Núcleos urbanos e afirmação de soberania no Alentejo duocentista: Estremoz”, in La Historia Peninsular Los Espacios de Frontera (Madrid: Sociedad de Estudios Medievales, 2012),189-204. 5 Liberato, “Núcleos...”, 189-204. 6 Liberato, “Núcleos...”, 189-204. 7 Hélder Carita, Bairro Alto. Tipologias e modos arquitectónicos (Lisbon: CML, 1994), 23. 8 As Salvaterra (30/30), Viana do Castelo (20/20) or Nisa (15/15). Trindade, “Urbanism…”, 219. 9 1 palm = 22 cm. 10 The width of 20 palms would be constant since, at least, the 1500’s, considering that the Manueline marble portals found on both sides of the street would not have been moved from their original place. 11 António Abel, “Vilas de fundação medieval no Alentejo: contributos para o estudo da morfologia urbana”. Master diss. (Évora: Universidade de Évora, 1995), 55. 107 Traditional Urban Housing at Alentejo’s “Marble Area” crossed by two transversal streets, without a town square. It was soon overgrown, and the town organically expanded towards the East, anchored in the road to Estremoz. The first expansion, though spontaneous, left a void between the eastern wall and the first constructions, in order to delimit a market square. By mid-15th century a new neighbourhood had been planned and erected south of the Castle.12 Unlike the organic growth of the 14th century, this ensemble shows regular features in the street design, referred to as “fish bone”: one linear street crossed by six transversal ones (Figure 3). It creates rectangular-shaped quarters, apparently divided in plots of 30x60 palms, i. e., the module of a chão. Figure 2: Allotment hypothesis Source: A. Costa Rosado (2018) 2. Typologies 2.1. Medieval common house The deep and narrow plots found in the origin of both case studies, as well as many other medieval towns, correspond to a well-documented type of house, commonly referred to as the bi-cellular house. It is the most widely spread house type in Portugal and likely one of the oldest types still found in Portuguese urban centres, probably due to its simplicity and versatility. It is composed of two rooms, which align in depth [A1]. The first room connects to the public street, while the back room could sometimes open to a yard. In Estremoz, historical sources corroborate the longevity of this housing type, its preponderance in the urban fabric, and name its rooms: front house and barn.13 From there, correspondent space functions can be induced: the front house would host daily familiar activities, while the back room would serve, generally, as storage. Both rooms could be used as chamber, but fire would be lit in the front room, closer to the (often) only opening providing ventilation – the street door. Hence, chimneys would later appear at houses’ main façades. Historical documents also provide measurements, from which 12 João Simões, Borba - Património da Vila Branca (Lisbon: Colibri, 2007), 32. 13 In the original: Casa dianteira and celeiro. Ana Rosado, Marco Liberato and Miguel Reimão Costa, “Evolução histórica da arquitetura da habitação e da organização espacial na colina de Estremoz: primeiros resultados de uma análise multidisciplinar”, IV Fórum Luso-Brasileiro de Arqueologia Urbana (Faro: FAUR, 2017), 291. 108 Ana Costa Rosado CyC’19 average dimensions can be extrapolated: inside the Citadel, two-room houses would be 2,80 to 5 meters wide and 7,80 to 11,65 meters deep; in Santiago, they would vary between 3,25 to 6,60 meters wide and 8,30 to 14,30 meters deep.14 Figure 1: A1 type Source: A. Costa Rosado (2018) The enclosed areas inside fortifications and the pre-determined nature of the allotment help to explain the constraint of housing space, and also its difficult expansion. The bi-cellular house would see two mutations, regarding its internal organization, before 1500. The first was a natural linear growth by the addition of a third compartment in depth. It could either appear by occupation of the backyard or by internal re-divisions. The third room is referred to as middle room in historical sources and would be a completely interior space. The second layout mutation, when expansion outside the plot limits was impossible, was to divide the back room with a partition wall. The resultant layout would show a large front room with door and chimney and two small back rooms, which were almost always interior [A2]. Space shortage would, however, foster a more significant transformation: growth in height. By 1515, the existence of houses with upper rooms is documented;15 often with only one upper room which would serve as a chamber. The first additions in height do not necessarily resemble a second floor. The upper rooms would be lower than the ground floor, as seen in Santa Maria de Borba 9-15, and/or located above only one of the ground level compartments. In Estremoz, examples of one upper room located above the barn room, documented in historic archives, can still be seen16 in houses with half-floor levels, adjusted to terrain slope. In these cases, there 14 Rosado, Liberato and Costa, “Evolução …”, 292. 15 Rosado, Liberato and Costa, “Evolução …”, 292. 16 Rua da Calçada da Frandina 11-13 e Rua Magalhães de Lima 79-81. 109 Traditional Urban Housing at Alentejo’s “Marble Area” can be seen two different moments of growth in height as, later, one entire regular upper floor is added on top of the medieval rooms [A3a]. Figure 2: Type synthesis table Source: A. Costa Rosado (2018) 110